Update on stress and depression: the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Nunberg G, 1997

Selye H, 1976, Forty years of stress research: principal remaining problems and misconceptions, Can Med Assoc J, 115, 53

Gold PW, 1999, The endocrinology of melancholic and atypical depression: relation to neurocircuitry and somatic consequences, Proc Assoc Am Physicians, 111, 22, 10.1046/j.1525-1381.1999.09423.x

Goldstein RE, 1995, Effects of an acute increase in epinephrine and cortisol on carbohydrate metabolism during insulin deficiency, Diabetes, 44, 672, 10.2337/diab.44.6.672

Meyer SE, 2001, Major depression and the stress system: a life span perspective, Dev Psychopathol, 13, 565, 10.1017/S095457940100308X

Gold PW, 2002, Organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in melancholic and atypical depression: high vs low CRH/NE states, Mol Psychiatry, 7, 254, 10.1038/sj.mp.4001032

Hauger RL, 2002, Decreased corticotropin-releasing factor receptor expression and adrenocorticotropic hormone responsiveness in anterior pituitary cells of Wistar-Kyoto rats, J Neuroendocrinol, 14, 126, 10.1046/j.0007-1331.2001.00752.x

McQuade R, 2000, Future therapeutic targets in mood disorders: the glucocorticoid receptor, Br J Psychiatry, 177, 390, 10.1192/bjp.177.5.390

Jacobson L, 1991, The role of the hippocampus in feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, Endocr Rev, 12, 118, 10.1210/edrv-12-2-118

Lee AL, 2002, Stress and depression: possible links to neuron death in the hippocampus, Bipolar Disord, 4, 117, 10.1034/j.1399-5618.2002.01144.x

Sapolsky RM, 1999, Glucocorticoids, stress, and their adverse neurological effects: relevance to aging, Experimental Gerontology, 34, 721, 10.1016/S0531-5565(99)00047-9

Sapolsky RM, 2000, Glucocorticoids and hippocampal atrophy in neuropsychiatric disorders, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 57, 925, 10.1001/archpsyc.57.10.925

Kendler KS, 1993, The prediction of major depression in women: toward an integrated etiologic model, Am J Psychiatry, 150, 1139, 10.1176/ajp.150.8.1139

Brown GW, 1987, Life events, vulnerability and onset of depression: some refinements, Br J Psychiatry, 150, 30, 10.1192/bjp.150.1.30

Lewinsohn PM, 1988, A prospective study of risk factors for unipolar depression, J Abnorm Psychol, 97, 251, 10.1037/0021-843X.97.3.251

Hammen C, 1992, Psychiatric history and stress: predictors of severity of unipolar depression, J Abnorm Psychol, 101, 45, 10.1037/0021-843X.101.1.45

Paykel ES, 1976, Life events, depressive relapse and maintenance treatment, Psychol Med, 6, 481, 10.1017/S0033291700015920

Lloyd C, 1981, Life events and response to antidepressants, J Human Stress, 7, 2, 10.1080/0097840X.1981.9934538

Brown GR, 1991, Psychiatric morbidity in adult inpatients with childhood histories of sexual and physical abuse, Am J Psychiatry, 148, 55, 10.1176/ajp.148.1.55

Bryer JB, 1987, Childhood sexual and physical abuse as factors in adult psychiatric illness, Am J Psychiatry, 144, 1426, 10.1176/ajp.144.11.1426

Mullen PE, 1988, Impact of sexual and physical abuse on women's mental health, Lancet, 1, 841, 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)91600-5

Browne A, 1986, Impact of child sexual abuse: a review of the research, Psychol Bull, 99, 66, 10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.66

Nemeroff CB, 1992, New vistas in neuropeptide research in neuropsychiatry: focus on corticotropin-releasing factor, Neuropsychopharmacology, 6, 69

Owens MJ, 1991, Pharmacol Rev, 43, 425

Sadek NN CB, 2000

Heim C, 2001, Altered pituitary-adrenal axis responses to provocative challenge tests in adult survivors of childhood abuse, Am J Psychiatr, 158, 575, 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.575

Levine S, 1962, Plasma-free corticosteroid response to electric shock in rats stimulated in infancy, Science, 135, 795, 10.1126/science.135.3506.795-a

