Updates on the Epidemiology of Dermatophyte Infections

Karrenberg CL. Die norddeutsche Pilzflora. Ergebnisse eigener Untersuchungen mit Bemerkungen über die Epidemiologie der Dermatomykosen speziell in Hamburg. 90. Versammlung der Ges. Dtsch. Naturforscher und Ärzte in Hamburg, 21. Sept. 1928. Dermatol Wschr. 1928;87:1927–30.

Götz H. Klinische und experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Hautpilzkrankheiten im Gebiet von Hamburg 1948–195. Arch Dermatol Syph. 1952;195:1–76.

Blaschke-Hellmessen R, Haufe U, Seebacher C. Statistischer Bericht über die Dermatophytenflora bei Dermatomykosen in der DDR von 1967 bis 1971. Dermatol Monatsschr. 1975;161:433–49.

Elsner P, Hartmann AA, Kohlbeck M. Dermatophytoses in Würzburg 1976–1985. Mykosen 1987;30:584–8.

Tietz HJ, Kunzelmann V, Schoenian G. Changes in the fungal spectrum of dermatomycoses. Mycoses 1995;38 (Suppl. 1):33–9.

Langer H. Epidemiologische und klinische Untersuchungen bei Onychomykosen. Beitrag zur Berliner Pilzflora 1954–1956. Arch Klin Exp Dermatol. 1957;204:624–36.

Buchvald J, Simaljaková M. The occurrence of dermatophytes in Slovakia. Mycoses 1995;38:159–61.

Kuklová I, Kucerová H. Dermatophytoses in Prague, Czech Republic, between 1987 and 1998. Mycoses 2001;44:493–6.

Kaszuba A, Seneczko F, Lipowczan G, Bienias L, Kostusiak M, Lupa S. Fungal flora in human skin and skin appendages infections in the region of Lódz, Poland. Mycoses 1998;41:249–53.

Nowicki R. Dermatophytoses in the Gdansk area, Poland: a 12-year survey. Mycoses 1996;39:399–402.

Dolenc-Voljc M. Dermatophyte infections in the Ljubljana region, Slovenia, 1995–2002. Mycoses 2005;48:181–6.

Babic-Erceg A, Barisic Z, Erceg M, Babic A, Borzic E, Zoranic V, Kaliterna V. Dermatophytoses in Split and Dalmatia, Croatia, 1996–2002. Mycoses 2004;47:297–9.

Devliotou-Panagiotidou D, Koussidou-Eremondi T, Badillet G. Dermatophytosis in Northern Greece during the decade 1981–1990. Mycoses 1995;38:151–7.

Maraki S, Tselentis Y. Dermatophytoses in Crete, Greece, between 1992 and 1996. Mycoses 1998;41:175–8.

Terragani L, Lasagni A, Oriani A. Dermatophytes and dermatophytoses in the Milan area between 1970–1989. Mycoses 1993;36:313–7.

Mercantini R, Moretto D, Palamara G, Mercantini P, Marsella R. Epidemiology of dermatophytoses observed in Rome, Italy, between 1985 and 1993. Mycoses 1995;38:415–9.

Lehenkari E, Silvennoinen-Kassinen S. Dermatophytes in northern Finland in 1982–90. Mycoses 1995;38:411–4.

Burri CH, Hany M. Zur Epidemiologie der Dermatphytosen in der Region Zürich. Akt Dermatol. 1986;12:128–32.

Kostanje MJ, Staats CCG. Fungal infections in the Netherlands. Dermatology 1995;190:39–42.

Monod M, Jaccoud S, Zaugg C, Lechenne B, Baudraz F, Panizzon R. Survey of dermatophyte infections in the Lausanne area Switzerland. Dermatology 2002;205:201–3.

Sinski JT, Flouras KA. A survey of dermatophytes isolated from human patients in the United States from 1979 to1981. Mycopathologia 1984;85:97–120.

Sinski JT, Kelley LM. A survey of dermatophytes isolated from human patients in the United States from 1982 to1984. Mycopathologia 1987;98:35–40.

Sinski JT, Kelley LM. A survey of dermatophytes isolated from human patients in the United States from 1985 to1987. Mycopathologia 1991;114:117–26.

Weitzmann I, Chin N-X, Kunjukunju N, Della-Latta P. A survey of dermatophytes isolated from human patients in the United States from 1993 to1995. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39:255–61.

Welsh O, Welsh E, Ocampo-Candiani J, Gomez M, Vera-Cabrera L. Dermatophytoses in Monterrey, Mexico. Mycoses 2006;49:119–23.

