Undesirable side effects of selection for high production efficiency in farm animals: a review

Anthony, 1989, Egg production and egg composition of parental lines and F1 and F2 crosses of White Rock chickens selected for 56-day body weight, Poultry Sci., 68, 27, 10.3382/ps.0680027

Anthony, N.B., Emmerson, D.A., Nestor, K.E., Bacon, W.L., Siegel, P.B., Dunnington, E.A., 1991. Comparison of growth curves of weight selected populations of turkeys, quail and chickens. Poultry Sci. 70, 13–19.

Barbato, 1984, Selection for body weight at eight weeks of age. 17 Overfeeding, Poultry Sci., 63, 11, 10.3382/ps.0630011

Barbut, 1997, Occurrence of pale soft exudative meat in mature turkey hens, Br. Poultry Sci., 38, 74, 10.1080/00071669708417943

Barnes, 1985, Influence of selection for milk yield on endogenous hormones and metabolites in Holstein heifers and cows, J. Anim. Sci., 60, 271, 10.2527/jas1985.601271x

Barria, 1981, Long-term selection for rapid gain in mice. I Genetic analysis at the limit of response, J. Anim. Sci., 52, 729, 10.2527/jas1981.524729x

Beilharz, R.G., 1998. The problem of genetic improvement when environments are limiting. Proc. 6th World Congr. Gen. Appl. Livest. Prod., Armidale, Australia.

Beilharz, 1993, Quantitative genetics and evolution: Is our understanding of genetics sufficient to explain evolution?, J. Anim. Breed. Gen., 110, 161, 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1993.tb00728.x

Berger, 1981, Genetic aspects of milk yield and reproductive performance, J. Dairy Sci., 64, 114, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(81)82535-0

Bonczek, 1992, Correlated responses in reproduction accompanying selection for milk yield in Jerseys, J. Dairy Sci., 75, 1154, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)77861-8

Bonczek, 1988, Responses of somatotropin, insulin, prolactin, and thyroxine to selection for milk yield in Holsteins, J. Dairy Sci., 71, 2470, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79833-1

Broom, 1993, Assessing the welfare of modified or treated animals, Livest. Prod. Sci., 36, 39, 10.1016/0301-6226(93)90136-6

Bunch, 1984, Genetic influences on clinical mastitis and its relationship with milk yield, season, and stage of lactation, Livest. Prod. Sci., 11, 91, 10.1016/0301-6226(84)90011-3

Burkhart, 1983, Genetic selection for growth rate alters hypothalamic satiety mechanisms in chickens, Behav. Genet., 13, 295, 10.1007/BF01071874

Butler, 1981, The relationships between energy balance, milk production and ovulation in postpartum Holstein cows, J. Anim. Sci., 53, 742, 10.2527/jas1981.533742x

Butler, 1989, Interrelationships between energy balance and postpartum reproductive function in dairy cattle, J. Dairy Sci., 72, 767, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79169-4

Bünger, 1984, Zur Selektion auf Wachstum nach vorheriger Fruchtbarkeitsselektion bei Labormäusen, Arch. Tierzucht., 27, 183

Cahaner, A., Siegel, P.B., 1986. Evaluation of industry breeding programmes for meat-type chickens and turkeys. Proc. 3rd World Congr. Genet. Appl. Livest. Prod. (X), pp. 337–346.

