Understanding Growth and Malnutrition in Baka Pygmy Children

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - 2020
Stephan M. Funk1,2, Belén Palomo Guerra3, Amalia Bueno Zamora4, Amy Ickowitz5, Nicias Afoumpam Poni4, Mohamadou Aminou Abdou6, Yaya Hadam Sibama6, René Penda6, Guillermo Ros Brull4, Martin Abossolo4, Eva Ávila Martín4, Robert Okale4, Blaise Ango Ze4, Ananda Moreno Carrión4, Cristina García Sebastián7, Cristina Ruiz de Loizaga García8, Francisco López-Romero Salazar9, Hissein Amazia4, Idoia Álvarez Reyes10, Rafaela Sánchez Expósito4, Julia E. Fa11,5
1NaturaHeritage, Jersey, Channel Islands, UK
2Centro de Excelencia en Medicina Traslacional, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
3Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
4Zerca y Lejos NGO, Madrid, Spain
5Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia
6Faculté de Médecine et Sciences, Biomédicales, Université de Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
7Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
8Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
9Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
10Consorci Sanitari Integral de L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
11Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

Tóm tắt

We determined stunting, wasting, and obesity frequencies in a total 1092 2-to-12 year old Baka Pygmy children from anthropometric and health data gathered in 34 villages in the Djoum-Mintom region in southeastern Cameroon in four health campaigns in 2010 and 2017–9. We compare these to the WHO Child Growth Standards, Amazonian Tsiname growth references for inter-population comparisons and the study population itself. Population-specific growth charts were constructed using GAMLSS modelling. Our results show that Baka children have one of the highest global rates of stunting relative to the WHO child growth standard with 57.8% for 2-to-12 year olds and 64% and 73% for 2-to-4 year old girls and boys, respectively. Frequencies of wasting, overweight, and low BMI were low at 3.4%, 4.6% and 4.3%, respectively, for 2-to-12 year olds. Underweight was at 25.5%, in the upper range for sub-Saharan Africa. Edemas indicated rare severe malnutrition (0.3%). Uncertainties in age estimation had dramatic effects on the reliability of estimated individual z-scores but distributions of z-scores were robust at a population level. In the context of the recent evidence for genetic adaptation of the Pygmies’ small stature to the tropical forest environment we argue that WHO child standards for weight and BMI are applicable. However, standards for height are clearly not adequate for Pygmy people. To achieve UN Sustainable Development Goals, we recommend that Pygmy specific growth standards are developed for the various, genetically differing Pygmy tribes.

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