Updates on the Mechanisms and the Care of Cardiovascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease

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improves chronic kidney disease-associated hyperparathyroidism yet increases mortality, J Clin Invest, 122, 2543, 10.1172/JCI61405 Jimbo, 2014, Fibroblast growth factor 23 accelerates phosphate-induced vascular calcification in the absence of Klotho deficiency, Kidney Int, 85, 1103, 10.1038/ki.2013.332 Scialla, 2013, Fibroblast growth factor 23 is not associated with and does not induce arterial calcification, Kidney Int, 83, 1159, 10.1038/ki.2013.3 Lindberg, 2013, Arterial klotho expression and FGF23 effects on vascular calcification and function, PLoS One, 8, e60658, 10.1371/journal.pone.0060658 Stubbs, 2007, Role of hyperphosphatemia and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in vascular calcification and mortality in fibroblastic growth factor 23 null mice, J Am Soc Nephrol, 18, 2116, 10.1681/ASN.2006121385 Hénaut, 2016, Targeting local vascular and systemic consequences of inflammation on vascular and cardiac valve calcification, Expert Opin Ther Targets, 20, 89, 10.1517/14728222.2015.1081685 Tintut, 2000, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha promotes in vitro calcification of vascular cells via the cAMP pathway, Circulation, 102, 2636, 10.1161/01.CIR.102.21.2636 Lee, 2010, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha increases alkaline phosphatase expression in vascular smooth muscle cells via MSX2 induction, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 391, 1087, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.027 Son, 2008, Adiponectin antagonizes stimulatory effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on vascular smooth muscle cell calcification: regulation of growth arrest-specific gene 6-mediated survival pathway by adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase, Endocrinology, 149, 1646, 10.1210/en.2007-1021 Masuda, 2013, PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP signaling contributes to TNFα-induced vascular calcification, J Am Heart Assoc, 2, e000238, 10.1161/JAHA.113.000238 Zhao, 2012, Activation of nuclear factor-kappa B accelerates vascular calcification by inhibiting ankylosis protein homolog expression, Kidney Int, 82, 34, 10.1038/ki.2012.40 Moreno, 2011, The inflammatory cytokines TWEAK and TNFα reduce renal klotho expression through NFκB, J Am Soc Nephrol, 22, 1315, 10.1681/ASN.2010101073 Wen, 2013, Nalp3 inflammasome is activated and required for vascular smooth muscle cell calcification, Int J Cardiol, 168, 2242, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.211 Sun, 2017, Endogenous bone morphogenetic protein 2 plays a role in vascular smooth muscle cell calcification induced by interleukin 6 in vitro, Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol, 30, 227, 10.1177/0394632016689571 Callegari, 2014, Increased calcification in osteoprotegerin-deficient smooth muscle cells: dependence on receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and interleukin 6, J Vasc Res, 51, 118, 10.1159/000358920 Stenvinkel, 2005, IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-alpha: central factors in the altered cytokine network of uremia--the good, the bad, and the ugly, Kidney Int, 67, 1216, 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00200.x Jean, 2009, Peripheral vascular calcification in long-haemodialysis patients: associated 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calcification and diabetes: novel targets for therapy, Diabetologia, 57, 2251, 10.1007/s00125-014-3348-z Schwedler, 2001, Inflammation and advanced glycation end products in uremia: simple coexistence, potentiation or causal relationship?, Kidney Int Suppl, 78, S32, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.59780032.x Basta, 2002, Advanced glycation end products activate endothelium through signal-transduction receptor RAGE: a mechanism for amplification of inflammatory responses, Circulation, 105, 816, 10.1161/hc0702.104183 Barreto, 2009, Serum indoxyl sulfate is associated with vascular disease and mortality in chronic kidney disease patients, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 4, 1551, 10.2215/CJN.03980609 Shafi, 2017, Results of the HEMO Study suggest that p-cresol sulfate and indoxyl sulfate are not associated with cardiovascular outcomes, Kidney Int, 92, 1484, 10.1016/j.kint.2017.05.012 Adijiang, 2008, Indoxyl sulphate promotes aortic calcification with expression of osteoblast-specific proteins in hypertensive rats, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 23, 1892, 10.1093/ndt/gfm861 Wu, 2016, Indoxyl sulfate promotes vascular smooth muscle cell calcification via the JNK/Pit-1 pathway, Ren Fail, 38, 1702, 10.3109/0886022X.2016.1155397 Muteliefu, 2009, Indoxyl sulphate induces oxidative stress and the expression of osteoblast-specific proteins in vascular smooth muscle cells, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 24, 2051, 10.1093/ndt/gfn757 Muteliefu, 2012, Indoxyl sulfate promotes vascular smooth muscle cell senescence with upregulation of p53, p21, and prelamin A through oxidative stress, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 303, C126, 10.1152/ajpcell.00329.2011 Ochi, 2015, Indoxyl sulfate suppresses hepatic fetuin-A expression via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in HepG2 cells, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 30, 1683, 10.1093/ndt/gfv250 Goto, 2013, Association between AST-120 and abdominal aortic calcification in predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease, Clin Exp Nephrol, 17, 365, 10.1007/s10157-012-0717-0 Wu, 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trials, JAMA, 317, 146, 10.1001/jama.2016.19456 Locatelli, 2014, Phosphate binders for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease patients on dialysis: a comparison of safety profiles, Expert Opin Drug Saf, 13, 551, 10.1517/14740338.2014.907791 Tokumoto, 2009, Blockage of the renin-angiotensin system attenuates mortality but not vascular calcification in uremic rats: sevelamer carbonate prevents vascular calcification, Am J Nephrol, 29, 582, 10.1159/000192844 Nikolov, 2012, Lanthanum carbonate, like sevelamer-HCl, retards the progression of vascular calcification and atherosclerosis in uremic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 27, 505, 10.1093/ndt/gfr254 Phan, 2005, Sevelamer prevents uremia-enhanced atherosclerosis progression in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, Circulation, 112, 2875, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA105.541854 Block, 2005, Effects of sevelamer and calcium on coronary artery calcification in patients new to hemodialysis, Kidney Int, 68, 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