Calabotta, 1985, Lipogenesis and lipolysis in fed and fasted chicks from high and low body weight lines, Poultry Sci., 64, 700, 10.3382/ps.0640700

Canfield, 1990, Energy balance and pulsatile LH secretion in early postpartum dairy catle, Dom. Anim. Endocr., 7, 323, 10.1016/0739-7240(90)90038-2

Canfield, 1991, Energy balance, first ovulation and the effects of naloxone on LH secretion in early postpartum dairy cows, J. Anim. Sci., 69, 740, 10.2527/1991.692740x

Canon, 1992, A repeat-sire mating selection experiment on lean tissue growth in the pig: genetic trends of the traits selected upon, Genet. Sel. Evol., 24, 449

Chambers, 1981, Genetic changes in meat-type chickens in the last twenty years, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 61, 555, 10.4141/cjas81-067

Cheng, 1976, The influence of divergent growth selection on semen traits, fertility and hatchability, Poultry Sci., 55, 457, 10.3382/ps.0550457

Cherry, 1978, Selection for body weight at eight weeks of age. 15. Feed passage and intestinal size of normal and dwarf chicks, Poultry Sci., 57, 336, 10.3382/ps.0570336

Denbow, 1986, Selection for growth alters the feeding response to injections of biogenic amines, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 24, 39, 10.1016/0091-3057(86)90041-9

Ducker, 1984, Observations on the relationships between the nutrition, milk yield, live weight and reproductive performance of dairy cows, Anim. Prod., 38, 9, 10.1017/S0003356100041295

Dunnington, E.A., 1990. Selection and homeostasis. Proc. 4th World Congr. Gen. Appl. Livest. Prod., Edinburgh, UK (XVI), pp. 5–12.

Dunnington, 1995, Enzyme activity and organ development in newly hatched chicks selected for high or low eight-week body weight, Poultry Sci., 74, 761, 10.3382/ps.0740761

Dunnington, 1996, Long-term divergent selection for eight-week body weight in White Plymouth Rock chickens, Poultry Sci., 75, 1168, 10.3382/ps.0751168

Edens, 1973, Selection for body weight at eight weeks of age. 9 Chickens spermatozoal respiration, Poultry Sci., 52, 977, 10.3382/ps.0520977

Eicker, 1996, The association between cumulative milk yield, days open, and days to first breeding in New York Holstein cows, J. Dairy Sci., 79, 235, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76356-7

Eisen, 1980, Conclusions from long-term selection experiments with mice, Z. Tierzüchtg. Züchtgsbiol., 97, 305, 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1980.tb00937.x

Essén-Gustavsson, 1984, Fiber types and metabolic characteristics in muscles of wild boars, normal and halothane sensitive Swedish Landrace pigs, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 78A, 67, 10.1016/0300-9629(84)90094-X

Falconer, D.S., Mackay, T.F.C., 1996. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, 4th ed. Longman, UK.

Fonseca, 1983, Reproductive traits of Holstein and Jerseys. Effects of age, milk yield, and clinical abnormalities on involution of cervix and uterus, ovulation, estrus cycles, detection of estrus, conception rate, and days open, J. Dairy Sci., 66, 1128, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(83)81910-9

Freeman, 1986, Genetic control of reproduction and lactation in dairy cattle. Proc. 3rd World Congr, Gen. Appl. Livest. Prod., 11, 3

Fredeen, 1984, Selection limits: have they been reached with pigs?, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 64, 223, 10.4141/cjas84-030

Gallo, 1996, Change in body condition score of Holstein cows as affected by parity and mature equivalent milk yield, J. Dairy Sci., 79, 1009, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76452-4

Goddard, M.E., Beilharz, R.G., 1977. Natural selection and animal breeding. Proc. 3rd Int. Congr. S.A.B.R.A.O., Animal Breeding Papers 4.19 to 4.21.

Gröhn, 1986, An epidemiological and genetic study on registered diseases in Finnish Ayrshire cattle. III. Metabolic diseases, Acta Vet. Scand., 27, 209, 10.1186/BF03548165

Grommers, F.J., 1987. Limits of productivity in dairy cattle: heath aspects. 38th Annual Meeting of the EAAP, Lisbon, Portugal.