Aste N, Pau M, Aste N, Biggio P. Tinea pedis observed in Cagliari, Italy, between 1996 and 2000. Mycoses 2003;46:38–41.

Romano C, Gianni C, Difonzo EM. Retrospective study of onychomycosis in Italy: 1985–2000. Mycoses 2005;48:42–4.

Falahati M, Akhlaghi L, Lari AR, Alaghehbandan R. Epidemiology of dermatophytoses in the area of Tehran, Iran. Mycopathologia 2003;156:279–87.

Chadeganipour M, Shadzi S, Dehghan P, Movahed M. Prevalence and aetiology of dermatophytoses in Isfahan, Iran. Mycoses 1997;40:321–4.

Jahromi SB, Khaksar AA. Aetiological agents of tinea capitis in Tehran (Iran). Mycoses 2006;49:65–7.

Ellabib MS, Khalifa Z, Kavanagh K. Dermatophytes and other fungi associated with skin mycoses in Tripoli, Libya. Mycoses 2002;45:101–4.

Mahmoud AL. A study of dermatophytoses in Sana’a, Yemen Republic. Mycoses 2002;45:105–8.

Ali-Shtayeh MS, Arda HM, Abu-Ghdeib SI. Epidemiological study of tinea capitis in schoolchildren in the Nablus area (West Bank). Mycoses 1998;41:243–8.

Woldeamanuel Y, Leekassa R, Chryssanthou E, Menghistu Y, Petrini B. Prevalence of tinea capitis in Ethiopian schoolchildren. Mycoses 2005;48:137–41.

Woldeamanuel Y, Menghistu Y, Chryssanthou E, Petrini B. Dermatophytosis in Tulugudu Island, Ethiopia. Med Mycol. 2005;43:79–82.

Ayanbimpe GH, Bello CSS, Gugnani HC. The aetiological agents of superficial cutaneous mycoses in Jos, Plateau State of Nigeria. Mycoses 1995;38:235–7.

Nweze EI. Etiology of dermatophytoses amongst children in northeastern Nigeria. Med Mycol. 2001;39:181–4.

Schmeller W, Baumgartner S, Dzikus A. Dermatophytomycoses in children in rural Kenya: the impact of primary health care. Mycoses 1997;40:55–63.

Oyeka CA, Ugwu LO. Fungal flora of human toe webs. Mycoses 2002;45:488–91.

Pönnighaus JM, Clayton Y, Warndorff D. The spectrum of dermatophytes in northern Malawi (Africa). Mycoses 1996;39:293–7.

Djeridane A, Djeridane Y, Ammar-Khodja A. Epidemiological study on tinea pedis and onychomycosis in Algeria. Mycoses 2006;49:190–6.

Foster KW, Ghannoum MA, Elewski BE. Epidemiologic surveillance of cutaneous fungal infection in United States from 1999 to 2002. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004; 50:748–52.

Vázquez M, Sánchez JL. A clinical and mycologic study of tinea corporis and pedis in Puerto Rico. Int J Dermatol. 1984;23:550–1.

Abeck D, Haneke E, Nolting S, Reinel D, Seebacher C. Onychomykose. Dt Ärztebl. 2000;97:A1984–6.

Götz H, Hantschke D. Einblicke in die Epidemiologie der Dermatomykosen im Kohlenbergbau. Hautarzt 1965;16:543–8.

Gentles JC, Holmes JG. Foot ringworm in coal-miners. Br J Ind Med. 1957;14:22–7.

Sturde HC, Meier H. Untersuchungsbericht über die Morbidität an Tinea pedis (Epidermophytie) bei Soldaten der Bundeswehr. Z Hautkrankh. 1961;31:345–1.

Marchlewitz B, Zucker G. Ein Beitrag zur Verbreitung der Dermatomykosen in der Nationalen Volksarmee. Z Milit Med. 1965;6:351–60.

Prinz L. Die Epidemiologie und Prophylaxe der Tinea pedis im Chemiewerk “Friedrich Engels”, Premnitz. [Dissertation], Med. Fakultät, Humboldt-Universität Berlin; 1980.

Göpfert U. Zur Mykosehäufigkeit in einem Schlacht- und Verarbeitungsbetrieb. [Dissertation], Akademie für Ärztliche Fortbildung der DDR, Berlin; 1988.

Noguchi H, Hiruma M, Kawada A, Ishibashi A, Kono S. Tinea pedis in members of the Japanese Self-Defence Forces: relationships and width of interdigital spaces. Mycoses 1995;38:495–9.

