Two Neoarchean supercontinents? Evidence from the Paleoproterozoic

Sedimentary Geology - Tập 120 - Trang 75-104 - 1998
Lawrence B. Aspler1, Jeffrey R. Chiarenzelli2
123 Newton St., Ottawa, Ont. K1S 2S6, Canada
2Environmental Research Center, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY 13126, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Alapieti, 1990, Early Proterozoic layered intrusions in the northeastern part of the Fennoscandian Shield, Mineral. Petrol., 42, 1, 10.1007/BF01162681 Amelin, 1995, U–Pb geochronology of layered mafic intrusions in the eastern Baltic Shield: implications for the timing and duration of Paleoproterozoic continental rifting, Precambrian Res., 75, 31, 10.1016/0301-9268(95)00015-W Annesley, I.R., Madore, C., Krogh, T.E., 1992. U–Pb geochronology of some granitoids from the Peter Lake Domain: a summary. Sask. Geol. Surv. Misc. Rept. 92-4, 168–171. Ansdell, K.M., 1993. U–Pb zircon constraints on the timing and provenance of fluvial sedimentary rocks in the Flin Flon and Athapapuskow basins, Flin Flon Domain, Trans-Hudson Orogen, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 93-2, 49–57. Ansdell, K.M., Yang, H., 1995. Detrital zircons in the McLennan Group meta-arkoses and MacLean Lake belt, western Trans-Hudson Orogen. In: Hajnal, Z., Lewry, J. (Eds.), Lithoprobe Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect Report 48, Lithoprobe Secretariat, Univ. of British Columbia, 190–197. Ansdell, 1992, Age and source of detrital zircons from the Missi Formation: a Proterozoic molasse deposit, Trans-Hudson Orogen, Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 29, 2583, 10.1139/e92-205 Armstrong, 1991, Zircon ion microprobe studies bearing on the age and evolution of the Witwatersrand Triad, Precambrian Res., 53, 243, 10.1016/0301-9268(91)90074-K Armstrong, 1991, Early Proterozoic basement exposures in the southern Canadian Cordillera: core gneiss of Frenchman Cap, unit 1 of the Grand Forks Gneiss, and the Vaseaux Formation, Can. J. Earth Sci., 28, 1169, 10.1139/e91-107 Arndt, 1991, The age of the Fortescue Group, Hamersley Basin, Western Australia, from ion microprobe zircon U–Pb results, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 38, 261, 10.1080/08120099108727971 Aspler, 1996, Stratigraphy, sedimentology and physical volcanology of the Ennadai–Rankin greenstone belt, Northwest Territories, Canada: Late Archean paleogeography of the Hearne Province and tectonic implications, Precambrian Res., 77, 59, 10.1016/0301-9268(95)00045-3 Aspler, 1996, Relationships between the Montgomery Lake and Hurwitz groups, southern District of Keewatin NWT and stratigraphic revision of the lower Hurwitz Group, Can. J. Earth Sci., 33, 1243, 10.1139/e96-094 Aspler, 1997, Initiation of ca. 2.45–2.1 Ga intracratonic basin sedimentation of the Hurwitz Group, Keewatin Hinterland, Northwest Territories, Canada, Precambrian Res., 81, 265, 10.1016/S0301-9268(96)00038-1 Aspler, 1985, Nonacho Basin (Early Proterozoic) Northwest Territories, Canada: sedimentation and deformation in a strike-slip setting. In: Biddle, K.T., Christie-Blick, N. (Eds.), Strike-Slip Deformation, Sedimentation and Basin Formation, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ., 37, 193 Babinski, 1995, The Pb/Pb age of the Minas Supergroup carbonate rocks, Quadrilátero Ferrı́fero, Brazil, Precambrian Res., 72, 235, 10.1016/0301-9268(94)00091-5 Baird, 1996, Crustal structure and evolution of the Trans-Hudson orogen: results from seismic reflection