Hansel, 1992, Future prospectives on animal biotechnology, Anim. Biotech., 3, 111, 10.1080/10495399209525766

Hansen, 1983, Yield and fertility relationships in dairy cattle, J. Dairy Sci., 66, 293, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(83)81789-5

Harrison, 1990, Increased milk production versus reproductive and energy status of high producing dairy cows, J. Dairy Sci., 73, 2749, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78960-6

Harrison, 1989, Effects of lactational level on reactivation of ovarian function, and interval from parturition to first visual oestrus and conception in high-producing Holstein cows, Anim. Prod., 49, 23, 10.1017/S0003356100004219

Havenstein, G.B., Ferket, P.R., Scheideler, S.E., Larson, B.T., 1994a. Growth, livability, and feed conversion of 1957 vs 1991 broilers when fed `typical' 1957 and 1991 broiler diets. Poultry Sci. 73, 1785–1794.

Havenstein, G.B., Ferket, P.R., Scheideler, S.E., Rives, D.V., 1994b. Carcass composition and yield in 1991 vs 1957 broilers when fed `typical' 1957 and 1991 broiler diets. Poultry Sci. 73, 1795–1804.

Henckel, P., 1992. Properties of muscle fibre types as a source of variation in meat quality. Proc. 19th World's Poultry Congr., Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Suppl., pp. 87–92.

Henckel, 1992, Glycogen content, buffering capacity and resting pH in live muscles of pigs of different halothane genotypes (a pilot project), Meat Sci., 32, 131, 10.1016/0309-1740(92)90100-I

Hoekstra, 1994, Genetic and phenotypic parameters for milk production and fertility traits in upgraded dairy cattle, Livest. Prod. Sci., 40, 225, 10.1016/0301-6226(94)90090-6

Huang, 1995, Genetic study on leg weakness and its relationship with economic traits in central tested boars in subtropical area, Livest. Prod. Sci., 44, 53, 10.1016/0301-6226(95)00063-Q

Hunton, 1984, Selection limits: have they been reached in the poultry industry?, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 64, 217, 10.4141/cjas84-029

Hutchens, 1981, Genetic and phenotypic relationships between pubertal and growth characteristics of gilts, J. Anim. Sci., 53, 946, 10.2527/jas1981.534946x

IKC, 1996. Dutch piglet price schemes from 1973 to 1995. Informatie en kennis centrum Landbouw. Ede, The Netherlands.

Jaap, 1968, Erratic oviposition and egg defects in broiler-type pullets, Poultry Sci., 47, 417, 10.3382/ps.0470417

Karlström, K., 1995. Capillary supply, fibre type composition and enzymatic profile of equine, bovine and porcine locomotor and nonlocomotor muscles. PhD thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.

Kennedy, 1984, Selection limits: have they been reached with the dairy cow?, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 64, 207, 10.4141/cjas84-028

Kerr, 1995, Reproductive performance of pigs selected for components of efficient lean growth, Anim. Sci., 60, 281, 10.1017/S1357729800008444

Kerr, 1996, Genetic and phenotypic relationships between performance test and reproduction traits in Large White pigs, Anim. Sci., 62, 531, 10.1017/S1357729800015071

Kirkwood, 1985, Energy intake, body composition and reproductive performance of gilts, J. Anim. Sci., 60, 1518, 10.2527/jas1985.6061518x

Leenstra, 1993, Selection for disease resistance in poultry: general or specific?, Arch. Geflügelk., 57, 69

Legates, 1988, Measuring genetic change in a dairy herd using a control population, J. Dairy Sci., 71, 1025, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79649-6

LEI-DLO, 1996. Landbouwcijfers 1996, Table 83f. Den Haag, The Netherlands.