Ader RG LJ, 1969, Effects of early experience on adrenocortical reactivity, Physiol Behav, 4, 303, 10.1016/0031-9384(69)90179-6

Hess  JLD VH, 1969, Modification of the corticosterone response curve as a function of handling in infancy, Physiol Behav, 4, 109, 10.1016/0031-9384(69)90023-7

Plotsky PM, 1993, Early, postnatal experience alters hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA, median eminence CRF content and stress-induced release in adult rats, Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 18, 195, 10.1016/0169-328X(93)90189-V

Ladd CO, 1996, Persistent changes in corticotropin-releasing factor neuronal systems induced by maternal deprivation, Endocrinology, 137, 1212, 10.1210/endo.137.4.8625891

Nemeroff CB, 1994, The neurobiological consequences of early traumatic experience: focus on corticotropin-releasing factor, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 4, S16, 10.1016/0924-977X(94)90077-9

Caldji C, 1998, Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systems mediating the expression of fearfulness in the rat, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95, 5335, 10.1073/pnas.95.9.5335

Liu D, 1997, Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress, Science, 277, 1659, 10.1126/science.277.5332.1659

Coplan JD, 1996, Persistent elevations of cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor in adult nonhuman primates exposed to early-life stressors: implications for the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 93, 1619, 10.1073/pnas.93.4.1619

Rosenblum LA, 1984, The effects of varying environmental demands on maternal and infant behavior, Child Dev, 55, 305, 10.2307/1129854

Coplan JD, 1998, Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of somatostatin and biogenic amines in grown primates reared by mothers exposed to manipulated foraging conditions, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 55, 473, 10.1001/archpsyc.55.5.473

Rosenblum LA, 1994, Adverse early experiences affect noradrenergic and serotonergic functioning in adult primates, Biol Psychiatry, 35, 221, 10.1016/0006-3223(94)91252-1

Andrews MW, 1991, Attachment in monkey infants raised in variable- and low-demand environments, Child Dev, 62, 686, 10.2307/1131170

Andrews MW, 1991, Dominance and social competence in differentially reared bonnet macaques, 347

Freud S, 1966, Project for a scientific psychology, 281

Tennant C, 1988, Parental loss in childhood: Its effect in adult life, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 45, 1045, 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800350079012

Breier A, 1988, Early parental loss and development of adult psychopathology, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 45, 987, 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800350021003

Heim CGY, 1998, 201

Heim C, 1999, The impact of early adverse experiences on brain systems involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety and affective disorders, Biol Psychiatry, 46, 1509, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00224-3

Von Bardeleben UHF, 1989, Cortisol response to combined dexamethasone-hCRH challenge in patients with depression, J Neuroendocrinol, 1, 485, 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1989.tb00150.x

von Bardeleben U, 1991, Effect of age on the cortisol response to human corticotropin-releasing hormone in depressed patients pretreated with dexamethasone, Biol Psychiatry, 29, 1042, 10.1016/0006-3223(91)90360-X

Rybakowski JK, 1999, The dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone test in depression in bipolar and unipolar affective illness, J Psychiatr Res, 33, 363, 10.1016/S0022-3956(99)00014-X

Holsboer F, 1984, Blunted corticotropin and normal cortisol response to human corticotropin-releasing factor in depression, N Engl J Med, 311, 1127, 10.1056/NEJM198410253111718

De Bellis MD, 1993, Association of fluoxetine treatment with reductions in CSF concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin in patients with major depression, Am J Psychiatry, 150, 656, 10.1176/ajp.150.4.656

Holsboer F, 1987, Stimulation response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in patients with depression, alcoholism and panic disorder, Horm Metab Res Suppl, 16, 80

Zobel AW, 1999, Prediction of medium-term outcome by cortisol response to the combined dexamethasone-CRH test in patients with remitted depression, Am J Psychiatry, 156, 949, 10.1176/ajp.156.6.949

Zobel AW, 2001, Cortisol response in the combined dexamethasone/CRH test as predictor of relapse in patients with remitted depression. a prospective study, J Psychiatr Res, 35, 83, 10.1016/S0022-3956(01)00013-9

McEwen BS, 2000, Effects of adverse experiences for brain structure and function, Biol Psychiatry, 48, 721, 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00964-1

Frodl T, 2002, Hippocampal changes in patients with a first episode of major depression, Am J Psychiatry, 159, 1112, 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1112