profiling, Tectonics, 15, 416, 10.1029/95TC02425 Barley, 1992, The Mount Bruce Megasequence Set and eastern Yilgarn Craton: examples of Late Archean to Early Proterozoic divergent and convergent craton margins and controls on mineralization, Precambrian Res., 58, 55, 10.1016/0301-9268(92)90112-2 Barley, 1997, Emplacement of a large igneous province as a possible cause of banded iron formation 2.45 billion years ago, Nature, 385, 55, 10.1038/385055a0 Barton, 1994, U–Pb zircon age for a tuff in the Campbell Group, Griqualand West Sequence, South Africa: implications for Early Proterozoic rock accumulation rates, Geology, 22, 343, 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0343:UPZAFA>2.3.CO;2 Barton, 1992, When was the Limpopo Orogeny?, Precambrian Res., 55, 7, 10.1016/0301-9268(92)90010-L Bates, 1991, Broad-scale Proterozoic deformation of the central Superior Province revealed by paleomagnetism of the 2.45 Ga Matachewan dyke swarm, Can. J. Earth Sci., 28, 1780, 10.1139/e91-159 Bau, 1997, Sources of rare-earth elements and iron in Paleoproterozoic iron-formations from the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa: evidence from neodymium isotopes, J. Geol., 105, 121, 10.1086/606152 Bayanova, T.B., Balashov, Y.A., 1995. Geochronology of Paleoproterozoic layered intrusions and volcanites of the Baltic Shield. In: Roberts, D., Nordgulen, Ø. (Eds.), Geology of the eastern Finnmark–western Kola Peninsula region. Nor. Geol. Unders. Spec. Publ. 7, pp. 75–80. Beavon, 1976, Early Aphebian basaltic volcanism in the southern District of Keewatin, Northwest Territories, Can. J. Earth Sci., 13, 1003, 10.1139/e76-103 Bekker, A., Karhu, J.A., Bennett, G., 1996. Lomagundi event in North America, application for stratigraphic correlation. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Prog. 28, A-229. Bell, 1985, Geochronology of the Carswell area, northern Saskatchewan. In: Lainé, R., Alonso, D., Svab, M. (Eds.), The Carswell Structure Uranium Deposits, Saskatchewan, Geol. Assoc. Can. Spec. Publ., 29, 33 Bhattacharyya, 1992, Early Proterozoic metallogeny, tectonics and geochronology of the Singhbhum Cu–U Belt, eastern India, Precambrian Res., 58, 71, 10.1016/0301-9268(92)90113-3 Bickford, M.E., Van Schmus, W.R., Collerson, K.D., Macdonald, R., 1987. U–Pb zircon geochronology project: new results and interpretations. Sask. Geol. Surv. Misc. Rept. 87-4, 76–79. Bickford, M.E., Collerson, K.D., Lewry, J.F., 1988. U–Pb geochronology and isotopic studies of the Trans-Hudson Orogen in Saskatchewan. Sask. Geol. Surv. Misc. Rept. 88-4, 112–116. Bickford, M.E., Collerson, K.D., Lewry, J.F., Orrell, S.E., 1992. Pegmatites and leucogranites as probes of crust beneath allochthonous orogenic rocks in the Glennie and La Ronge domains. Sask. Geol. Surv. Misc. Rept. 92-4, 124–129. Bickford, 1994, Crustal history of the Rae and Hearne provinces, southwestern Canadian Shield, Saskatchewan: constraints from geochronologic and isotopic data, Precambrian Res., 68, 1, 10.1016/0301-9268(94)90062-0 Blake, 1992, Tectonic evolution of the Late Archean to Early Proterozoic Mount Bruce Megasequence Set, Western Australia, Tectonics, 11, 1415, 10.1029/92TC00339 Bleeker, 1990, New structural–metamorphic constraints on Early Proterozoic oblique collision along the Thompson Nickel Belt, Manitoba Canada. In: Lewry, J.F., Stauffer, M.R. (Eds.), The Early Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen of North America, Geol. Assoc. Can. Spec. Pap., 37, 57 Boerner, 1995, Buried Proterozoic foredeep under the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin?, Geology, 23, 297, 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0297:BPFUTW>2.3.CO;2 Bossière, 1996, Origin and age of Paleoproterozoic conglomerates and sandstones of the Tarkwaian Group in Burkina Faso, West Africa, Precambrian Res., 80, 153, 10.1016/S0301-9268(96)00014-9 Bostock, H.H., Loveridge, W.D., 1988. Geochronology of the Taltson Magmatic Zone and its eastern cratonic margin, District of Mackenzie. