Two different transposable elements inserted in flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase gene contribute to pink flower coloration in Gentiana scabra

Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215:403–410

Brown JJ, Mattes MG, O’Reilly C, Shepherd NS (1989) Molecular characterization of rDt, a maize transposon of the “Dotted” controlling element system. Mol Gen Genet 215:239–244

Carpenter R, Martin C, Coen ES (1987) Comparison of genetic behaviour of the transposable element Tam3 at two unlinked pigment loci in Antirrhinum majus. Mol Gen Genet 207:82–89

Feschotte C, Jiang N, Wessler SR (2002) Plant transposable elements: where genetics meets genomics. Nat Rev Genet 3:329–341

Fujiwara H, Tanaka Y, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Nakao M, Fukui Y, Yamaguchi M, Ashikari T, Kusumi T (1998) cDNA cloning, gene expression and subcellular localization of anthocyanin 5-aromatic acyltransferase from Gentiana triflora. Plant J 16:421–431

Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Okuhara H, Fukui Y, Nakao M, Katsumoto Y, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Kusumi T, Hase T, Tanaka Y (2003) Biochemical and molecular characterization of a novel UDP-glucose:anthocyanin 3′-O-glucosyltransferase, a key enzyme for blue anthocyanin biosynthesis, from gentian. Plant Physiol 132:1652–1663

Gerats AG, Huits H, Vrijlandt E, Marana C, Souer E, Beld M (1990) Molecular characterization of a nonautonomous transposable element (dTph1) of petunia. Plant Cell 2:1121–1128

Goto T, Kondo T, Tamura H, Imagawa H, Iino H, Takeda K (1982) Structure of gentiodelphin, an acylated anthocyanin isolated from Gentiana makinori, that is stable in dilute aqueous solution. Tetrahedron Lett 23:3695–3698

Graig NJ (2002) Mobile DNA. In: Craig NJ, Craigle R, Gellert M, Lambowitz AM (eds) Mobile DNA II. American Society for Microbiology Press, Washington DC, pp 3–11

Grandbastien MA, Spielmann A, Caboche M (1989) Tnt1, a mobile retroviral-like transposable element of tobacco isolated by plant cell genetics. Nature 337:376–380

Grappin P, Audeon C, Chupeau MC, Grandbastien MA (1996) Molecular and functional characterization of Slide, an Ac-like autonomous transposable element from tobacco. Mol Gen Genet 252:386–397

Hashida S, Kitamura K, Mikami T, Kishima Y (2003) Temperature shift coordinately changes the activity and the methylation state of transposon Tam3 in Antirrhinum majus. Plant Physiol 132:1207–1216

Hehl R, Nacken WK, Krause A, Saedler H, Sommer H (1991) Structural analysis of Tam3, a transposable element from Antirrhinum majus, reveals homologies to the Ac element from maize. Plant Mol Biol 16:369–371

Henk AD, Warren RF, Innes RW (1999) A new Ac-like transposon of Arabidopsis is associated with a deletion of the RPS5 disease resistance gene. Genetics 151:1581–1589

Hirochika H, Fukuchi A, Kikuchi F (1992) Retrotransposon families in rice. Mol Gen Genet 233:209–216

Holton TA, Brugliera F, Lester DR, Tanaka Y, Hyland CD, Menting JG, Lu CY, Farcy E, Stevenson TW, Cornish EC (1993) Cloning and expression of cytochrome P450 genes controlling flower colour. Nature 366:276–279

Holten TA, Cornish EC (1995) Genetics and biochemistry of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Plant Cell 7:1071–1083

Hoshino A, Morita Y, Choi JD, Saito N, Toki K, Tanaka Y, Iida S (2003) Spontaneous mutations of the flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase gene conferring reddish flowers in the three morning glory species. Plant Cell Physiol 44:990–1001

Hosokawa K, Fukushi E, Kawabata J, Fujii C, Ito T, Yamamura S (1995) Three acylated cyanidin glucosides in pink flowers of Gentiana. Phytochemistry 40:941–944

Hosokawa K, Fukushi E, Kawabata J, Fujii C, Ito T, Yamamura S (1997) Seven acylated anthocyanins in blue flowers of Gentiana. Phytochemistry 45:167–171

Jiang N, Bao Z, Zhang X, Hirochika H, Eddy SR, McCouch SR, Wessler SR (2003) An active DNA transposon family in rice. Nature 421:163–167

Kikuchi K, Terauchi K, Wada M, Hirano H (2003) The plant MITE mPing is mobilized in anther culture. Nature 421:167–170

Kobayashi H, Oikawa Y, Koiwa H, Yamamura S (1998) Flower-specific expression directed by the promoter of a chalcone synthase gene from Gentiana triflora in Petunia hybrida. Plant Sci 131:173–180

