Unusual sleep experiences, dissociation, and schizotypy: Evidence for a common domain

Abrams, 2008, Prevalence and correlates of sleep paralysis in adults reporting childhood sexual abuse, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 1535, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.03.007 Agargun, 2002, Sleep-related violence, dissociative experiences, and childhood traumatic events, Sleep and Hypnosis, 4, 52 Agargun, 2003, Nightmares and dissociative experiences: The key role of childhood traumatic events, Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 57, 139, 10.1046/j.1440-1819.2003.01093.x Agargun, 2003, Clinical importance of nightmare disorder in patients with dissociative disorders, Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 57, 575, 10.1046/j.1440-1819.2003.01169.x Agargun, 2001, Characteristics of patients with nocturnal dissociative disorders, Sleep and Hypnosis, 3, 131 American Academy of Sleep Medicine., 2005 American Psychiatric Association., 2000 Arndt, 1991, The distinction of positive and negative symptoms: The failure of a two-dimensional model, British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 317, 10.1192/bjp.158.3.317 Bastien, 2001, Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research, Sleep Medicine, 2, 297, 10.1016/S1389-9457(00)00065-4 Beck, 1987 Belicki, 1992, Nightmare frequency versus nightmare distress: Relations to psychopathology and cognitive style, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 592, 10.1037/0021-843X.101.3.592 Benson, 2005, Schizophrenia, 1327 Berenbaum, 2008, Psychological trauma and schizotypal personality disorder, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 502, 10.1037/0021-843X.117.3.502 Bergman, 1996, The factor structure of schizotypal symptoms in a clinical population, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22, 501, 10.1093/schbul/22.3.501 Bernstein, 1986, Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174, 727, 10.1097/00005053-198612000-00004 Broughton, 1986, Excessive daytime sleepiness and the pathophysiology of narcolepsy–cataplexy: A laboratory perspective, Sleep, 9, 205, 10.1093/sleep/9.1.205 Butler, 2006, Normative dissociation, Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29, 45, 10.1016/j.psc.2005.10.004 Butler, 1996, Hypnotizability and traumatic experience: A diathesis–stress model of dissociative symptomatology, American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 42, 10.1176/ajp.153.7.42 Carlson, 1993, An update on the Dissociative Experiences Scale, Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 6, 16 Chapman, 1978, Body-image aberration in schizophrenia, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 399, 10.1037/0021-843X.87.4.399 Chmielewski, 2007, Oddity: The third higher order factor of psychopathology Chmielewski, 2008, The heterogeneous structure of schizotypal personality disorder: Item-level factors of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire and their associations with obsessive–compulsive disorder symptoms, dissociative tendencies, and normal personality, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 364, 10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.364 Chmielewski, 2009, What is being assessed and why it matters: The impact of transient error on trait research, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 186, 10.1037/a0015618 Claridge, 1984, Schizotypy and hemisphere function: Theoretical considerations and the measurement of schizotypy, Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 633, 10.1016/0191-8869(84)90111-9 Claridge, 1997, Nightmares, dreams, and schizotypy, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 377, 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1997.tb01245.x Cole, 2006, Validation of a 3-factor scoring model for the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in older adults, Sleep, 29, 112, 10.1093/sleep/29.1.112 Cutshall, 2004, The Phobic Stimuli Response Scales: A new self-report measure of fear, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1193, 10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.003 Eckblad, 1983, Magical ideation as an indicator of schizotypy, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 215, 10.1037/0022-006X.51.2.215 Eckblad, M.L., Chapman, L.J., Chapman, J.P., & Mishlove, M., (1982). The Revised Social Anhedonia Scale. Unpublished test. University of Wisconsin, Madison. Fassler, 2006, The Iowa Sleep Experiences Survey: Hypnotizability, absorption, and dissociation, Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 675, 10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.007 Foa, 2002, The Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory: Development and validation of a short version, Psychological Assessment, 14, 485, 10.1037/1040-3590.14.4.485 Germain, 