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 88-2, 59–66. Bostock, 1994, Ages of detrital and metamorphic zircons from a pre-Taltson magmatic zone basin at the western margin of the Churchill Province, Can. J. Earth. Sci., 31, 1353, 10.1139/e94-118 Bostock, H.H., van Breemen, O., Loveridge, W.D., 1991. Further geochronology of plutonic rocks in northern Taltson Magmatic Zone, District of Mackenzie, N.W.T. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 90-2, 67–78. Bowring, 1992, Implications of new chronostratigraphy for tectonic evolution of Wopmay Orogen, northwest Canadian Shield, Am. J. Sci., 292, 1, 10.2475/ajs.292.1.1 Bowring, 1989, Nd isotopic evidence from Wopmay Orogen for 2.0–2.4 Ga crust in western North America, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 94, 217, 10.1016/0012-821X(89)90141-6 Bowring, 1984, U–Pb zircon ages from Athapuscow aulacogen, east arm of Great Slave Lake, N.W.T., Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 21, 1315, 10.1139/e84-136 Bryant, B., 1988. Evolution and Early Proterozoic history of the margin of the Archean continent in Utah. In: Ernst, W.G. (Ed.), Metamorphism and Crustal Evolution of the Western United States. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., pp. 431–445. Buchan, K.L., Halls, H.C., 1990. Paleomagnetism of Proterozoic mafic dyke swarms of the Canadian Shield. In: Parker, A.J., Rickwood, P.C., Tucker, D.H. (Eds.), Mafic Dykes and Emplacement Mechanisms. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 209–230. Buchan, 1993, Northeast-trending Early Proterozoic dykes of southern Superior Province: multiple episodes of emplacement recognized from integrated paleomagnetism and U–Pb geochronology, Can. J. Earth Sci., 30, 1286, 10.1139/e93-110 Buchan, 1996, Paleomagnetism, U–Pb geochronology, and geochemistry of Marathon dykes, Superior Province, and comparison with the Fort Frances swarm, Can. J. Earth Sci., 33, 1583, 10.1139/e96-120 Burke, 1985, Is the Ventersdorp rift system of southern Africa related to a continental collision between the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons at ca. 2.64 Ga ago?, Tectonophysics, 115, 1, 10.1016/0040-1951(85)90096-4 Burwash, 1985, Resetting of Nd and Sr whole-rock isochrons from polymetamorphic granulites, northeastern Alberta, Can. J. Earth Sci., 22, 992, 10.1139/e85-104 Button, 1976, Transvaal and Hamersley basins — review of basin development and mineral deposits, Miner. Sci. Eng., 8, 262 Cadman, 1993, U–Pb geochronology and geochemical variation within two Proterozoic mafic dyke swarms, Labrador, Can. J. Earth Sci., 30, 1490, 10.1139/e93-128 Cavell, 1986, Geochronology of the Big Spruce Lake alkaline intrusion, Can. J. Earth Sci., 23, 1, 10.1139/e86-001 Chandler, 1989, Age of the Richmond Gulf Group and implications for rifting in the Trans-Hudson Orogen, Canada, Precambrian Res., 44, 277, 10.1016/0301-9268(89)90048-X Cheney, 1996, Sequence stratigraphy and plate tectonic significance of the Transvaal succession of southern Africa and its equivalent in Western Australia, Precambrian Res., 79, 3, 10.1016/0301-9268(95)00085-2 Chiarenzelli, J.R., 1989. The Nistowiak and Guncoat Gneisses: Implications for the Tectonics of the Glennie and La Ronge Domains, Northern Saskatchewan, Canada. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, University of Kansas, 229 pp. Chiarenzelli, 1998, Paleoproterozoic evolution of the Saskatchewan Craton, Trans-Hudson Orogen, J. Geol., 106, 247, 10.1086/516020 Chown, 1973, Stratigraphy, petrography and paleocurrent analysis of the Aphebian clastic formations of the Mistassini–Otish basin. In: Young, G.M. (Ed.), Huronian Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, Geol. Assoc. Can. Spec. Publ., 12, 49 Christie, 1975, The paleomagnetism of Kaminak dikes — no evidence of significant Hudsonian plate motion, Can. J. Earth Sci., 12, 2048, 10.1139/e75-181 Chumakov, N.M., 1981. Early Precambrian tilloids of the Baykal Mountains region, U.S.S.R. In: Hambrey, M.J., Harland, W.B. (Eds.), Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, p. 433. Compton, 1977, Oligocene and Miocene metamorphism, folding, and low-angle faulting in northwestern Utah, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 88, 1237, 10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<1237:OAMMFA>2.0.CO;2 Condie, 1995, Episodic ages of greenstones: a key to mantle dynamics?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2215, 10.1029/95GL01804 Condie, 1994, Laurentia–Siberia connection revisited, Geology, 22, 168, 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0168:LSCR>2.3.CO;2 Connelly, J.N., Ryan, B., 1994. Late Archean and Proterozoic events in the central Nain craton. In: Wardle, R.J., Hall, J. (Eds.), Report of 1993 ECSCOOT Transect Meeting. Lithoprobe Report 36, pp. 53–61. Corfu, 1986, A U–Pb age for mineralized Nipissing Diabase, Gowganda, Ontario, Can. J. Earth Sci., 23, 107, 10.1139/e86-011 Corfu, 1994, Polymetamorphic evolution of the Lewisian complex, NW Scotland, as recorded by U–Pb isotopic compositions of zircon, titanite and rutile, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 117, 215, 10.1007/BF00310864 Cornell, 1996, The Ongeluk basaltic andesite formation in Griqualand West, South Africa: submarine alteration in a 2222 Ma Proterozoic sea, Precambrian Res., 79, 101, 10.1016/0301-9268(95)00090-9 Coward, 1995, Development of the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa. In: Coward, M.P., Ries, A.C. (Eds.), Early Precambrian Processes, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 95, 243, 10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.095.01.15 Crittenden, M.D., Sorensen, M.L., 1980. The Facer Formation, a new Early Proterozoic unit in northern Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1482-F, F1–F28. Crocker, 1993, Sm–Nd, U–Pb, and Rb–Sr geochronology and lithostructural relationships in the southwestern Rae province: constraints on crustal assembly in the western Canadian shield, Precambrian Res., 61, 27, 10.1016/0301-9268(93)90056-8 Crowley, J., 1995. Geochronological constraints on Early Proterozoic tectonism in the Monashee complex, southern Canadian Cordillera. Abstr. Int. Conf. Tectonics and Metallogeny of Early/Mid Precambrian Orogenic Belts, Montreal, p. 58. Dalziel, 1997, Neoproterozoic–Paleozoic geography and tectonics: review, hypothesis, environmental speculation, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 109, 16, 10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0016:ONPGAT>2.3.CO;2 