Understanding the trends in HIV and hepatitis C prevalence amongst injecting drug users in different settings—Implications for intervention impact

Drug and Alcohol Dependence - Tập 123 - Trang 122-131 - 2012
Peter Vickerman1,2, Natasha K. Martin2,1, Matthew Hickman2
1London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
2University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aitken, 2008, Consecutive infections and clearances of different hepatitis C virus genotypes in an injecting drug user, J. Clin. Virol., 41, 293, 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.12.007 Baggaley, 2006, Risk of HIV-1 transmission for parenteral exposure and blood transfusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis, AIDS, 20, 805, 10.1097/01.aids.0000218543.46963.6d Brettle, 1997, Pre-AIDS deaths in HIV infection related to intravenous drug use, QJM, 90, 617, 10.1093/qjmed/90.10.617 Caiaffa, 2006, The contribution of two Brazilian multi-center studies to the assessment of HIV and HCV infection and prevention strategies among injecting drug users: the AjUDE-Brasil I and II Projects, Cad. Saude Publica, 22, 771, 10.1590/S0102-311X2006000400016 Cohen, 2011, Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy, N. Engl. J. Med., 365, 493, 10.1056/NEJMoa1105243 Cox, 2005, Prospective evaluation of community-acquired acute-phase hepatitis C virus infection, Clin. Infect. Dis., 40, 951, 10.1086/428578 Craine, 2009, Incidence of hepatitis C in drug injectors: the role of homelessness, opiate substitution treatment, equipment sharing, and community size, Epidemiol. Infect., 137, 1255, 10.1017/S095026880900212X Daar, 2001, Relation between HIV-1 and hepatitis C viral load in patients with hemophilia, J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 26, 466, 10.1097/00126334-200104150-00011 De Carli, 2003, Risk of hepatitis C virus transmission following percutaneous exposure in healthcare workers, Infection, 31, 22 Degenhardt, 2010, Prevention of HIV infection for people who inject drugs: why individual, structural, and combination approaches are needed, Lancet, 376, 285, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60742-8 Des Jarlais, 2009, Using hepatitis C virus and herpes simplex virus-2 to track HIV among injecting drug users in New York City, Drug Alcohol Depend., 101, 88, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.11.007 Des Jarlais, 2005, Reductions in hepatitis C virus and HIV infections among injecting drug users in New York City, 1990–2001, AIDS, 19, S20, 10.1097/01.aids.0000192066.86410.8c Friedman, 1999 Grebely, 2006, Hepatitis C virus reinfection in injection drug users, Hepatology, 44, 1139, 10.1002/hep.21376 Hagan, 2011, A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to prevent hepatitis C virus infection in people who inject drugs, J. Infect. Dis., 204, 74, 10.1093/infdis/jir196 Hickman, 2003, Mortality and fatal overdose risk—pilot cohort study of heroin users recruited from specialist drug treatment sites in London, J. Urban Health, 90, 274, 10.1093/jurban/jtg030 Hickman, 2007, Hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence, and injecting risk behaviour in multiple sites in England in 2004, J. Viral Hepat., 14, 645, 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2007.00855.x Hollingsworth, 2008, HIV-1 transmission, by stage of infection, J. Infect. Dis., 198, 687, 10.1086/590501 Hope, 2011, Measuring the incidence, prevalence and genetic relatedness of hepatitis C infections among a community recruited sample of injecting drug users, using dried blood spots, J. Viral Hepat., 18, 262, 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01297.x Hutchinson, 2002, Prevalence of hepatitis C among injectors in Scotland 1989–2000: declining trends among young injectors halt in the late 1990, Epidemiol. Infect., 128, 473, 10.1017/S0950268802006945 Mahanta, 2008, Injecting and sexual risk behaviours, sexually transmitted infections and HIV prevalence in injecting drug users in three states in India, AIDS, 22, S59, 10.1097/01.aids.0000343764.62455.9e Maher, 2007, High hepatitis C incidence in new injecting drug users: a policy failure?, Aust. N.Z. J. Public Health, 31, 30, 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2007.00007.x Martin, 2010, Can antiviral therapy for Hepatitis C reduce the prevalence of HCV among injecting drug user populations?, J. Hepatol., 54 Mehta, 2002, Protection against persistence of hepatitis C, Lancet, 359, 1478, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08435-0 Micallef, 2006, Spontaneous viral clearance following acute hepatitis C infection: a systematic review of longitudinal studies, J. Viral