Lepore, 1963, Proximate and amino acid composition of eggs and chicks from growth-selected lines of White Rocks, Life Sci., 2, 584, 10.1016/0024-3205(63)90111-5

Lerner, I.M., 1954. Genetic Homeostasis. John Wiley, New York

Liu, 1995, Correlated responses to long-term divergent selection for eight-week body weight in chickens: growth, sexual maturity, and egg production, Poultry Sci., 74, 1259, 10.3382/ps.0741259

Luiting, 1990, Genetic variation of energy partitioning in laying hens: causes of variation in residual feed consumption, World's Poultry Sci. J., 46, 133, 10.1079/WPS19900017

Luiting, P., 1993. The biological nature of genetic variation in net feed efficiency. 44th Annual Meeting of the EAAP, Aarhus, Denmark.

Luiting, P., Bakken, M., Rauw, W.M., De Veer, C.J.M., 1995. Behavioural differences in a long-term selection experiment for litter size in mice. 47th Annual Meeting of the EAAP, Prague, Czech Republic.

Luiting, P., Vangen, O., Rauw, W.M., Knap, P.W., Beilharz, R.G., 1997. Physiological consequences of selection for growth. 48th Annual Meeting of the EAAP, Vienna, Austria.

Lundeheim, 1987, Genetic analysis of osteochondrosis and leg weakness in the Swedish pig progeny testing scheme, Acta Agric. Scand., 37, 159, 10.1080/00015128709436552

Lyons, 1991, Genetics of health traits in Holstein cattle, J. Dairy Sci., 74, 1092, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78260-X

Maloney, 1967, Divergent selection for twelve-week body weight in the domestic fowl, Poultry Sci., 46, 1116, 10.3382/ps.0461116

Marini, 1969, Semen characteristics as influenced by selection for divergent growth rate in chickens, Poultry Sci., 48, 859, 10.3382/ps.0480859

Marks, 1979, Growth rate and feed intake of selected and nonselected broilers, Growth, 43, 80

McCarthy, 1983, A review of genetical and physiological effects of selection in meat-type poultry, Anim. Breed. Abstr., 51, 87

McGowan, 1996, Effects of genotype and feeding system on the reproductive performance of dairy cattle, Livest. Prod. Sci., 46, 33, 10.1016/0301-6226(96)00010-3

Menendez Buxadera, 1997, Genetic and environmental factors affecting some reproductive traits of Holstein cows in Cuba, Genet. Sel. Evol., 29, 469, 10.1186/1297-9686-29-4-469

Miller, 1992, Inheritance of antibody response to sheep erythrocytes in lines of chickens divergently selected for 56-day body weight and their crosses, Poultry Sci., 71, 47, 10.3382/ps.0710047

Moberg, G.P., 1985. Biological response to stress: key to assessment of animal well-being? In: Moberg, G.P. (Ed.), Animal Stress. American physiological society, Maryland, pp. 27–49.

Moberg, 1987, A model for assessing the impact of behavioral stress on domestic animals, J. Anim. Sci., 65, 1228, 10.2527/jas1987.6551228x

Nebel, 1993, Interactions of high milk yield and reproductive performance in dairy cows, J. Dairy Sci., 76, 3257, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77662-6

Nestor, 1977, The influence of a genetic change in egg production, body weight, fertility or response to cold stress on semen yield in the turkey, Poultry Sci., 56, 421, 10.3382/ps.0560421

Nestor, 1996, Direct and correlated responses to long-term selection for increased body weight and egg production in turkeys, Poultry Sci., 75, 1180, 10.3382/ps.0751180

Nestor, 1996, Influence of growth selection in turkeys on resistance to Pasteurella multocida, Poultry Sci., 75, 1161, 10.3382/ps.0751161

Newman, 1994, Quantitative- and molecular-genetic effects on animal well-being: adaptive mechanisms, J. Anim. Sci., 72, 1641, 10.2527/1994.7261641x

Nir, 1978, Influence of overfeeding on growth, obesity and intestinal tract in young chicks of light and heavy breeds, Br. J. Nutr., 39, 27, 10.1079/BJN19780008

NML/Norske Meierier, 1996. Annual report 1996. Norway.