2008, Sleep-specific mechanisms underlying posttraumatic stress disorder: Integrative review and neurobiological hypotheses, Sleep Medicine Reviews, 12, 185, 10.1016/j.smrv.2007.09.003 Gershuny, 1999, Relations among psychological trauma, dissociative phenomena, and trauma-related distress: A review and integration, Clinical Psychology Review, 19, 631, 10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00103-2 Giesbrecht, 2006, Dissociation, resting EEG, and subjective sleep experiences in undergraduates, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194, 362, 10.1097/01.nmd.0000217821.18908.bf Giesbrecht, 2004, Subjective sleep experiences are related to dissociation, Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1341, 10.1016/j.paid.2004.01.004 Giesbrecht, 2006, Dreaming to reduce fantasy? Fantasy proneness, dissociation, and subjective sleep experiences, Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 697, 10.1016/j.paid.2006.02.015 Giesbrecht, 2007, The dissociative experiences taxon is related to fantasy proneness, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 769, 10.1097/NMD.0b013e318142ce55 Giesbrecht, 2007, Why dissociation and schizotypy overlap: The joint influence of fantasy proneness, cognitive failures, and childhood trauma, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 812, 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181568137 Giesbrecht, 2007, Acute dissociation after 1 night of sleep loss, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 599, 10.1037/0021-843X.116.3.599 Goldberg, 1993, The structure of phenotypic personality traits, American Psychologist, 48, 26, 10.1037/0003-066X.48.1.26 Goldberg, 1999, The curious experiences survey, a revised version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale: Factor structure, reliability, and relations to demographic and personality variables, Psychological Assessment, 11, 134, 10.1037/1040-3590.11.2.134 Harrison, J.A., & Watson, D., (1992). The Dissociative Processes Scale. Unpublished manuscript. University of Iowa, Iowa City. Hartmann, 1991 Hartmann, 1987, Who has nightmares? The personality of the lifelong nightmare sufferer, Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 49, 10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800130053008 Hartmann, 1981, A preliminary study of the personality of the nightmare sufferer: Relationship to schizophrenia and creativity?, American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 794, 10.1176/ajp.138.6.794 Harvey, 1999, The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: A 2-year prospective evaluation, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 985, 10.1037/0022-006X.67.6.985 Harvey, 2003, Sleep and posttraumatic stress disorder: A review, Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 377, 10.1016/S0272-7358(03)00032-1 Hefez, 1987, Long-term effects of extreme situational stress on sleep and dreaming, American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 344, 10.1176/ajp.144.3.344 Hobson, 2001 Howland, 1997, Sleep-onset rapid eye movement periods in neuropsychiatric disorders: Implications for the pathophysiology of psychosis, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 730, 10.1097/00005053-199712000-00003 Husain, 2001, REM sleep behavior disorder: Potential relationship to post-traumatic stress disorder, Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 18, 148, 10.1097/00004691-200103000-00005 John, 1999, The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives, 102 Johnson, 1995, Self reported negative experiences and dissociation, Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 793, 10.1016/0191-8869(95)00014-W Kales, 1980, Nightmares: Clinical characteristics and personality patterns, American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 1197, 10.1176/ajp.137.10.1197 Kihlstrom, 2005, Dissociative disorders, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 227, 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143925 Kihlstrom, 1994, Dissociative tendencies and dissociative disorders, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 117, 10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.117 Knox, J.A., (2008). Context effects examined: Imagination, sleep experiences, dissociation, and schizotypy. Dissertation Abstracts International, 68, 7B (UMI No. 3274108). Koffel, 2009, The two-factor structure of sleep complaints and its relation to depression and anxiety, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 183, 10.1037/a0013945 Koren, 2002, Sleep complaints as early predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder: A 1-year prospective study of injured survivors of motor vehicle accidents, American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 855, 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.855 Krakow, 