Brocks KM, Johansen UB, Jorgensen HO, Reymann Ravnborg L, Svejgaard EL. Tinea pedis and onychomycosis in Danish soldiers before and after service in ex-Yugoslavia. Mycoses 1999;42:475–8.

Maruyama R, Hiruma M, Yamauchi K, Teraguchi S, Yamaguchi H. An epidemiological and clinical study of untreated patients with tinea pedis within a company in Japan. Mycoses 2003;46:208–12.

Sahin I, Kaya D, Parlak AH, Oksuz S, Behcet M. Dermatophytoses in forestry and farmers. Mycoses 2005;48:260–4.

Auger P, Marquis G, Joly J, Attye A. Epidemiology of tinea pedis in marathon runners: prevalence of occult athlete’s foot. Mycoses 1993:36:35–41.

Lacroix C, Baspeyras M, de La Salmoniere P, Benderdouche M, Couprie B, Accoceberry I, Well FX, Derouin F, Feuilhade de Chauvin M. Tinea pedis in European marathon runners. Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2002;16:139–42.

Ries J. Mykosen und Sport – Verbreitung von Mykosen bei sportschuhtragenden Sportlern. [Dissertation], Frankfurt am Main: Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität; 2002. p. 35–7.

Gentles JC, Evans EGV. Foot infections in swimming baths. Br Med J. 1973;3(5874):260–2.

Gentles JC, Evans EGV, Jones GR. Control of tinea pedis in a swimming bath. Br Med J. 1974;2(5919):578–80.

Trivino-Duran L, Torres-Rodriguez JM, Martinez-Roig A, Cotina C, Belver V, Perez-Gonzalez M, Jansa JM. Prevalence of tinea capitis and tinea pedis in Barcelona schoolchildren. Pediat Infect Dis J. 2005;24:137–41.

Sugimoto R, Katoh T, Nishioka K. Isolation of dermatophytes from house dust on a medium containing gentamicin and flucytosine. Mycoses 1995;38:405–10.

Maruyama R, Katoh T, Nishioka K. Demonstration of dermatophyte dissemination from the infected soles using the foot-press method. Mycoses 1998;41:145–51.

Watanabe K, Taniguchi H, Katoh T. Adhesion of dermatophytes to healthy feet and its simple treatment. Mycoses 2000;43:45–50.

Detandt M, Nolard N. Fungal contamination of the floors of swimming pools, particularly subtropical swimming paradises. Mycoses 1995;38:509–13.

Bobichon H, Dufour-Morfaux F, Pitort V. In vitro susceptibility of public swimming pool fungi of three desinfectans. Mycoses 1993;36:305–11.

Goksugur N, Karabay O, Kocoglu E. Mycological flora of the Hammams, traditional Turkish bath. Mycoses 2006;49:411–4.

Roberts DT. Prevalence of dermatophyte onychomycosis in the United Kingdom: results of an omnibus survey. Br J Dermatol. 1992;126 (Suppl. 39):23–7.

Sais G, Jucglà A, Peyrí J. Prevalence of dermatophyte onychomycosis in Spain: a cross-sectional study. Br J Dermatol. 1995;132:758–61.

Heikkilä H, Stubb S. The prevalence of onychomycosis in Finland. Br J Dermatol. 1995;133:699–703.

Seebacher C. Untersuchungen über die Pilzflora kranker und gesunder Zehennägel. Mykosen 1968;11:893–902.

Gupta AK, Jain HC, Lynde CW, Watteel GN, Summerbell RC. Prevalence and epidemiology of unsuspected onychomycosis in patients visiting dermatologists´offices in Ontario, Canada – a multicenter survey of 2001 patients. Int J Dermatol. 1997;36:783–7.

Svejgaard EL, Nilsson J. Onychomycosis in Denmark: prevalence of fungal nail infection in general practice. Mycoses 2004;47:131–5.

Summerbell RC, Cooper E, Bunn U, Jamieson F, Gupta AK. Onychomycosis: a critical study of techniques and criteria for confirming the etiologic significance of non dermatophytes. Med Mycol. 2005;43:39–59.

Schwinn A, Ebert J, Bröcker EB. Frequency of Trichophyton rubrum in tinea capitis. Mycoses 1995;38:1–7.

Tietz HJ, Czaika V, Ulbricht HM, Sterry W. Tinea capitis in Germany. A survey in 1998. Mycoses 1999;42(Suppl 2):73–6.

