Unfavorable transit planning: Lack of knowledge, lack of collaboration, or political conflicts? A case study of two Norwegian cities aiming to increase transit competitiveness

Progress in Planning - Tập 167 - Trang 100656 - 2023
Eva-Gurine Skartland1,2
1Institute of Transport Economics - Norwegian Centre for Transport Research, Norway
2Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway

Tài liệu tham khảo

Alves, J. (2017). The Effect of Transit-Oriented Development in Arlington, Virginia on Transport Choices. jaredalves.com. Retrieved 06.16.2021 from 〈https://jaredalves.com/2017/01/08/the-effect-of-transit-oriented-development-in-arlington-virginia-on-transport-choices/〉. Antonson, 2017, People and parking requirements: Residential attitudes and day-to-day consequences of a land use policy shift towards sustainable mobility, Land Use Policy, 62, 213, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.12.022 AtB. (2016). Future route structure with Metrobus in Greater Trondheim 2019–2029 [Summary report]. 〈https://www.atb.no/getfile.php/132275–1509446099/Rapporter/AtB_Framtidig_rutestruktur_2019–2029_Sammendragsrapport_13.05.16.pdf〉. Badland, 2010, How does car parking availability and public transport accessibility influence work-related travel behaviors?, Sustainability, 2, 576, 10.3390/su2020576 Barr, 1972, The professional urban planner, Journal of the American Planning Association, 38, 155 Bertolini, 2010, Coping with the irreducible uncertainties of planning: An evolutionary approach, 413 Burns, 2005 Campbell, 1996, Green cities, growing cities, just cities?: Urban planning and the contradictions of sustainable development, Journal of the American Planning Association, 62, 296, 10.1080/01944369608975696 Cao, 2019, Examining the effects of the built environment on auto ownership in two Norwegian urban regions, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 67, 464, 10.1016/j.trd.2018.12.020 Christensen, 1985, Coping with Uncertainty in Planning, Journal of the American Planning Association, 51, 63, 10.1080/01944368508976801 Christiansen, 2017, Household parking facilities: relationship to travel behaviour and car ownership, Transportation Research Procedia, 25, 4185, 10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.366 Christiansen, 2017, Parking facilities and the built environment: Impacts on travel behaviour, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 95, 198 Curtis, 2016 De Gruyter, 2020, Can high quality public transport support reduced car parking requirements for new residential apartments?, Journal of Transport Geography, 82, 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102627 Devereux, 2005 Engebretsen, 2018, Residential location, workplace location and car driving in four Norwegian cities, European Planning Studies, 26, 2036, 10.1080/09654313.2018.1505830 Fenton, 2016, Sustainable mobility as Swiss cheese? –Exploring influences on urban transport strategy in Basel, Natural Resources Forum, 40, 143, 10.1111/1477-8947.12093 Flyvbjerg, B. (1996). The dark side of planning: rationality and'realrationalitaet'. Flyvbjerg, 2002, Bringing power to planning research: One researcher’s praxis story, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 21, 353, 10.1177/0739456X0202100401 Flyvbjerg, 2006, Five misunderstandings about case-study research, Qualitative Inquiry, 12, 219, 10.1177/1077800405284363 Forester, 1999 Friedmann, 1998, Planning theory revisited, European Planning Studies, 6, 245, 10.1080/09654319808720459 Friedmann, 2003, Why do planning theory?, Planning Theory, 2, 7, 10.1177/1473095203002001002 Goodwin, 1998, Evidence on the effects of road capacity reduction on traffic levels, Traffic Engineering Control, 39, 348 Hanssen, 2013, Parkeringspolitikken i fem norske byer-mål, normer og erfaringer, TØI Rapport, 1266, 2013 Hedmark County. (2009). County sub-plan for coordinated environmental, area and transport development (SMAT) in 6 cities and towns and 2 business areas in the Hamar region 2009–2030. 〈https://www.mjosbyen.no/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/fylkesdelplan-for-samordnet-miljo-areal-og-transportutviklingen-smat.pdf〉. Hedmark County. (2012). Regional Transport Plan Hedmark County Municipality 2012–2021 (2012) 〈https://innlandetfylke.no/_f/p1/i5e2b6873–57e0–4e42–93cb-480961287f85/regional-samferdselsplan-2012–2021.pdf〉. Hedmark County. (2017). Action plan for Hedmark Trafikk FKF 2018–2021 〈https://innlandstrafikk.no/_f/p4/i1f7f9a86-fb12–4592-83a1-b3dd7e9c9c7e/tiltaksplan-for-hedmark-trafikk-fkf-2018–2021-for-trykking.pdf〉. Hedmark Trafikk. (2018). Shared powerpoint presentation on local public transport planning (Unpublished). Hedmark Trafikk. Hillnhütter, H. (2016). Pedestrian Access to Public Transport (Publication Number PhD thesis no. 314) University of Stavanger]. Stavanger. 