Understanding frailty

Fried, 2001, Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 56, M146, 10.1093/gerona/56.3.M146

Boyd, 2005, Frailty, hospitalization, and progression of disability in a cohort of disabled older women, Am J Med, 118, 1225, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.01.062

Fried, 2004, Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: implications for improved targeting and care, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 59, M255, 10.1093/gerona/59.3.M255

Fugate, 2005, Frailty: emergence and consequences in women aged 65 and older in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, J Am Geriatr Soc, 53, 1321, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53405.x

World Health Organization, 2006, International classification of functioning, disability and health

Hogan, 2003, Models, definitions, and criteria of frailty, Aging Clin Exp Res, 15, 1

Brody, 1997, Evaluation of a self-report screening instrument to predict frailty outcomes in aging populations, Gerontologist, 37, 182, 10.1093/geront/37.2.182

Mitnitski, 2005, Relative fitness and frailty of elderly men and women in developed countries and their relationship with mortality, J Am Geriatr Soc, 53, 1069, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00506.x

Gill, 2006, Transitions between frailty states among community-living older persons, Arch Intern Med, 166, 418, 10.1001/archinte.166.4.418

Puts, 2005, Sex differences in the risk of frailty for mortality independent of disability and chronic diseases, J Am Geriatr Soc, 53, 40, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53008.x

Paw, 1999, How to select a frail elderly population? A comparison of three working definitions, J Clin Epidemiol, 52, 1015, 10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00077-3

Mitnitski, 2002, Frailty, fitness and late-life mortality in relation to chronological and biological age, BMC Geriatr, 2, 1, 10.1186/1471-2318-2-1

Woo, 2006, Public health significance of the frailty index, Disabil Rehabil, 28, 515, 10.1080/09638280500215867

Fried, 1991, The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale, Ann Epidemiol, 1, 263, 10.1016/1047-2797(91)90005-W

Woo, 2005, Social determinants of frailty, Gerontology, 51, 402, 10.1159/000088705

Markle-Reid, 2003, Conceptualizations of frailty in relation to older adults, J Adv Nurs, 44, 58, 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02767.x

Studenski, 2004, Clinical global impression of change in physical frailty: development of a measure based on clinical judgment, J Am Geriatr Soc, 52, 1560, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52423.x

Rockwood, 2005, A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people, CMAJ, 173, 489, 10.1503/cmaj.050051

Fisher, 2000, Just what defines frailty?, J Am Geriatr Soc, 53, 2229, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00510.x

Rockwood, 1999, A brief clinical instrument to classify frailty in elderly people, Lancet, 353, 205, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)04402-X

Rockwood, 2005, Frailty and its definition: a worthy challenge, J Am Geriatr Soc, 53, 1069, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53312.x

Saliba, 2000, Identifying a short functional disability screen for older persons, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 55, M750, 10.1093/gerona/55.12.M750

Puts, 2005, Static and dynamic measures of frailty predicted decline in performance-based and self-reported physical functioning, J Clin Epidemiol, 58, 1188, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.03.008

Rockwood, 2004, Changes with age in the distribution of a frailty index, Mech Ageing Dev, 125, 517, 10.1016/j.mad.2004.05.003

Cohen, 2000, In search of the underlying mechanisms of frailty [editorial], J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 55, M706, 10.1093/gerona/55.12.M706

Pawelec, 2005, Immunosenescence and vaccination, Immun Ageing, 2, 16, 10.1186/1742-4933-2-16

Hamerman, 1999, Toward an understanding of frailty, Ann Intern Med, 130, 945, 10.7326/0003-4819-130-11-199906010-00022

Ferguson, 1995, Immune parameters in a longitudinal study of a very old population of Swedish people: a comparison between survivors and nonsurvivors, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 50, B378, 10.1093/gerona/50A.6.B378

Walston, 2002, Frailty and activation of the inflammation and coagulation systems with and without clinical comorbidities: results from the Cardiovascular Health Study, Arch Intern Med, 162, 2333, 10.1001/archinte.162.20.2333

Puts, 2005, Endocrine and inflammatory markers as predictors of frailty, Clin Endocrinol, 63, 403, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02355.x

Leng, 2002, Serum interleukin-6 and hemoglobin as physiological correlates in the geriatric syndrome of frailty: a pilot study, J Am Geriatr Soc, 50, 1268, 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50315.x

Stookey, 2004, Plasma hypertonicity: another marker of frailty?, J Am Geriatr Soc, 52, 1313, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52361.x

Taaffe, 2000, Cross-sectional and prospective relationships of interleukin-6 and C reactive protein with physical performance in elderly persons: MacArthur studies of successful aging, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 55, M709, 10.1093/gerona/55.12.M709

Gill, 2002, A program to prevent functional decline in physically frail, elderly persons who live at home, N Engl J Med, 347, 1068, 10.1056/NEJMoa020423

Singh, 2006, Cross-sectional relationship between physical fitness components and functional performance in older persons living in long-term care facilities, BMC Geriatr, 6, 4, 10.1186/1471-2318-6-4

Greiwe, 2001, Resistance exercise decreases skeletal muscle tumor necrosis factor (alpha) in frail elderly humans, FASEB J, 15, 475, 10.1096/fj.00-0274com

Ostir, 2004, Onset of frailty in older adults and the protective role of positive affect, Psychol Aging, 19, 402, 10.1037/0882-7974.19.3.402

Stuck, 1993, Comprehensive geriatric assessment: a meta-analysis of controlled trials, Lancet, 342, 1032, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92884-V

Polder, 2004, Cost of illness in The Netherlands

Wilson, 2004, Frailty—and its dangerous effects—might be preventable, Ann Intern Med, 141, 489, 10.7326/0003-4819-141-6-200409210-00035