2002, Nightmare frequency in sexual assault survivors with PTSD, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16, 175, 10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00093-2 Krishnan, 1984, Narcolepsy: Preliminary retrospective study of psychiatric and psychosocial aspects, American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 428, 10.1176/ajp.141.3.428 Lenzenweger, 1996, The dimensions of schizophrenia phenomenology: Not one or two, at least three, perhaps four, British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 432, 10.1192/bjp.168.4.432 Levin, 1994, Sleep and dreaming characteristics of frequent nightmare subjects in a university population, Dreaming, 4, 127, 10.1037/h0094407 Levin, 1998, Nightmares and schizotypy, Psychiatry, 61, 206, 10.1080/00332747.1998.11024832 Levin, 2001, The relation of fantasy proneness, psychological absorption, and imaginative involvement to nightmare prevalence and nightmare distress, Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 21, 111, 10.2190/C11Q-VQAW-G3YH-KCQD Levin, 2002, Nightmare prevalence, nightmare distress, and self-reported psychological disturbance, Sleep, 25, 205 Levin, 2007, Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder, and affect distress: A review and neurocognitive model, Psychological Bulletin, 133, 482, 10.1037/0033-2909.133.3.482 Levin, 2001, The relation of waking fantasy to dreaming, Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 21, 201, 10.2190/EYPR-RYH7-2K47-PLJ9 Mahowald, 1992, Dissociated states of wakefulness and sleep, Neurology, 42, 44 Mahowald, 2001, Evolving concepts of human state dissociation, Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 139, 269 Mahowald, 2001, Nocturnal dissociation—awake? asleep? both? or neither?, Sleep and Hypnosis, 3, 129 Mahowald, 2005, REM sleep parasomnias, 897 Mahowald, 2005, Violent parasomnias: Forensic medicine issues, 960 McCreery, 1997, Hallucinations and arousability: Pointers to a theory of psychosis, 251 Meehl, 1962, Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia, American Psychologist, 17, 827, 10.1037/h0041029 Mellman, 2001, Dreams in the acute aftermath of trauma and their relationship to PTSD, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 241, 10.1023/A:1007812321136 Mellman, 1995, Sleep disturbance and its relationship to psychiatric morbidity after Hurricane Andrew, American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1659, 10.1176/ajp.152.11.1659 Mellman, 1995, Sleep events among veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder, American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 110, 10.1176/ajp.152.1.110 Merckelbach, 2005, Dissociation and fantasy proneness in psychiatric patients: A preliminary study, Comprehensive Psychiatry, 46, 181, 10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.08.001 Merckelbach, 2006, Subclinical dissociation, schizotypy, and traumatic distress, Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 365, 10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.007 Merckelbach, 2001, The Creative Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ): A brief self-report measure of fantasy proneness, Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 987, 10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00201-4 Merckelbach, 2004, Dissociative symptoms are related to endorsement of vague trauma items, Comprehensive Psychiatry, 45, 70, 10.1016/S0010-440X(03)00149-4 Merckelbach, 2001, The causal link between self-reported trauma and dissociation: A critical review, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 245, 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00181-3 Merckelbach, 2000, Dissociative experiences, response bias, and fantasy proneness in college students, Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 49, 10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00079-3 Merckelbach, 2000, Dissociation, schizotypy, and fantasy proneness in undergraduate students, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188, 428, 10.1097/00005053-200007000-00006 Meyer, 1990, Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, Behavior Research and Therapy, 28, 487, 10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6 Neylan, 1998, Sleep disturbances in the Vietnam generation: Findings from a nationally representative sample of male Vietnam veterans, American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 929, 10.1176/ajp.155.7.929 Ohayon, 2000, Prevalence of hallucinations and their pathological associations in the general population, Psychiatry Research, 97, 153, 10.1016/S0165-1781(00)00227-4 Ohayon, 1997, Violent behavior during sleep, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58, 369, 10.4088/JCP.v58n0808 Ohayon, 1996, Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations: Pathological