〈https://uis.brage.unit.no/uis-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2422928/Helge_Hillnhutter.pdf〉. Howes, 2005 Hrelja, 2011, The tyranny of small decisions. Unsustainable cities and local day-to-day transport planning, Planning Theory & Practice, 12, 511, 10.1080/14649357.2011.626312 Hrelja, 2015, Integrating transport and land-use planning? How steering cultures in local authorities affect implementation of integrated public transport and land-use planning, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 74, 1 Hrelja, 2016, The qualities needed for a successful collaboration: A contribution to the conceptual understanding of collaboration for efficient public transport, Sustainability, 8, 542, 10.3390/su8060542 Hrelja, 2020, How to create efficient public transport systems? A systematic review of critical problems and approaches for addressing the problems, Transport Policy, 98, 186, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.10.012 Hrelja, 2013 Ingvardson, 2018, How urban density, network topology and socio-economy influence public transport ridership: Empirical evidence from 48 European metropolitan areas, Journal of Transport Geography, 72, 50, 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.07.002 Innlandet County. (2019). Land use and transport strategy for Mjøsbyen (2019). 〈https://www.mjosbyen.no/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/horingsutgave-areal-og-transportstrategi-for-mjosbyen-januar-2019.pdf〉. Jespersen, P.H. (2000). Transport. In H.-A. m. f. (red.) (Ed.), Dansk Naturpolitik - Viden og vurderinger. (Vol. Temarapport 1, pp. 100–113). Naturrådet. 〈https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/files/197647018/Naturr_det_temarapport_1_2000_viden_og_vurderinger.pdf〉. Johansson, 2017, Evaluation of public transport: Regional policies and planning practices in Sweden, Urban, Planning and Transport Research, 5, 59, 10.1080/21650020.2017.1395291 Kager, R., & Harms, L. (2017). Synergies from Improved Cycling-Transit Integration: Towards an integrated urban mobility system. 〈https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/improved-cycling-transit-integration-synergies.pdf〉. Kager, 2016, Characterisation of and reflections on the synergy of bicycles and public transport, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 85, 208 Kamruzzaman, 2015, Commuting mode choice in transit oriented development: Disentangling the effects of competitive neighbourhoods, travel attitudes, and self-selection, Transport Policy, 42, 187, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.06.003 Khan, 2021, Increasing public transport patronage–An analysis of planning principles and public transport governance in Swedish regions with the highest growth in ridership, Case Studies on Transport Policy, 9, 260, 10.1016/j.cstp.2020.12.008 Legacy, 2012, Is there a good governance model for the delivery of contemporary transport policy and practice? An examination of Melbourne and Perth, Transport Policy, 19, 8, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2011.07.004 Low, 2009, Path dependence in urban transport: an institutional analysis of urban passenger transport in Melbourne, Australia, 1956–2006, Transport Policy, 16, 47, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2009.02.010 Lunke, E.B., Engebretsen, Ø. (2021). Tett eller tilgjengelig? TØI-Report 1827/2021 〈https://www.toi.no/getfile.php?mmfileid=55390〉. Macmillen, 2014, Learning heuristic or political rhetoric? Sustainable mobility and the functions of ‘best practice’, Transport Policy, 35, 79, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.05.017 Marsden, 2006, The evidence base for parking policies—A review, Transport Policy, 13, 447, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2006.05.009 Mashhadi Moghadam, 2019, If Foucault were an urban planner: An epistemology of power in planning theories, Cogent Arts & Humanities, 6, 10.1080/23311983.2019.1592065 McLeod, 2017, Urban public transport: planning principles and emerging practice, Journal of Planning Literature, 32, 223, 10.1177/0885412217693570 Mees, 2000 Mees, 2009 Miljøpakken. (2019). Action Program 2020–2023 The Environmental Package for Transport in Trondheim. 