Hepat., 13, 34, 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2005.00651.x Miller, 2002, Opportunities for prevention: hepatitis C prevalence and incidence in a cohort of young injection drug users, Hepatology, 36, 737, 10.1053/jhep.2002.35065 Nordt, 2006, Incidence of heroin use in Zurich, Switzerland: a treatment case register analysis, Lancet, 367, 1830, 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68804-1 Osburn, 2010, Spontaneous control of primary hepatitis C virus infection and immunity against persistent reinfection, Gastroenterology, 138, 315, 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.09.017 Page, 2009, Acute hepatitis C virus infection in young adult injection drug users: a prospective study of incident infection, resolution, and reinfection, J. Infect. Dis., 200, 1216, 10.1086/605947 Patrick, 2001, Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users during an outbreak of HIV infection, CMAJ, 165, 889 Polis, 2007, Impact of maternal HIV coinfection on the vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus: a meta-analysis, Clin. Infect. Dis., 44, 1123, 10.1086/512815 Prins, 1997, Pre-AIDS mortality from natural causes associated with HIV disease progression: evidence from the European Seroconverter Study among injecting drug users, AIDS, 11, 1747, 10.1097/00002030-199714000-00012 Rezza, 1996, Incidence rate and risk factors for HCV seroconversion among injecting drug users in an area with low HIV seroprevalence, Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 28, 27, 10.3109/00365549609027145 Rhodes, 2006, Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis C and syphilis among injecting drug users in Russia: a multi-city study, Addiction, 101, 252, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01317.x Ruan, 2007, Incidence of HIV, hepatitis C and hepatitis B viruses among injection drug users in southwestern China: a 3-year follow-up study, AIDS, 21, S39, 10.1097/01.aids.0000304695.54884.4f Sweeting, 2009, Estimating the prevalence of ex-injecting drug use in the population, Stat. Methods Med. Res., 18, 381, 10.1177/0962280208094704 Sweeting, 2009, Hepatitis C infection among injecting drug users in England and Wales (1992–2006): there and back again?, Am. J. Epidemiol., 170, 352, 10.1093/aje/kwp141 Thomas, 2000, The natural history of hepatitis C virus infection: host, viral, and environmental factors, JAMA, 284, 450, 10.1001/jama.284.4.450 Turner, 2011, The impact of needle and syringe provision and opiate substitution therapy on the incidence of Hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users: pooling of UK evidence, Addiction, 106, 1978, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03515.x van Beek, 1998, Infection with HIV and hepatitis C virus among injecting drug users in a prevention setting: retrospective cohort study, BMJ, 317, 433, 10.1136/bmj.317.7156.433 van Den Berg, 2007, Full participation in harm reduction programmes is associated with decreased risk for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus: evidence from the Amsterdam cohort studies among drug users, Addiction, 102, 1454, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01912.x van Den Berg, 2007, Major decline of hepatitis C virus incidence rate over two decades in a cohort of drug users, Eur. J. Epidemiol., 22, 183, 10.1007/s10654-006-9089-7 Vickerman, 2007, Modelling the impact of hepatitis C transmission of reducing syringe sharing: London case study, Int. J. Epidemiol., 36, 396, 10.1093/ije/dyl276 Vickerman, 2009, Can HCV prevalence be used as a measure of injection-related HIV-risk in populations of injecting drug users? An ecological analysis, Addiction, 105, 311, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02759.x Vickerman, 2009, Modelling the transmission of HIV and HCV amongst injecting drug users in Rawalpindi, a low HCV prevalence setting in Pakistan, Sex. Transm. Infect., 85, ii23, 10.1136/sti.2008.034660 Vickerman, P., Grebely, J., Dore, G., Sacks-Davis, R., Page, K., Hickman, M., Hellard, M. The more you look the more you find—Effects of hepatitis C virus testing interval on re-infection incidence and clearance: Implications for future vaccine study design. J. Infect. Dis., in press. Vickerman, P., Martin, N., Turner, K., Hickman, M. Can needle and syringe programmes and opiate substitution therapy achieve substantial reductions in HCV prevalence? Model projections for different epidemic settings. submitted for publication. Yazdanpanah, 2005, Risk factors for hepatitis C virus transmission to health care workers after occupational exposure: a European case-control study, Clin. Infect. Dis., 41, 1423, 10.1086/497131