Ultrastructural Characteristics of Three Chenopod Halophytes Lacking Salt Excretion Structures
Tóm tắt
Plants maintained in high soil salinity generally develop particular structures to either tolerate or survive such adverse environments. Excretion of excess ions by special salt glands or other similar structures is a well-known phenomenon for regulating the mineral content of many halophytes. However, the three chenopod halophytes of Suaeda inhabit high saline soils, yet they exhibit no signs of salt excretion structures. The current study has been undertaken to assess the structural attributes of these halophytes to reveal their cellular characteristics during growth in salt tolerance. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy, as well as ion chromatography, have been employed for the study. One of the most noticeable features uncovered was the epidermal cutinization shown to be heavy on the outer epidermis and characterized externally by thick wax plates. Numerous vesicles and membranous invagination in the vacuoles were common features within the mesophyll cytoplasm. Invaginations of the vacuolar and/or plasma membrane frequently formed secondary vacuoles which later became distinct, membrane-bound compartments. Significant accumulation of solid sodium chloride salts was well demonstrated in the vacuoles of air-dried epidermis. Finally, salt tolerance mechanisms in these Suaeda have been discussed with respect to other halophyte modifications that improve salt tolerance in various ways.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Askari H, Edqvist J, Hajheidari M, Kafi M, Salekdeh GH (2006) Effects of salinity levels on proteome of Suaeda aegyptiaca leaves. Proteomics 6:2542–2554
Bamidele JF (2007) Cytochemical localization of sodium and H+ATPase in the salt gland of tree mallow, Lavatera arborea L. Int J Bot 3:269–275
Bassham DC (2002) Golgi-independent trafficking of macromolecules to the plant vacuole. In: Callow JA (ed) Advances in botanical research, vol 38. Academic Press, New York, pp 65–94
Fahn A (2000) Structure and function of secretory cells. In: Hallahan DL, Gray JC, Callow JA (eds) Advances in botanical research, vol 31. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 37–75
Flowers TJ (1985) Physiology of halophytes. Pl Soil 89:41–56
Flower TJ, Troke PF, Yeo AR (1977) The mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 28:89–121
Guo S, Yin H, Zhang X, Zhao F, Li P, Chen S, Zhao Y, Zhang H (2006) Molecular cloning and characterization of a vacuolar H+-pyrophopsatase gene, SsVP, from the halophyte Suaeda salsa and its overexpression increases salt and drought tolerance of Arabidopsis. Pl Mol Biol 60:41–50
Hajibagheri MA, Hall JL, Flowers TJ (1983) The structure of cuticle in relation to cuticular transpiration in leaves of the halophyte Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum. New Phytol 94:125–131
Hirschi K (2001) Vacuolar H+/Ca2+ transport: who's directing the traffic? Trends Plant Sci 6:100–104
Ihm BS, Myung H, Park DS, Lee JY, Lee JS (2004) Morphological and genetic variations in Suaeda maritima based on habitat. J Plant Biol 47:221–229
Kim IS, Park JH, Seo BB, Song SD (2000) Development of the Kranz structure during leaf growth in C4 Euphorbia maculata. J Plant Biol 43:238–246
Kim JA, Choo YS, Lee IC, Bae JJ, Kim IS, Choo BY, Song SD (2002) Adaptation and physiological characteristics of three Chenopodiaceae species under saline environments. Kor J Ecol 25:101–107
Lee YN (1996) Flora of Korea. Kyo-Hak Publishing Co., Seoul, p 145
Lu C, Qui N, Lu Q, Wang B, Kuang T (2002) Does salt stress lead to increased susceptibility of photosystem II to photoinhibition and changes in photosynthetic pigment composition in halophyte Suaeda salsa grown outdoors? Pl Sci 163:1063–1068
Mansour MMF, Salama KHA (2004) Cellular basis of salinity tolerance in plants. Environ Exp Bot 52:113–122
Mimura T, Kura-Hotta M, Tsujimura T, Ohnishi M, Miura M, Okazaki Y, Mimura M, Maeshima M, Washitani-Nemoto S (2003) Rapid increase of vacuolar volume in response to salt stress. Planta 216:397–402
Moller IS, Tester M (2007) Salinity tolerance of Arabidopsis: a good model for cereals? Trends Plant Sci 12:534–540
Poljakoff-Mayber (1975) Morphological and anatomical changes in plants as a response to salinity stress. In: Poljakoff-Mayber A, Gale J (eds) Plants in saline environment. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 97–117
Ramadan T (1998) Ecophysiology of salt excretion in the xero-halophyte Reaumuria hirtella. New Phytol 139:273–281
Raven PH, Evert RF, Eichhorn SE (1992) Biology of plants, 5th edn. Worth Publishers, New York, pp 608–609
Robinson MF, Very AA, Sanders D, Mansfield TA (1997) How can stomata contribute to salt tolerance? Ann Bot 80:387–393
Sen DN, Rajpurohit KS (1982) Ecological and ecophysiological problems. In: Sen DS, Rajpurohit KS (eds) Contributions to the ecology of halophytes. Dr. W Junk Publishers, Haegue, pp 109–110
Tester M, Davenport R (2003) Na+ tolerance and Na+ transport in higher plants. Ann Bot 91:503–527
Thomson WW (1975) The structure and function of salt glands. In: Poljakoff-Mayber A, Gale J (eds) Plants in saline environments. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 118–146
Waisel Y (1972) Biology of halophytes. Academic Press, New York, pp 124–260
Wang S, Zhang J, Flowers T (2007) Low-affinity Na+ uptake in the halophyte Suaeda maritima. Pl Physiol 145:559–571
Yun D (2005) Molecular mechanism of plant adaptation to high salinity. Kor J Pl Biotechnol 32:1–14
Zhu JK (2001) Plant salt tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 6:66–71