Norsvin, 1996. Annual reports 1980–1996. Norwegian Pig Breeding Organisation. Hamar, Norway.

NRS, 1996. Annual statistics 1996. Royal Dutch Cattle Syndicate, Arnhem, The Netherlands.

Owens, 1971, Selection for body weight at 8 weeks of age. 8. Growth and metabolism in two light environments, Poultry Sci., 50, 548, 10.3382/ps.0500548

Pirchner, F., 1983. Population genetics in animal breeding, 2nd ed. Plenum Press, New York.

Pryce, 1997, Genetic aspects of common health disorders and measures of fertility in Holstein Friesian dairy cattle, Anim. Sci., 65, 353, 10.1017/S1357729800008559

Pösö, 1996, Relationships between clinical mastitis, somatic cell score, and production for the first three lactations of Finnish Ayrshire, J. Dairy Sci., 79, 1284, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76483-4

Qureshi, 1994, A comparison of the immune performance of a 1991 commercial broiler with a 1957 randombred strain when fed `typical' 1957 and 1991 broiler diets, Poultry Sci., 73, 1805, 10.3382/ps.0731805

Raheja, 1989, Relationship between fertility and production in Holstein dairy cattle in different lactations, J. Dairy Sci., 72, 2670, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79408-X

Rahelic, 1980, Fibre types in Longissimus Dorsi from wild and highly selected pig breeds, Meat Sci., 5, 439, 10.1016/0309-1740(81)90042-5

Reddy, 1996, Symposium: the effects of long-term selection on growth of poultry-Introduction, Poultry Sci., 75, 1164, 10.3382/ps.0751164

Reddy, 1977, Chromosomal abnormalities in chickens selected for high and low body weight, J. Heredity, 68, 253, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a108824

Rendel, 1963, Correlation between the number of scutellar and abdominal bristles in drosophila melanogaster, Genetics, 48, 391, 10.1093/genetics/48.3.391

Rydhmer, 1994, A genetic study of estrus symptoms at puberty and their relationship to growth and leanness in gilts, J. Anim. Sci., 72, 1964, 10.2527/1994.7281964x

Rydhmer, 1992, A genetic study of pubertal age, litter traits, weight loss during lactation and relations to growth and leanness in gilts, Acta Agric. Scand., Sect. A, Anim. Sci., 42, 211

Rydhmer, 1995, Genetic parameters for reproduction traits in sows and relations to performance-test measurements, J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 112, 33, 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1995.tb00538.x

Sather, 1987, A note on the changes in leg weakness in pigs after being transferred from confinement housing to pasture lots, Anim. Prod., 44, 450, 10.1017/S000335610001240X

Scheele, C.W., 1996. Ascites in chickens. Oxygen consumption and requirement related to its occurrence. PhD Thesis Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands.

Scheele, 1992, Ascites in broilers. 2. Disturbances in the hormonal regulation of metabolic rate and fat metabolism, Poultry Sci., 71, 1971, 10.3382/ps.0711971

Schneeberger, M., Hagger, C., 1986. Relationship of fertility parameters with lactation yield in cows of various crossbreeding levels. 3rd World Congr. Gen. Appl. Livest. Prod., Lincoln NE, USA, pp. 107–112.

Senatore, 1996, Relationships between energy balance and post-partum ovarian activity and fertility in first lactation dairy cows, Anim. Sci., 62, 17, 10.1017/S1357729800014260

Seykora, 1983, Heritabilities and correlations of lactation yields and fertility for Holsteins, J. Dairy Sci., 66, 1486, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(83)81963-8

Shanks, 1978, Effect of selection for milk production on reproductive and general health of the dairy cow, J. Dairy Sci., 61, 1765, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(78)83800-4

Siegel, 1995, Stress, strains and resistance, Br. Poultry. Sci., 36, 3, 10.1080/00071669508417748

Siegel, 1963, Selection for body weight at eight weeks of age. 2. Correlated responses of feathering, body weights and reproductive characteristics, Poultry Sci., 42, 896, 10.3382/ps.0420896

Siegel, P.B., Dunnington, E.A., 1985. Reproductive complications associated with selection for broiler growth. In: Hill, W.G., Manson, J.H., Hewitt, D. (Ed.), Poultry Genetics and Breeding. Longman, Harlow UK, pp. 59–72.

