Update of the current role of ultrasound in asymptomatic hyperuricemia. A systematic literature review

Dalbeth, 2014, Hyperuricaemia and gout: time for a new staging system?, Ann Rheum Dis, 73, 1598, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205304 Maloberti, 2020, Hyperuricemia and risk of cardiovascular outcomes: the experience of the URRAH (Uric Acid Right for Heart Health) project, High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev, 27, 121, 10.1007/s40292-020-00368-z Yip, 2020, Asymptomatic hyperuricemia: is it really asymptomatic?, Curr Opin Rheumatol, 32, 71, 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000679 Dalbeth, 2015, Urate crystal deposition in asymptomatic hyperuricaemia and symptomatic gout: a dual energy CT study, Ann Rheum Dis, 74, 908, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206397 De Miguel, 2012, Diagnosis of gout in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricaemia: a pilot ultrasound study, Ann Rheum Dis, 71, 157, 10.1136/ard.2011.154997 Bhadu, 2018, Articular cartilage of knee and first MTP joint are the preferred sites to find double contour sign as an evidence of urate crystal deposition in asymptomatic hyperuricemic individuals, Acta Reumatol Port, 43, 264 Christiansen, 2021, Consensus-based semi-quantitative ultrasound scoring system for gout lesions: results of an OMERACT Delphi process and web-reliability exercise, Semin Arthritis Rheum, 51, 644, 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.11.011 Liu, 2021, Musculoskeletal ultrasound features-based scoring system can evaluate the severity of gout and asymptomatic hyperuricaemia, Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis, 12, 13 Norkuviene, 2017, An optimal ultrasonographic diagnostic test for early gout: a prospective controlled study, J Int Med Res, 45, 1417, 10.1177/0300060517706800 Peiteado, 2017, Ultrasound sensitivity to changes in gout: a longitudinal study after two years of treatment, Clin Exp Rheumatol, 35, 746 Neogi, 2015, Gout classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative, Ann Rheum Dis, 10, 1789, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208237 Gutierrez, 2015, International Consensus for ultrasound lesions in gout: results of Delphi process and web-reliability exercise, Rheumatology, 54, 1797, 10.1093/rheumatology/kev112 Terslev, 2015, Ultrasound as an outcome measure in gout. A Validation Process by the OMERACT Ultrasound Working Group, J Rheumatol, 42, 2177, 10.3899/jrheum.141294 Terslev, 2015, Assessing elementary lesions in gout by ultrasound: results of an OMERACT patient-based agreement and reliability exercise, J Rheumatol, 42, 2149, 10.3899/jrheum.150366 Puig, 2008, Asymptomatic hyperuricemia: impact of ultrasonography, Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids, 27, 592, 10.1080/15257770802136040 Howard, 2011, Reproducibility of musculoskeletal ultrasound for determining monosodium urate deposition: concordance between readers, Arthritis Care Res, 10, 1456, 10.1002/acr.20527 Pineda, 2011, Joint and tendon subclinical involvement suggestive of gouty arthritis in asymptomatic hyperuricemia: an ultrasound controlled study, Arthritis Res Ther, 13, 1-R4, 10.1186/ar3223 Gaber, 2013, Role of diagnostic ultrasonography in detecting gouty arthritis, Egypt Rheumatol, 35, 71, 10.1016/j.ejr.2012.12.003 Reuss-Borst, 2014, Hidden gout-Ultrasound findings in patients with musculo-skeletal problems and hyperuricemia, Springerplus, 3, 592, 10.1186/2193-1801-3-592 Andres, 2016, Silent monosodium urate crystal deposits are associated with severe coronary calcification in asymptomatic hyperuricemia: an exploratory study, Arthritis Rheumatol, 6, 1531, 10.1002/art.39581 Stewart, 2017, Ultrasound features of the first metatarsophalangeal joint in gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia: comparison with normouricemic individuals, Arthritis Care Res, 69, 875, 10.1002/acr.23082 Abhishek, 2018, Monosodium urate crystal deposits are common in asymptomatic sons of people with gout – The Sons of gout study, Arthritis Rheumatol, 70, 1847, 10.1002/art.40572 Bhadu, 2018, Ultrasonographic detection of double contour sign and hyperechoic aggregates for diagnosis of gout: two sites examination is as good as six sites examination, Int J Rheum Dis, 21, 523, 10.1111/1756-185X.13235 Estevez-Garcia, 2018, Levels of cytokines and microRNAs in individuals with asymptomatic hyperuricemia and ultrasonographic findings of gout: a bench-to-bedside approach, Arthritis Care Res, 70, 1814, 10.1002/acr.23549 Keen, 2018, Ultrasonographic assessment of joint pathology in type 2 diabetes and hyperuricemia: the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II, J Diabetes Complications, 32, 400, 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.12.015 Wang, 2020, Ultrasonographic features of trigger finger in patients with hyperuricemia, Ann Plast Surg, 84, 149, 10.1097/SAP.0000000000002003 Min, 2020, Pilot study: asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients with obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease have increased risk of double contour sign, Korean J Intern Med, 35, 1517, 10.3904/kjim.2018.448 Cao, 2021, Performance of ultrasound in the clinical evaluation of gout and hyperuricemia, J Immunol Res, 5 Page, 2021, The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews, BMJ, 372, 1 Durieux N, Pasleau F, Howick J, et al. The Oxford Levels of Evidence Group 2011. Available at: http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=1025. O’Connor, 2008, Defining the Review Question and Developing Criteria for Including Studies Whiting, 2011, QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies, Ann Intern Med, 8, 36 Devauchelle-Pensec, 2019, Salivary gland ultrasonography in primary Sjögren's syndrome: opportunities and challenges, Rheumatology, 19, kez079 Gutierrez, 2017, State of the art of ultrasound in the assessment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, Expert Rev Clin Immunol, 13, 439, 10.1080/1744666X.2017.1262765 Reyes-Long, 2021, Subclinical interstitial lung disease in patients with systemic sclerosis. A pilot study on the role of ultrasound, Reumatol Clin, 17, 144, 10.1016/j.reuma.2019.05.004 Schäfer, 2021, OMERACT definition and reliability assessment of chronic ultrasound lesions of the axillary artery in giant cell arteritis, Semin Arthritis Rheum, 51, 951, 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2021.04.014 Singh, 2012, 1251 Bursill, 2019, Gout, Hyperuricaemia and Crystal- Associated Disease Network (G-CAN) consensus statement regarding labels and definitions of disease states of gout, Ann Rheum Dis, 78, 1592, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215933 Ventura-Ríos, 2016, Tendon involvement in patients with gout: an ultrasound study of prevalence, Clin Rheumatol, 35, 2039, 10.1007/s10067-016-3309-7 Wakefield, 2020, Tendon paratenon involvement in patients with gout: an under-recognized ultrasound feature of tendinous gout?, Joint Bone Spine, 88, 105051, 10.1016/j.jbspin.2020.07.001