〈https://miljopakken.no/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Handlingsprogram-2020–2023.pdf〉. Ministry of Transport. (2020). Further developed zero growth objective definition 〈https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/videreutviklet-nullvekstmal-fastsatt/id2705422/〉. Mjøsbyen. (2021). The need for a new reward scheme for medium sized urban areas - input to the work on the National Transport Plan 2022–33 from Mjøsbyen to The Ministry of Transport, (2021). 〈https://www.mjosbyen.no/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/felles-innspill-ntp-belonningsordning-mjosbyen.pdf〉. Mogridge, 1997, The self-defeating nature of urban road capacity policy: A review of theories, disputes and available evidence, Transport Policy, 4, 5, 10.1016/S0967-070X(96)00030-3 Næss, 2001, Urban planning and sustainable development, European planning studies, 9, 503, 10.1080/09654310120049871 Næss, 2016, Built environment, causality and urban planning, Planning Theory & Practice, 17, 52, 10.1080/14649357.2015.1127994 Næss, 2017, Which D’s are the important ones? The effects of built environment characteristics on driving distance in Oslo and Stavanger, Journal of Transport and Land Use, 10, 945, 10.5198/jtlu.2017.1183 Næss, 2019, How and why does intra-metropolitan workplace location affect car commuting?, Sustainability, 11, 1196, 10.3390/su11041196 Næss, 2013, Knowledge-based land use and transport planning? Consistency and gap between “state-of-the-art” knowledge and knowledge claims in planning documents in three Scandinavian city regions, Planning Theory & Practice, 14, 470, 10.1080/14649357.2013.845682 Næss, 2014, Transport modelling in the context of the ‘predict and provide’paradigm, European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 14, 102 Næss, 2015, Forecasting inaccuracies: A result of unexpected events, optimism bias, technical problems, or strategic misrepresentation?, Journal of Transport and Land Use, 8, 39 Næss, 2019, Residential location, commuting and non-work travel in two urban areas of different size and with different center structures, Progress in Planning, 128, 1, 10.1016/j.progress.2017.10.002 Nielsen, 2005 Nielsen, G., Lange, T. (2015). 79 råd og vink for utvikling av kollektivtransport i regionene. Samferdselsdepartementet. 〈https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/e59526c16e4841cda9bd2b618fab900e/79_rad_og_vink.pdf〉. Nielsen, G., Lange, T., As, C.C., Mulley, O.C., Nelson, J.D. (2006). Network planning and design for public transport success–and some pitfalls. European Transport Conference, Strasbourg, September. Nielsen, G., Lange, T. (2008). Network design for public transport success–Theory and examples. Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications, Oslo. 〈http://civitas.no/assets/nielsenlangethredbo10paper.pdf〉. norgeskart.no. 〈https://www.norgeskart.no/#!?project=norgeskart&layers=1002&zoom=4&lat=6834991.96&lon=527157.31&drawing=Fua0JHYBSvBDp6jnoF9t〉. Norwegian Road Administration. (2019). National Travel Survey 2018. 〈https://www.vegvesen.no/_attachment/2674990/binary/1361215?fast_title=N%C3%B8kkelrapport+Reisevaneunders%C3%B8kelsen+2018+-+november+2019.PDF〉. Øksenholt, 2018, Exploring how politicians reflect on counteracting measures: the case of the Trondheim package, Applied Mobilities, 5, 122, 10.1080/23800127.2018.1427822 Paulsson, 2017, One for all, or all for oneself? Governance cultures in regional public transport planning, European Planning Studies, 25, 2293, 10.1080/09654313.2017.1362376 Petersen, 2016, Watching the Swiss: A network approach to rural and exurban public transport, Transport Policy, 52, 175, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.07.012 Pettersson, 2018, How to create functioning collaboration in theory and in practice – practical experiences of collaboration when planning public transport systems, International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 14, 1, 10.1080/15568318.2018.1517842 Pløger, 2004, Strife: Urban planning and agonism, Planning Theory, 3, 71, 10.1177/1473095204042318 Pont, M.B., Perg, P., Haupt, P., Heyman, A. (2020). A systematic review of the scientifically demonstrated effects of densification. