Unexpected Levels of Biological Activity during the Polar Night Offer New Perspectives on a Warming Arctic

Comiso, 2008, Accelerated decline in the Arctic Sea ice cover, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L01703, 10.1029/2007GL031972

Boyd, 2013, Framing biological responses to a changing ocean, Nat. Clim. Chang., 3, 530, 10.1038/nclimate1881

Darnis, 2012, Current state and trends in Canadian Arctic marine ecosystems: II. Heterotrophic food web, pelagic-benthic coupling, and biodiversity, Clim. Change, 115, 179, 10.1007/s10584-012-0483-8

Berge, J., Renaud, P., Darnis, G., Cottier, F., Last, K., Gabrielsen, T., Johnsen, G., Seuthe, L., Weslawski, J.M., Leu, E., et al. In the dark: a review of ecosystem processes during the Arctic polar night. Prog. Oceanogr. Published online August 28, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.08.005.

Węsławski, 1991, Winter in a Svalbard fjord ecosystem, Arctic, 44, 115, 10.14430/arctic1527

Hirche, 2011, Winter studies on zooplankton in Arctic seas: the Storfjord (Svalbard) and adjacent ice-covered Barents Sea, Mar. Biol., 158, 2359, 10.1007/s00227-011-1740-5

Legeżyńska, 2012, When season does not matter: summer and winter trophic ecology of Arctic amphipods, Hydrobiologia, 684, 189, 10.1007/s10750-011-0982-z

Iversen, 2010, Seasonal microbial processes in a high-latitude fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard): I. Heterotrophic bacteria, picoplankton and nanoflagellates, Polar Biol., 34, 731, 10.1007/s00300-010-0929-2

Seuthe, 2011, Microbial processes in a high-latitude fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard): II. Ciliates and dinoflagellates, Polar Biol., 34, 751, 10.1007/s00300-010-0930-9

Horner, 1982, Relative contributions of ice algae, phytoplankton, and benthic microalgae to primary production in nearshore regions of Beaufort Sea, Arctic, 35, 485, 10.14430/arctic2356

Leu, 2006, Fatty acid dynamics during the spring bloom in a high Arctic fjord: importance of abiotic factors versus community changes, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 63, 2760, 10.1139/f06-159

Berge, 2009, Diel vertical migration of Arctic zooplankton during the polar night, Biol. Lett., 5, 69, 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0484

Kwaśniewski, 2003, Distribution of Calanus species in Kongsfjorden, a glacial fjord in Svalbard, J. Plankton Res., 25, 1, 10.1093/plankt/25.1.1

Walkusz, 2009, Seasonal and spatial changes in the zooplankton community of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Polar Res., 28, 254, 10.1111/j.1751-8369.2009.00107.x

Falk-Petersen, 2009, Lipids and life strategy of Arctic Calanus, Mar. Biol. Res., 5, 18, 10.1080/17451000802512267

Kosobokova, 1999, The reproductive cycle and life history of the Arctic copepod Calanus glacialis in the White Sea, Polar Biol., 22, 254, 10.1007/s003000050418

Conover, 1988, Comparative life histories in the genera Calanus and Neocalanus in high latitudes of the northern hemisphere, Hydrobiologia, 167, 127, 10.1007/BF00026299

Hirche, 1996, Diapause in the marine copepod, Calanus finmarchicus - a review, Ophelia, 44, 129, 10.1080/00785326.1995.10429843

Ingvarsdottir, 1999, Seasonal changes in respiration rates of copepodite stage V Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus), Fish. Oceanogr., 8, 73, 10.1046/j.1365-2419.1999.00002.x

Jonasdottir, 1999, Lipid content of Calanus finmarchicus during overwintering in the Faroe-Shetland Channel, Fish. Oceanogr., 8, 61, 10.1046/j.1365-2419.1999.00003.x

Pond, 2011, Phase transitions of wax esters adjust buoyancy in diapausing Calanoides acutus, Limnol. Oceanogr., 56, 1310, 10.4319/lo.2011.56.4.1310

Madsen, 2001, Annual population development and production by Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus in Disko Bay, western Greenland, Mar. Biol., 139, 75, 10.1007/s002270100552

Darnis, 2014, Temperature, food and the seasonal vertical migration of key arctic copepods in the thermally stratified Amundsen Gulf (Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean), J. Plankton Res., 36, 1092, 10.1093/plankt/fbu035

Clark, 2012, Composition of wax esters is linked to diapause behavior of Calanus finmarchicus in a sea loch environment, Limnol. Oceanogr., 57, 65, 10.4319/lo.2012.57.1.0065

Alcaraz, 2010, The role of Arctic zooplankton in biogeochemical cycles: respiration and excretion of ammonia and phosphate during summer, Polar Biol., 33, 1719, 10.1007/s00300-010-0789-9

Wallace, 2010, Comparison of zooplankton vertical migration in an ice-free and a seasonally ice-covered Arctic fjord: an insight into the influence of sea ice cover on zooplankton behavior, Limnol. Oceanogr., 55, 831, 10.4319/lo.2009.55.2.0831

Lutz, 1980, Growth patterns within the mollucan shell: an overview, 203

Ambrose, 2012, Growth line deposition and variability in growth of two circumpolar bivalves (Serripes groenlandicus and Clinocardium ciliatum), Polar Biol., 35, 345, 10.1007/s00300-011-1080-4

