Understanding Critical Illness Myopathy: Approaching the Pathomechanism

Bolton, 1984, Polyneuropathy in critically ill patients, J. Neurol. Neurosuurg. Psychiatry., 43, 1223, 10.1136/jnnp.47.11.1223 Hund, 2001, Neurological complications of sepsis: critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy, J. Neurol., 248, 929, 10.1007/s004150170043 Lacomis, 1996, Acute myopathy of intensive care: clinical, electromyographic and pathological aspects, Ann. Neurol., 40, 645, 10.1002/ana.410400415 Lacomis, 1998, Causes of neuromuscular weakness in the intensive care unit: a study of ninety-two patients, Muscle Nerve., 21, 610, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199805)21:5<610::AID-MUS7>3.0.CO;2-B Witt, 1991, Peripheral nerve function in sepsis and multiple organ failure, Chest., 99, 176, 10.1378/chest.99.1.176 Hund, 2001, Critical illness polyneuropathy, Curr. Opin. Neurol., 14, 649, 10.1097/00019052-200110000-00015 Hund, 1999, Myopathies in the critically ill, Crit. Care Med., 27, 2544, 10.1097/00003246-199911000-00036 Latronico, 1998, Acute quadriplegia with delayed onset and rapid recovery, J. Neurosurg., 88, 10.3171/jns.1998.88.4.0769 Spitzer, 1992, Neuromuscular causes of prolonged ventilator dependency, Muscle Nerve., 15, 682, 10.1002/mus.880150609 Al-Lozi, 1995, Myopathy and paraproteinemia with serum IgM binding to a high-molecular-weight muscle fiber surface protein, Ann. Neurol., 37, 41, 10.1002/ana.410370109 Carpenter, 1990, Depletion and reconstitution of thick myofilaments in steroid treated rat solei after denervation and reinnervation, J. Neurol. Sci., 98, 377 Danon, 1991, Myopathy with thick filament (myosin) loss following prolonged paralysis with vecuronium during steroid treatment, Muscle Nerve., 14, 1131, 10.1002/mus.880141115 Griffin, 1992, Acute myopathy during treatment of status asthmaticus with corticosteroids and steroidal muscle relaxants, Chest., 102, 510, 10.1378/chest.102.2.510 Zochodne, 1994, Acute necrotizing myopathy of intensive care: electrophysiological studies, Muscle Nerve., 17, 285, 10.1002/mus.880170305 Ruff, 1998, Why do ICU patients become paralyzed? [editorial; comment], Ann. Neurol., 43, 154, 10.1002/ana.410430204 Hudson, 2003, Neuromuscular sequelae of critical illness, N. Engl. J. Med., 348, 745, 10.1056/NEJMe020180 De Letter, 2001, Risk factors for the development of polyneuropathy and myopathy in critically ill patients, Crit. Care Med., 29, 2281, 10.1097/00003246-200112000-00008 Bolton, 1996, Sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: neuromuscular manifestations, Crit. Care Med., 24, 1408, 10.1097/00003246-199608000-00022 Mitch, 1996, Mechanisms of muscle wasting, N. Engl. J. Med., 335, 1897, 10.1056/NEJM199612193352507 Cooney, 1997, Regulation of skeletal muscle protein turnover during sepsis (mechanisms and mediators), Shock., 7, 38002, 10.1097/00024382-199701000-00001 Tiao, 1997, Sepsis is associated with increased mRNAs of the ubiquitine-proetosome proteolytic pathway in human skeletal muscle, J. Clin. Invest., 99, 163, 10.1172/JCI119143 Herridge, 2003, One-year outcomes in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome, N. Engl. J. Med., 348, 683, 10.1056/NEJMoa022450 Barrett, 1993, Rhabdomyolysis associated with status asthmaticus, Crit. Care Med., 21, 151, 10.1097/00003246-199301000-00026 Ramsay, 1993, A syndrome of acute severe muscle necrosis in intensive care unit patients, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 52, 387, 10.1097/00005072-199307000-00006 Massa, 1992, Loss and renewal of thick myofilaments in glucocorticoid-treated rat soleus after denervation and reinnervation, Muscle Nerve., 15, 1290, 10.1002/mus.880151112 DuBois, 