Simianer, 1991, Estimated genetic correlations between disease and yield traits in dairy cattle, J. Dairy Sci., 74, 4358, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78632-3

Sinsigalli, 1987, Glucose tolerance, plasma insulin and immunoreactive glucagon in chickens selected for high and low body weight, J. Nutr., 117, 941, 10.1093/jn/117.5.941

Soller, 1994, Marker assisted selection – an overview, Anim. Biotech., 5, 193, 10.1080/10495399409525821

Syrstad, 1989, Dairy cattle cross-breeding in the tropics: performance of secondary cross-bred populations, Livest. Prod. Sci., 23, 97, 10.1016/0301-6226(89)90008-0

Syväjärvi, 1986, An epidemiological and genetic study on registered diseases in Finnish Ayrshire cattle. IV. Clinical mastitis, Acta Vet. Scand., 27, 223, 10.1186/BF03548166

Ten Napel, J., 1996. Genetic aspects of intervals from weaning to estrus in swine. PhD thesis Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Ten Napel, 1997, Genetic relationships among production traits and rebreeding performance, J. Anim. Sci, 75, 51, 10.2527/1997.75151x

Ten Napel, 1995, A biological approach to examine genetic variation in weaning-to-oestrus interval in first-litter sows: a review, Livest. Prod. Sci., 41, 81, 10.1016/0301-6226(94)00052-9

Thompson, 1984, Genetic interrelationships of parturition problems and production, J. Dairy Sci., 67, 628, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(84)81348-X

Uribe, 1995, Genetic parameters for common health disorders of Holstein cows, J. Dairy Sci., 78, 421, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76651-6

USDA, 1991. Annual Summaries. Federal Milk Order Market Statistics, AMS.

USDA, 1995a. Poultry yearbook, Table 71 `young chicken: average liveweight at slaughter under Federal inspection 1960–95'. Poultry Slaughter National Agricultural Statistics Service, United States Department of Agriculture.

USDA, 1995b. Poultry yearbook, Table 138 `turkey: average liveweight at slaughter under Federal inspection 1960–95'. Poultry Slaughter National Agricultural Statistics Service, United States Department of Agriculture.

Van Arendonk, 1989, Phenotypic and genetic association between fertility and production in dairy cows, Livest. Prod. Sci., 21, 1, 10.1016/0301-6226(89)90017-1

Van Middelkoop, 1976, Classification of abnormal chicken eggs, Poultry Sci., 55, 1563, 10.3382/ps.0551563

Veerkamp, 1994, Effects of interaction between genotype and feeding system on milk production, feed intake, efficiency and body tissue mobilization in dairy cows, Livest. Prod. Sci., 39, 229, 10.1016/0301-6226(94)90202-X

Villa-Godoy, 1988, Association between energy balance and luteal function in lactating dairy cows, J. Dairy Sci., 71, 1063, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79653-8

Wautlet, 1990, Calving disorders of primiparous Holsteins from designed selection studies, J. Dairy Sci., 73, 2555, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78941-2

Webb, 1983, Genetics of leg weakness in performance-tested boars, Anim. Prod., 36, 117, 10.1017/S0003356100040010

Woltmann, 1995, Effect of divergent selection for postweaning average daily gain on front-end soundness of market-weight pigs, J. Anim. Sci., 73, 1940, 10.2527/1995.7371940x

Whittemore, 1994, Causes and consequences of change in the mature size of the domestic pig, Outlook on Agr., 23, 55, 10.1177/003072709402300110