phenomena?, British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 459, 10.1192/bjp.169.4.459 Ohayon, 2000, Sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population, Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 469, 10.1053/comp.2000.16568 Overeem, 2001, Narcolepsy: Clinical features, new pathophysiologic insights, and future perspectives, Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 18, 78, 10.1097/00004691-200103000-00002 Pillar, 2000, Post-traumatic stress disorder and sleep—what a nightmare!, Sleep Medicine Reviews, 4, 183, 10.1053/smrv.1999.0095 Plazzi, 2008, Nocturnal aspects of narcolepsy with cataplexy, Sleep Medicine Reviews, 12, 109, 10.1016/j.smrv.2007.08.010 Pope, 2000, Dissociative experiences in hypothetically psychosis-prone college students, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188, 530, 10.1097/00005053-200008000-00009 Prescott, 2000, The veridicality of punitive childhood experiences reported by adolescents and young adults, Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 411, 10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00153-2 Raine, 1991, The SPQ: A scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R criteria, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 555, 10.1093/schbul/17.4.555 Raine, 1994, Cognitive-perceptual, interpersonal, and disorganized features of schizotypal personality, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20, 191, 10.1093/schbul/20.1.191 Rechtschaffen, 1964, Schizophrenia and physiological indices of dreaming, Archives of General Psychiatry, 10, 89, 10.1001/archpsyc.1964.01720190091012 Reich, 1975, Sleep disturbance in schizophrenia: A revisit, Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 51, 10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760190053006 Riley, 1988, Measurement of dissociation, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 176, 449, 10.1097/00005053-198807000-00008 Ross, 1995, A factor analysis of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) in dissociative identity disorder, Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 8, 229 Ross, 1989, Sleep disturbance as the hallmark of posttraumatic stress disorder, American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 697, 10.1176/ajp.146.1.128-a Roy, 1976, Psychiatric aspects of narcolepsy, British Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 562, 10.1192/bjp.128.6.562 Savard, 2005, Empirical validation of the Insomnia Severity Index in cancer patients, Psycho-Oncology, 14, 429, 10.1002/pon.860 Schenck, 2002, REM sleep behavior disorder: Clinical, developmental, and neuroscience perspectives 16 years after its formal identification in SLEEP, Sleep, 25, 120, 10.1093/sleep/25.2.120 Schenck, 1989, Dissociative disorders presenting as somnambulism: Polysomnographic, video and clinical documentation (8 cases), Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 2, 194 Schenck, 1989, A polysomnographic and clinical report on sleep-related injury in 100 adult patients, American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 1166, 10.1176/ajp.146.9.1166 Schredl, 2004, Lucid dreaming frequency and personality, Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1463, 10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.003 Schredl, 2001, Reliability in dream research: A methodological note, Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal, 10, 496, 10.1006/ccog.2001.0522 Semiz, 2008, Nightmare disorder, dream anxiety, and subjective sleep quality in patients with borderline personality disorder, Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62, 48, 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01789.x Simms, 2002, Confirmatory factor analyses of posttraumatic stress symptoms in deployed and nondeployed veterans of the Gulf War, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 637, 10.1037/0021-843X.111.4.637 Soffer-Dudek, N., & Shahar, G., (in press). What are sleep-related experiences? Associations with transliminality, psychological distress, and life stress. Consciousness and Cognition. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2008.07.007. Sours, 1963, Narcolepsy and other disturbances in the sleep-waking rhythm: A study of 115 cases with review of the literature, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 137, 525, 10.1097/00005053-196312000-00002 Spanos, 1995, The frequency and correlates of sleep paralysis in a university sample, Journal of Research in Personality, 29, 285, 10.1006/jrpe.1995.1017 Spielberger, 1983 Sponheim, 1994, Resting EEG in first-episode and chronic schizophrenia, Psychophysiology, 31, 37, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01023.x Spoormaker, 2008, Disturbed sleep in post-traumatic stress disorder: Secondary symptom or core feature?, Sleep Medicine Reviews, 12, 10.1016/j.smrv.2007.08.008 