1981, A possible role for glucocorticoids in denervation atrophy, Muscle Nerve., 4, 370, 10.1002/mus.880040504 Showalter, 1997, Acute quadriplegic myopathy analysis of maosin isofomrs and evidence for calpain-mediated proteolysis, Muscle Nerve., 20, 316, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199703)20:3<316::AID-MUS8>3.0.CO;2-E Deconinck, 1998, Critical illness myopathy unrelated to corticosteroids or neuromuscular blocking agents, Neuromusc. Disord., 8, 186, 10.1016/S0960-8966(98)00003-0 De Letter, 2000, Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy (CIPNM) evidence for local immune activation by cytokine-expression in the muscle tissue, J. Neuroimmunol., 106, 206, 10.1016/S0165-5728(99)00252-0 Rich, 1997, Direct muscle stimulation in acute quadriplegic myopathy, Muscle Nerve., 20, 665, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199706)20:6<665::AID-MUS2>3.0.CO;2-6 Rich, 1998, Loss of electrical excitability in an animal model of acute quadriplegic myopathy, Ann. Neurol., 43, 171, 10.1002/ana.410430207 Rich, 2001, Sodium channel inactivation in an animal model of acute quadriplegic myopathy, Ann. Neurol., 50, 26, 10.1002/ana.1016 Verheul, 1994, Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 in critical illness polyneuromyopathy, Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg., 96, 300, 10.1016/0303-8467(94)90118-X Wurz, 1995, Cerebrospinal fluid and serum from patients with inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy have opposite effects on sodium channels, Muscle Nerve., 18, 772, 10.1002/mus.880180715 Weber, 2000, Anti-GM1 antibodies can block neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels, Muscle Nerve., 23, 1414, 10.1002/1097-4598(200009)23:9<1414::AID-MUS13>3.0.CO;2-0 Brinkmeier, 2000, An endogenous pentapeptide acting as a sodium channel blocker in inflammatory autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system, Nat. Med., 6, 808, 10.1038/77543 Hund, 1996, A humoral neurotoxic factor in sera of patients with critical illness polyneuropathy, Ann. Neurol., 40, 539 Druschky, 2001, Critical illness polyneuropathy: clinical findings and cell culture assay of neurotoxicity assessed by a prospective study, Intens. Care Med., 27, 686, 10.1007/s001340100890 Friedrich, 1999, Calcium currents during contraction and shortening in enzymatically isolated murine skeletal muscle fibres, J. Physiol., 517, 757, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.0757s.x Makabe, 1996, The contribution of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-transport ATPase to caffeine induced Ca2+-transients of murine skeletal muscle fibres, Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol., 432, 717, 10.1007/s004240050190 Kang, 1995, Free, long chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce membrane electrical excitability in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92, 3997, 10.1073/pnas.92.9.3997 Friedrich, 2001, Numerical analysis of Ca2+ depletion in the transverse tubular system of mammalian muscle, Biophys. J., 80, 2046, 10.1016/S0006-3495(01)76178-4 Friedrich, 2002, Membrane ion conductances of mammalian skeletal muscle in the post-decompression state after high-pressure treatment, J. Membr. Biol., 188, 38313, 10.1007/s00232-001-0168-0 Saum, 1981, Alteration of the action potential of tissue cultured neuronal cells by grown in the presence of a polyunsaturated fatty acid, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 1, 319, 10.1007/BF00710687 Friedrich, 2004, Critical illness myopathy serum fractions affect membrane excitability and intracellular calcium release in mammalian skeletal muscle, J. Neurol., 251, 53, 10.1007/s00415-004-0272-z