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Pund, 2001, City density and public transport: a review of three recent publications, Australian Planner, 38, 74, 10.1080/07293682.2001.9657942 Redman, 2013, Quality attributes of public transport that attract car users: A research review, Transport Policy, 25, 119, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.11.005 Ruter, 2011 Ruter. (2015). M2016 Fra dagens kollektivtrafikk til morgendagens mobilitetsløsninger. Ruter. 〈https://m2016.ruter.no/content/uploads/2015/08/RUTE0057_M2016_10.08.15_Low.pdf〉. Ruter. (2017). Prinsipper for linjenettet, veileder i bruk av planleggingen av trafikktilbudet. Ruter. 〈https://docplayer.me/68308240-Prinsipper-for-linjenettet.html〉. Sager, 2005, The political relevance of planners’ analysis: The case of a parliamentary standing committee, Planning Theory, 4, 33, 10.1177/1473095205051441 Sanyal, 2018, A planners’ planner: John Friedmann’s quest for a general theory of planning, Journal of the American Planning Association, 84, 179, 10.1080/01944363.2018.1427616 Schön, 1983 Skartland, 2021, How interventions in master plans affect public transport competitiveness versus cars: a case study of two small and two medium-sized city regions, Urban Planning and Transport Research, 1 Skartland, E.-G. (Forthcoming). Transit versus private car: Is there a way forward for small cities? SSB. (2020). Statistics Norway. 〈https://www.ssb.no/statbank/table/04859/〉. Tennøy, 2018, The impact of changed structural conditions on regional sustainable mobility planning in Norway, Planning Theory & Practice, 19, 93, 10.1080/14649357.2017.1408135 Tennøy, 2019, Effects of urban road capacity expansion–Experiences from two Norwegian cases, Transportation Research Part D: TRansport and Environment, 69, 90, 10.1016/j.trd.2019.01.024 Tennøy, 2016, How planners’ use and non-use of expert knowledge affect the goal achievement potential of plans: Experiences from strategic land-use and transport planning processes in three Scandinavian cities, Progress in Planning, 109, 1, 10.1016/j.progress.2015.05.002 Tennøy, 2012 Thomas, 2014, Beyond the case study dilemma in urban planning: using a meta-matrix to distil critical success factors in transit-oriented development, Urban Policy and Research, 32, 219, 10.1080/08111146.2014.882256 Thomas, 2018, Is transit-oriented development (TOD) an internationally transferable policy concept?, Regional Studies, 52, 1201, 10.1080/00343404.2018.1428740 Tønnesen, 2019, National goals and tools to fulfil them: A study of opportunities and pitfalls in Norwegian metagovernance of urban mobility, Transport Policy, 81, 35, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.05.018 Trøndelag County. (2018a). Sub-strategy Mobility 2019–2030 〈https://www.trondelagfylke.no/contentassets/fc9d036bdb1345cda1086cf6a1e10b16/delstrategi-mobilitet.pdf〉. Trøndelag County. (2018b). Sub-strategy Road 2019–2030. 〈https://www.trondelagfylke.no/globalassets/dokumenter/veg/delstrategi--veg-til-web-komprimert.pdf〉. Trondheim Municipality. (2013). Municipal land use plan for Trondheim municipality 2012–2024. 〈https://www.trondheim.kommune.no/globalassets/10-bilder-og-filer/10-byutvikling/byplankontoret/kommuneplan/kpa-trondheim-2012–2024/3_planbeskrivelse_kpa2012–24_web.pdf〉. Trondheim Municipality. (2016). Route selection for Metrobus Case presentation - archive case 16/7302, 73454/16 Case presentation Archive item: 16/7302. Urbanet Analyse. (2018). Reisevaner i Mjøsbyen og potensialet for en miljøvennlig transportutvikling (104/2018). Urbanet Analyse. 〈https://www.mjosbyen.no/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ua-rapport-104_2018_reisevaner-i-mjosbyen.pdf〉. Vedung, 2009 Walker, 2008, Purpose-driven public transport: creating a clear conversation about public transport goals, Journal of Transport Geography, 16, 436, 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2008.06.005 Walker, 2012 Walter, 2007, Critical success conditions of collaborative methods: a comparative evaluation of transport planning projects, Transportation, 34, 195, 10.1007/s11116-006-9000-0 WCED. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our common future, Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development (Accessed Feb, Issue. 〈http://www.ask-force.org/web/Sustainability/Brundtland-Our-Common-Future-1987–2008.pdf〉. Weinberger, 2012, Death by a thousand curb-cuts: Evidence on the effect of minimum parking requirements on the choice to drive, Transport policy, 20, 93, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2011.08.002 Wolday, 2019, Workplace location, polycentricism, and car commuting, Journal of Transport and Land Use, 12, 785, 10.5198/jtlu.2019.1488