Hiểu Biết Về Chủ Nghĩa Phân Biệt Chủng Tộc Trong Chăm Sóc Gây Mê

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Toward an understanding of the equality of pain: Crawford Long and the development of anesthesia in Antebellum Georgia. J Anesth Hist. 2015;1(1):14–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janh.2014.11.003. Ojanuga D. The medical ethics of the ‘father of gynaecology’, Dr J Marion Sims. J Med Ethics. 1993;19(1):28–31. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.19.1.28. Butwick AJ, Blumenfeld YJ, Brookfield KF, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in mode of anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg. 2016;122(2):472–9. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000000679. Goyal MK, Kuppermann N, Cleary SD, et al. Racial disparities in pain management of children with appendicitis in emergency departments. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(11):996–1002. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.1915. Ceeland CS, Gonin R, Baez L, et al. Pain and treatment of pain in minority patients with cancer. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Minority Outpatient Pain Study. 1997;127(9):813–6. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-127-9-199711010-00006 Beletsky A, Burton BN, Finneran Iv JJ, et al. Association of race and ethnicity in the receipt of regional anesthesia following mastectomy. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021;46(2):118–23. https://doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2020-101818. Lucas FL, Stukel TA, Morris AM, et al. Race and surgical mortality in the United States. Ann Surg. 2006;243(2):281–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000197560.92456.32. AAMC. 2022. Diversity in medicine: facts and figures 2019. [online] Available at: <https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/workforce/report/diversity-medicine-facts-and-figures-2019> [Accessed 29 August 2022]. Reason for importance: The lack of racial diversity among physicians represents one modifiable systemic issue that contributes to disparities in care. The insight provided by this data, as shown in Table 1, can be used to visualize what racial groups, and to what extent, are underrepresented in medicine. Such information is vital in order to create strategies to increase diversity across medicine. United States Census Bureau. 2022. U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts. [online] Available at: https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045221. Accessed 29 August 2022. Ma A, Sanchez A, Ma M. The impact of patient-provider race/ethnicity concordance on provider visits: updated evidence from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2019;6(5):1011–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-019-00602-y. Reason for importance: This article highlights several critical points related to how patient-provider concordance can improve access to care across all populations. Social and ethnic considerations are also discussed and serve as a foundation to empower physicians to consider cultural barriers that impact their ability to deliver care. Avenanti A, Sirigu A, Aglioti SM. Racial bias reduces empathic sensorimotor resonance with other-race pain. Curr Biol. 2010;20(11):1018–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.071. Reason for importance: This article highlights that there is evidence of differential empathic responses based on implicit racial bias, showing that internalized thoughts can have a higher impact on how providers choose to show empathy. It correlates the relationship between implicit, racial bias, groupthink, and resulting empathic reactivity. Liaison Committee on Medical Education. Liaison Committee on Medical Education; Functions and structure of a medical school: standards for accreditation of medical education programs leading to the M.D. degree. 2013.Washington, DC. Nafiu OO, Leis AM, Wang W, et al. Racial, ethnic, and gender diversity in pediatric anesthesiology fellowship and anesthesiology residency programs in the United States: small reservoir, leaky pipeline. Anesth Analg. 2020;131(4):1201–9. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000004765. Schoenthaler A, Williams N. Looking beneath the surface: racial bias in the treatment and management of pain. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(6):e2216281. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.16281. Campbell CM, Edwards RR. Ethnic differences in pain and pain management. Pain Manag. 2012;2(3):219–30. https://doi.org/10.2217/pmt.12.7. Shavers VL, Bakos A, Sheppard VB. Race, ethnicity, and pain among the U.S. adult population. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2010;21(1):177–220. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.0.0255. Nguyen M, Ugarte C, Fuller I, et al. Access to care for chronic pain: racial and ethnic differences. J Pain. 2005;6(5):301–14. Data & statistics on sickle cell disease [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2022 [cited 2022Aug23]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/data.html Mathur VA, Kiley KB, Haywood C Jr, Bediako SM, Lanzkron S, Carroll CP, Buenaver LF, Pejsa M, Edwards RR, Haythornthwaite JA, Campbell CM. Multiple levels of suffering: discrimination in health-care settings is associated with enhanced laboratory pain sensitivity in sickle cell disease. Clin J Pain. 2016;32(12):1076–85. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000361. Reason for importance: This article delineates the role that patient perception of discrimination can have on their understanding of pain and willingness to seek help. It highlights the summative role of implicit bias and its impact on patients’ own perception of their pain. Power-Hays A, McGann PT. When actions speak louder than words - racism and sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(20):1902–3. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2022125. Patak LS, Tait AR, Mirafzali L, Morris M, Dasgupta S, Brummett CM. Patient perspectives of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) and methods for improving pain control and patient satisfaction. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2013;38(4):326–33. https://doi.org/10.1097/AAP.0b013e318295fd50. Anim-Somuah M, Smyth R, Howell C. Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Oct 19;(4):CD000331. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000331.pub2. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(12):CD000331. Lee A, Guglielminotti J, Janvier A, Li G, Landau R. Racial and ethnic disparities in the management of postdural puncture headache with epidural blood patch for obstetric patients in New York State. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(4):e228520. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.8520. Reducing maternal peripartum racial and ethnic disparities in anesthesia care [Internet]. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). [cited 2022Aug23]. 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