Kędra, 2012, The shallow benthic food web structure in the high Arctic does not follow seasonal changes in the surrounding environment, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 114, 183, 10.1016/j.ecss.2012.08.015

Jørgensen, 2005, Oxygen distribution and bioirrigation in Arctic fjord sediments (Svalbard, Barents Sea), Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 292, 85, 10.3354/meps292085

Renaud, 2015, Macroalgal detritus and food-web subsidies along an Arctic fjord depth gradient, Front. Mar. Sci., 2, 31, 10.3389/fmars.2015.00031

Krause-Jensen, 2012, Seasonal sea ice cover as principal driver of spatial and temporal variation in depth extension and annual production of kelp in Greenland, Glob. Change Biol., 18, 2981, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02765.x

Kortsch, 2012, Climate-driven regime shifts in Arctic marine benthos, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 14052, 10.1073/pnas.1207509109

Cohen, 2015, Is ambient light during the high Arctic polar night sufficient to act as a visual cue for zooplankton?, PLoS ONE, 10, e0126247, 10.1371/journal.pone.0126247

Hop, 2002, The marine ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Polar Res., 21, 167, 10.1111/j.1751-8369.2002.tb00073.x

Grémillet, 2005, Cormorants dive through the Polar night, Biol. Lett., 1, 469, 10.1098/rsbl.2005.0356

Johnsen, 2014, Glowing in the dark: discriminating patterns of bioluminescence from different taxa during the Arctic polar night, Polar Biol., 37, 707, 10.1007/s00300-014-1471-4

Berge, 2012, Bioluminescence in the high Arctic during the polar night, Mar. Biol., 159, 231, 10.1007/s00227-011-1798-0

Haddock, 2010, Bioluminescence in the sea, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 2, 443, 10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081028

Martin, 2001, Visual fields and foraging in procellariiform seabirds: sensory aspects of dietary segregation, Brain Behav. Evol., 57, 33, 10.1159/000047224

Tremblay, 2012, Current state and trends in Canadian Arctic marine ecosystems: I. Primary production, Clim. Change, 115, 161, 10.1007/s10584-012-0496-3

Wassmann, 2011, Future Arctic Ocean seasonal ice zones and implications for pelagic-benthic coupling, Oceanography (Wash. D.C.), 24, 220, 10.5670/oceanog.2011.74

Kaartvedt, 2008, Photoperiod may constrain the effect of global warming in arctic marine systems, J. Plankton Res., 30, 1203, 10.1093/plankt/fbn075

Carmack, 2006, Food webs and physical-biological coupling on pan-Arctic shelves: unifying concepts and comprehensive perspectives, Prog. Oceanogr., 71, 446, 10.1016/j.pocean.2006.10.004

Carmack, 2006, Climate variability and physical forcing of the food webs and the carbon budget on panarctic shelves, Prog. Oceanogr., 71, 145, 10.1016/j.pocean.2006.10.005

Nilsen, 2006, Cooling of the West Spitsbergen Current: isopycnal diffusion by topographic vorticity waves, J. Geophys. Res.- Oceans, 111, C08012, 10.1029/2005JC002991

Cottier, 2007, Wintertime warming of an Arctic shelf in response to large-scale atmospheric circulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L10607, 10.1029/2007GL029948

Nahrgang, 2014, Gender specific reproductive strategies of an arctic key species (Boreogadus saida) and implications of climate change, PLoS ONE, 9, e98452, 10.1371/journal.pone.0098452

Berge, 2015, First records of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) from the Svalbard archipelago, Norway, with possible explanations for the extension of its distribution, Arctic, 68, 54, 10.14430/arctic4455

Ussing, 1938, The biology of some important plankton animals in the fjords of east Greenland, Medd. Grønl., 100, 1

Daase, 2014, Non-consumptive mortality in copepods: occurrence of Calanus spp. carcasses in the Arctic Ocean during winter, J. Plankton Res., 36, 129, 10.1093/plankt/fbt079

Błachowiak-Samołyk, 2015, Winter Tales: the dark side of planktic life, Polar Biol., 38, 23, 10.1007/s00300-014-1597-4

Kukliński, 2013, Seasonality of occurrence and recruitment of Arctic marine benthic invertebrate larvae in relation to environmental variables, Polar Biol., 36, 549, 10.1007/s00300-012-1283-3

Ashjian, 2003, Annual cycle in abundance, distribution, and size in relation to hydrography of important copepod species in the western Arctic Ocean, Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap., 50, 1235, 10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00129-8

Renaud, 2007, Seasonal variation in benthic community oxygen demand: a response to an ice algal bloom in the Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic?, J. Mar. Syst., 67, 1, 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.07.006

Seuthe, 2007, Winter-spring feeding and metabolism of Arctic copepods: insights from faecal pellet production and respiration measurements in the southeastern Beaufort Sea, Polar Biol., 30, 427, 10.1007/s00300-006-0199-1

Barber, D., Hop, H., Mundy, C.J., Brent, E., Dmitrenko, I.A., Tremblay, J.É., Ehn, J.K., Assmy, P., Daase, M., Candlish, L.M., et al. Selected physical, biological and biogeochemical implications of a rapidly changing Arctic Marginal Ice Zone. Prog. Oceanogr. Published online September 12, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.09.003.