Koes R, Verweij W, Quattrocchio F (2005) Flavonoids: a colorful model for the regulation and evolution of biochemical pathways. Trends Plant Sci 10:236–242

Kreahling J, Graveley BR (2004) The origins and implications of alternative splicing. Trends Genet 20:1–4

Kumar A, Bennetzen JL (1999) Plant retrotransposons. Annu Rev Genet 33:479–532

Kunze R, Starlinger P (1989) The putative transposase of transposable element Ac from Zea mays L. interacts with subterminal sequences of Ac. EMBO J 8:3177–3185

Kunze R, Weil CF (2002) The hAT and CACTA superfamilies of plant transposons. In: Craig NJ, Craigle R, Gellert M, Lambowitz AM (eds) Mobile DNA II. American Society for Microbiology Press, Washington DC, pp 565–610

Liu D, Crawford NM (1998) Characterization of the germinal and somatic activity of the Arabidopsis transposable element Tag1. Genetics 148:445–456

Marchler-Bauer A, Bryant SH (2004) CD-Search: protein domain annotations on the fly. Nucleic Acids Res 32:W327–331

Miura A, Yonebayashi S, Watanabe K, Toyama T, Shimada H, Kakutani T (2001) Mobilization of transposons by a mutation abolishing full DNA methylation in Arabidopsis. Nature 411:212–214

Muller-Neumann M, Yoder JI, Starlinger P (1984) The DNA sequence of the transposable element Ac of Zea mays L. Mol Gen Genet 198:19–24

Mol J, Grotewold E, Koes R (1998) How genes paint flowers and seeds. Trends Plant Sci 3:212–216

Nakatsuka T, Nishihara M, Mishiba K, Yamamura S (2005) Temporal expression of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes regulates flower pigmentation in gentian plants. Plant Sci 168:1309–1318

Nakazaki T, Okumoto Y, Horibata A, Yamahira S, Teraishi M, Nishida H, Inoue H, Tanisaka T (2003) Mobilization of a transposon in the rice genome. Nature 421:170–172

Page RDM (1996) TREEVIEW: an application to display phylogenic trees on personal computers. Comp Appl Biosci 12:357–358

Pereira A, Cuypers H, Gierl A, Schwarz-Sommer Z, Saedler H (1986) Molecular analysis of the En/Spm transposable element system of Zea mays. EMBO J 5:835–841

SanMiguel P, Bennetzen JL (1998) Evidence that a recent increase in maize genome size was caused by the massive amplification of intergene retrotransposons. Ann Bot 82:37–44

SanMiguel P, Tikhonov A, Jin YK, Motchoulskaia N, Zakharov D, Melake-Berhan A, Springer PS, Edwards KJ, Lee M, Avramova Z, Bennetzen JL (1996) Nested retrotransposons in the intergenic regions of the maize genome. Science 274:765–768

Snowden KC, Napoli CA (1998) Psl: a novel Spm-like transposable element from Petunia hybrida. Plant J 14:43–54

Sorek R, Ast G, Graur D (2002) Alu-containing exons are alternatively spliced. Genome Res 12:1060–1067

Tanaka Y, Yonekura K, Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Fukui Y, Fujiwara H, Ashikari T, Kusumi T (1996) Molecular and biochemical characterization of three anthocyanin synthetic enzymes from Gentiana triflora. Plant Cell Physiol 37:711–716

Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ (1994) CLUSTALW: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucl Acids Res 22:4673–4680

van Houwelingen A, Souer E, Spelt K, Kloos D, Mol J, Koes R (1998) Analysis of flower pigmentation mutants generated by random transposon mutagenesis in Petunia hybrida. Plant J 13:39–50

Varagona MJ, Purugganan M, Wessler SR (1992) Alternative splicing induced by insertion of retrotransposons into the maize waxy gene. Plant Cell 4:811–820

Vicient CM, Kalendar R, Anamthawat-Jonsson K, Schulman AH (1999) Structure, functionality, and evolution of the BARE-1 retrotransposon of barley. Genetica 107:53–63

Winkel-Shirley B (2001) Flavonoid biosynthesis. A colorful model for genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, and biotechnology. Plant Physiol 126:485–493

Witte CP, Le QH, Bureau T, Kumar A (2001) Terminal-repeat retrotransposons in miniature (TRIM) are involved in restructuring plant genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:13778–13783

Witte CP, Tiller S, Isidore E, Davies HV, Taylor MA (2005) Analysis of two alleles of the urease gene from potato: polymorphisms, expression, and extensive alternative splicing of the corresponding mRNA. J Exp Bot 56:91–99