Hällgren J,Petrini B, Wahlgren CF. Increasing tinea capitis prevalence in Stockholm reflects immigration. Med Mycol. 2004;42:505–9.

Aste N, Pau M, Biggio P. Tinea capitis in children in the district of Cagliari, Italy. Mycoses 1997;40:231–3.

Flammia M, Vannini P, Difonzo EM. Tinea capitis in the Florence area between 1985 and 1996. Mycoses 1995;38:325–8.

Rubio-Calvo C, Gil-Tomas J, Rezusta-Lopez A, Benito-Ruesca R. The aetiological agents of tinea capitis in Zaragoza (Spain). Mycoses 2001;44:55–8.

Cuetara MS, de Palacio A, Pereiro M, Amor E, Alvarez C, Noriega AR. Prevalence of undetected tinea capitis in a school survey in Spain. Mycoses 1997;40:131–7.

Devliotou-Panagiotidou D, Koussidou-Eremondi T, Chaidemenos GC, Theodoridou M, Minas A. Tinea capitis in adults during 1981–95 in Northern Greece. Mycoses 2001;44:389–400.

Koussidou-Eremondi T, Devliotou-Panagiotidou D, Mourellou-Tsatsou O, Minas A. Epidemiology of dermatomycoses in children living in Northern Greece 1996–2000. Mycoses 2005;48:11–6.

Ali-Shtayeh MS, Salameh AAM, Abu-Ghdeib SI, Jamous RM, Khraim H. Prevalence of tinea capitis as well as of asymptomatic carriers in school children in Nablus area (Palestine). Mycoses 2002;45:188–94.

Al-Duboon AH, Muhsin TM, AL-Rubaiy KK. Tinea capitis in Basrah, Iraq. Mycoses 1999;42:331–3.

Sidat MM, Correia D, Buene TB. Tinea capitis among rural school children of the district of Uagude, in Maputo province, Mozambique. Mycoses 2006;49:480–3.

Marchisio VF, Gallo MG, Tullio V, Nepote S, Piscozzi A, Cassinelli C. Dermatophytes from cases of skin disease in cats and dogs in Turin, Italy. Mycoses 1995;38:239–44.

Cafarchia C, Romito D, Sasanelli M, Lia R, Capelli G, Otranto D. The epidemiology of canine and feline dermatophytoses in southern Italy. Mycoses 2004;47:508–13.

Khosravi AR. Fungal flora of the hair coat of stray cats in Iran. Mycoses 1996;39:241–3.

Castañón-Olivares LR, Manzano-Gayosso P, López-Martínez R, De la Rosa-Velázquez IA, Soto-Reyes-Solís E. Effectiveness of terbinafine in the eradication of Microsporum canis from laboratory cats. Mycoses 2001;44:95–7.

Seebacher C, Abeck D, Brasch J, Cornely O, Daeschlein G, Effendy I, Ginter-Hanselmayer G, Haake N, Hamm G, Hipler UC, Hof H, Korting HC, Kramer A, Mayser P, Ruhnke M, Schlacke KH, Tietz HJ. Guideline tinea capitis. JDDG 2006;4:1085–92. English online version at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/ddg .

Wildfeuer A, Faergemann J, Laufen H, Pfaff G, Zimmermann T, Seidl HP, Lach P. Bioavailability of fluconazole in the skin after oral medication. Mycoses 1994;37:127–30.

Gupta AK, Grooen K, Woestenborghs R, De Doncker P. Itraconazole pulse therapy is effective in the treatment of Majocchi’s granuloma: a clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation and implications for possible effectiveness in tinea capitis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1998;23:103–8.

Kielstein P, Richter W. Zur Prophylaxe der Rindertrichophytie durch aktive Immunisierung. Mhefte Vet Med. 1970; 25:334–7.

Kielstein P, Wolf F. Zur Bekämpfung der bovinen Dermatophytosis als Voraussetzung zur Senkung menschlicher Berufserkrankungen in der Landwirtschaft. Z ärztl Fortbild. 1991;85:533–8.

Rybnikár A, Vrzal V, Chumela J. Protective efficacy of vaccines against bovine dermatophytosis after double and single vaccination. Mycoses 1998;41:83–6.

Aly R. Ecology and epidemiology of dermatophyte infections. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;31:21–5.

Lunder M, Lunder M. Is Microsporum canis infection about to become a serious dermatological problem? Dermatology 1992;184:87–9.

Svejgaard EL. Epidemiology of dermatophytes in Europe. Int J Dermatol. 1995;34:525–8.