Understanding complex cognitive systems: the role of space in the organisation of collaborative work
Tóm tắt
This paper aims to provide some insights about the role of space as computational resource in collaborative practices. Focusing on collaborative design activity within a consulting firm in the UK, this research employs ethnographically inspired methods to investigate collaborative work. The paper is organised in seven main sections: introduction, previous work, theoretical framework, research methodology, findings, discussion and technological implications. The introduction provides an illustration of the area tackled in this work highlighting the relevance of context in human behaviour. Considering a collaborative activity as a socio-technical unit of analysis, the literature review presents alternative approaches to information processing. Extended cognition is then introduced as theoretical tool. The methodological section illustrates the ethnographically oriented methods for the data collection. The findings are then discussed according to a twofold structure summarising the features that space has in collaboration: (1) conversational support and creation of narratives and (2) cognitive scaffolding. The discussion raises issues that transcend the observations of design activity and extend the debate to the analysis of collaboration. These considerations then contribute to a reflection on the design of new technology for group support.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bannon L, Bødker S (1991) Beyond the interface: encountering artefacts in use. In: Carrol J (ed) Designing interaction: psychology at the human computer interface. Cambridge University Press, New York
Bannon L, Bødker S (1997) Constructing common information spaces. In: Hughes J, Rodden T, Printz W, Schmidt K (eds) Ecscw’97:Proceedings of the 5th European CSCW conference. Kluwer, Dordrecht
Bellotti V, Bly S (1996) Walking away from the desktop Computer: distributed collaboration and mobility in a product design team. Proceedings of CSCW’96. ACM press, Cambridge, pp 209–219
Clark A (1996) Being there putting brain, body and world together again. The MIT press, Cambridge
Cole M, Engeström Y (1990) A cultural-historical approach to distributed cognition In Learning, working and imagining: twelve studies in activity theory. Helsinky, Orienta-Konsultit
Goodwin C, Goodwin M (1996) Seeing as situated activity: formulating planes. In: Engeström Y, Middleton D, Cognition and communication at work. Cambridge University press, Cambridge
Halverson CA (1995) Inside the cognitive workplace: Air traffic control automation. PhD Dissertation. Department of Cognitive science. University of California, San Diego
Hollan J, Stornetta S (1992) Beyond being there. In: Bauersfeld P, Bennet J, Lynch G (eds) Proceedings of the ACM conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI’92, Monterey, CA, May 3–7). ACM Press, New York pp 119–125
Hollnagel E (1971) Extended cognition and the future of ergonomics. Theor Issues Ergonomics Sci 2(3):309–315
Hutchins E (1995a) Cognition in the wild. MIT Press, Bradford
Hutchins E (1995b) How a cockpit remembers its speeds. Cogn Sci 19:265–288
Hutchins E, Klausen T (1992) Distributed Cognition in an airline cockpit. In: Middleton D, Engestrom Y (eds)Communication and cognition at Work. Cambridge University press, Cambridge
Kirsh D (1995) The intelligent use of space. Artif Intell 73(1–2):31–68
Kirsh D (1996) Adapting the environment instead of oneself. Adapt Behav 4(3–4):415–452
Kirsh D (2001) The context of work. Hum Comput Interaction 16(2–4):305–322
Kuutti K (1991) The concept of activity as a basic unit of analysis for CSCW research. In: Bannon L, Robinson M, Schmidt K (eds) Proceedings of the second European conference on CSCW- ECSCW’91 (Kluwer, Dordrecht), pp 249–164
Lave J (1988) Cognition in practice, mind, mathematics and culture in everyday life. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Leontiev AN (1974) The problem of activity in psychology. Soviet Psychol 13(2):4–33
Luff P, Heath C (1998) Mobility in Collaboration In: CSCW’98—Proceedings of the conference on computer supported cooperative work, Seattle. ACM Press, Washington, pp 305–314
Nardi BA (1996) Context and consciousness. The MIT press, Cambridge, London, England
Newell A (1990) Unified theories of cognition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Rogers Y (1992) Ghosts in the network: distributed troubleshooting in a shared working environment. In: Turner, Kraut (eds) CSCW 92: Sharing perspectives—proceedings of the conference on computer supported cooperative work, October 31 to November 4, Toronto, Canada. ACM Press, New York, pp 346–255
Schmidt K, Bannon L (1992) Taking CSCW seriously: supporting articulation work. Comput Supported Cooperative Work Int J 1(1–2):7–40
Simon HA (1981) The sciences of the artificial, 2nd edn. MIT Press, USA
Strauss A (1985) Work and the division of labour. Sociol Q 26(1):1–19
Suchman L (1987) Plans and situated actions. CUP, Cambridge
Varela FJ (1991) The embodied mind: cognitive science and human experience. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, London
Vygotsky LS (1978) Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. In: Cole M (ed) Harvard University press, Cambridge
Watherworth JA, Lund A, Modjeska D (2003) Experiential design of shared information spaces. In: Höök K, Benyon D, Munro AJ (eds) Designing information spaces: the social navigation approach. Springer-Verlag, London, pp 125–149
Zhang J, Norman DA (1994) Representations in distributed cognitive tasks. Cogn Sci 18:87–122