Spoormaker, 2005, Initial validation of the SLEEP-50 Questionnaire, Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 3, 227, 10.1207/s15402010bsm0304_4 Stringer, D., Kotov, R., Robles, J.P., Schmidt, N.B., Watson, D., & Clark, L.A., (2009). Finding order in oddity: Structural analyses of the oddity domain and its external correlates. Manuscript in preparation. Tackett, 2008, A dimensional model of personality disorder: Incorporating DSM cluster A characteristics, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 454, 10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.454 Tandon, 1992, Electroencephalographic sleep abnormalities in schizophrenia. Relationship to positive/negative symptoms and prior neuroleptic treatment, Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 185, 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820030017003 Tellegen, 1974, Openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences (“absorption”), a trait related to hypnotic susceptibility, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83, 268, 10.1037/h0036681 Thalbourne, 2000, Transliminality, the Mental Experience Inventory and tolerance of ambiguity, Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 853, 10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00143-9 van der Kolk, 1984, Nightmares and trauma: A comparison of nightmares after combat with lifelong nightmares in veterans, American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 187, 10.1176/ajp.141.2.187 Van Dongen, 2005, Individual differences in adult human sleep and wakefulness: Leitmotif for a research agenda, Sleep, 28, 479, 10.1093/sleep/28.4.479 van Ijzendoorn, 1996, The measurement of dissociation in normal and clinical populations: Meta-analytic validation of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), Clinical Psychology Review, 16, 365, 10.1016/0272-7358(96)00006-2 Vourdas, 2002, Narcolepsy and psychopathology: Is there an association?, Sleep Medicine, 3, 353, 10.1016/S1389-9457(02)00062-X Watson, 2001, Dissociations of the night: Individual differences in sleep-related experiences and their relation to dissociation and schizotypy, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 526, 10.1037/0021-843X.110.4.526 Watson, 2003, Investigating the construct validity of the dissociative taxon: Stability analyses of normal and pathological dissociation, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 298, 10.1037/0021-843X.112.2.298 Watson, 2003, To dream, perchance to remember: Individual differences in dream recall, Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 1271, 10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00114-9 Watson, 2004, Stability versus change, dependability versus error: Issues in the assessment of personality over time, Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 319, 10.1016/j.jrp.2004.03.001 Watson, 2005, Rethinking the mood and anxiety disorders: A quantitative hierarchical model for DSM-V, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 522, 10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.522 Watson, 2009, Differentiating the mood and anxiety disorders: A quadripartite model, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 221, 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153510 Watson, D., & Clark, L.A., (1994). The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form. Unpublished manuscript. University of Iowa, Iowa City. Watson, 2008, Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology: II. Further articulation of a comprehensive unified trait structure, Journal of Personality, 76, 1545, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00531.x Watson, 1994, Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 18, 10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.18 Watson, 2008, Further validation of the IDAS: Evidence of convergent, discriminant, criterion, and incremental validity, Psychological Assessment, 20, 248, 10.1037/a0012570 Watson, 2007, Development and validation of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS), Psychological Assessment, 19, 253, 10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.253 Watson, 2005, Development and validation of the Schedule of Compulsions, Obsessions, and Pathological Impulses (SCOPI), Assessment, 12, 50, 10.1177/1073191104271483 Widiger, 2005, Diagnostic categories or dimensions? A question for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—fifth edition, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 494, 10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.494 Wilcox, 1985, Psychopathology and narcolepsy, Neuropsychobiology, 14, 170, 10.1159/000118223 Wilson, 1981, Vivid fantasy and hallucinatory abilities in the life histories of excellent hypnotic subjects (“somnambules”): Preliminary report with female subjects, Vol. 2, 133