David, 1996, Evolution of the Snow Lake portion of the Paleoproterozoic Flin-Flon and Kisseynew belts, Trans-Hudson Orogen, Manitoba, Canada, Precambrian Res., 80, 107, 10.1016/S0301-9268(96)00008-3 Davidson, 1972, The Churchill Province. In: Price, R.A., Douglas, R.J.W. (Eds.), Variations in Tectonic Styles in Canada, Geol. Assoc. Can. Spec. Pap., 11, 381 Delaney, G.D., 1995. Some perspectives on the stratigraphy and metallogeny of the eastern margin of the Wollaston Domain. In: Hajnal, Z., Lewry, J. (Eds.), Lithoprobe Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect. Report 48, Lithoprobe Secretariat, Univ. of British Columbia, pp. 87–101. de Wit, 1992, Formation of an Archean continent, Nature, 357, 553, 10.1038/357553a0 Durocher, K.E., Kyser, T.K., Delaney, G.D., 1993. The pressure–temperature–time fluid history of the Santoy Lake area, Glennie domain, Trans-Hudson Orogen: preliminary petrogenetic, geothermometric results and 207Pb/206Pb zircon ages. Sask. Geol. Surv. Misc. Rept. 93-4, 97–104. Emslie, 1992, Fluorite-bearing Early and Middle Proterozoic granites, Okak Bay area, Labrador: geochronology, geochemistry and petrogenesis, Lithos, 28, 87, 10.1016/0024-4937(92)90026-U Eriksson, 1995, The sedimentary and tectonic setting of the Transvaal Supergroup floor rocks to the Bushveld complex, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 21, 487, 10.1016/0899-5362(95)00111-5 Eriksson, 1993, The Transvaal Sequence: an overview, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 16, 25, 10.1016/0899-5362(93)90160-R Eriksson, 1995, An overview of the geology of the Transvaal Sequence and Bushveld Complex, South Africa, Miner. Deposita, 30, 98, 10.1007/BF00189339 Ermanovics, I., 1993. Geology of Hopedale block, southern Nain Province, and the adjacent Proterozoic terranes, Labrador, Newfoundland. Geol. Surv. Can. Mem. 431, 161 pp. Ernst, 1997, Giant radiating dyke swarms: their use in identifying pre-Mesozoic large igneous provinces and mantle plumes. In: Mahoney, J., Coffin, M. (Eds.), Large Igneous Provinces, Am. Geophys. Union, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 100, 297, 10.1029/GM100p0297 Evans, 1997, Low-latitude glaciation in the Paleoproterozoic era, Nature, 386, 262, 10.1038/386262a0 Fahrig, 1987, The tectonic settings of continental mafic dyke swarms: failed arm and early passive margin. In: Halls, H.C., Fahrig, W.F. (Eds.), Mafic Dyke Swarms, Geol. Assoc. Can. Spec. Pap., 34, 331 Fischer, A.G., 1984. The two Phanerozoic supercycles. In: Berggren, W.A., Van Couvering, J.A. (Eds.), Catastrophes and Earth History. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 129–150. Fralick, 1989, Sedimentology of the lower Huronian Supergroup (Early Proterozoic), Elliot Lake area, Ontario, Canada, Sediment. Geol., 63, 127, 10.1016/0037-0738(89)90075-4 Frarey, M.J., Loveridge, W.D., Sullivan, R.W., 1982. A U–Pb age for the Creighton Granite, Ontario. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 82-1C, 129–132. Friend, 1995, New evidence for protolith ages from Lewisian granulites, northwest Scotland, Geology, 23, 1027, 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<1027:NEFPAO>2.3.CO;2 Frisch, T., Hunt, P.A., 1993. Reconnaissance U–Pb geochronology of the crystalline core of the Boothia Uplift, District of Franklin, Northwest Territories. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 93-2, 3–22. Frisch, T., Patterson, J.G., 1983. Preliminary account of the geology of the Montresor River area, District of Keewatin. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap, 83-1A, 103–108. Frisch, T., Annesley, I.R., Gittins, C.A., 1985. Geology of the Chantrey belt and its environs; Lower Hayes River and Darby Lake map areas, northern District of Keewatin. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 85-1A, 259–266. Gaál, 1992, Global Proterozoic tectonic cycles and Early Proterozoic metallogeny, S. Afr. J. Geol., 95, 80 Gorbatschev, 1993, Frontiers in the Baltic Shield, Precambrian Res., 64, 3, 10.1016/0301-9268(93)90066-B Gower, 1986, Proterozoic evolution of the Grenville Province and adjacent Makkovik Province in eastern-central Labrador. In: Moore, J.M., Davidson, A., Baer, A.J. (Eds.), The Grenville Province, Geol. Assoc. Can. Spec. Pap., 31, 281 Green, 1985, An evolutionary model of the western Churchill Province and western margin of the Superior Province in Canada and the north-central United States, Tectonophysics, 116, 281, 10.1016/0040-1951(85)90212-4 Guo, 1996, The southern limit of Archean crust and significance of rocks with Paleoproterozoic model ages: Nd model age mapping in the Grenville Province of western Quebec, Precambrian Res., 77, 231, 10.1016/0301-9268(95)00095-X Gurnis, 1988, Large-scale mantle convection and the aggregation and dispersal of supercontinents, Nature, 232, 695, 10.1038/332695a0 Halls, H.C., Fahrig, W.F., 1987. Mafic Dyke Swarms. Geol. Assoc. Can. Spec. Pap. 34, 503 pp. Halls, 1994, Constraints on the nature of the Kapuskasing structural zone from the study of Proterozoic dyke swarms, Can. J. Earth Sci., 31, 1182, 10.1139/e94-104 Hanes, 1994, Constraints from 40Ar/39Ar geochronology on the tectonothermal history of the Kapuskasing uplift in the Canadian Superior Province, Can. J. Earth Sci., 31, 1146, 10.1139/e94-102 Hanmer, 1992, Great Slave Lake shear zone, NW Canada: mylonitic record of Early Proterozoic continental convergence, collision and indentation, J. Struct. Geol., 14, 757, 10.1016/0191-8141(92)90039-Y Hanmer, 1995, Striding-Athabasca mylonite zone: implications for the Archean and Early Proterozoic tectonics of the western Canadian Shield, Can. J. Earth Sci., 32, 178, 10.1139/e95-015 Hartley, 1994, Interior cratonic basins of Africa: relation to continental break-up and role of mantle convection, Basin Res., 6, 95, 10.1111/j.1365-2117.1994.tb00078.x Hassler, 1993, Depositional history of the Main Tuff Interval of the Wittenoom Formation, Late Archean–Early Proterozoic Hamersley Group, Western Australia, Precambrian Res., 60, 337, 10.1016/0301-9268(93)90053-5 Heaman, L.M., 1994. 2.45 Ga global mafic magmatism: Earth's oldest superplume? In: Lauphere, M.A., Dalrymple, G.B., Turrin, B.D. (Eds.), Abstr. 8th Int. Conf. Geochronology, Cosmochronology and Isotope Geology, U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ. 1107, p. 132. Heaman, 1997, Global mafic magmatism at 2.45 Ga: remnants of an ancient large igneous province, Geology, 25, 299, 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0299:GMMAGR>2.3.CO;2 Heaman, L.M., Corkery, M.T., 1996. U–Pb geochronology of the Split Lake block, Manitoba: preliminary results. In: Hajnal, Z., Lewry, J.F. (Eds.), Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect. Lithoprobe Report 55, Lithoprobe Secretariat, Univ. of British Columbia, pp. 60–68. Heaman, 1993, Paragenesis and U–Pb systematics of baddeleyite (ZrO2), Chem. Geol., 110, 95, 10.1016/0009-2541(93)90249-I Heaman, 1989, U–Pb baddeleyite ages for the Scourie dyke swarm, Scotland: evidence for two distinct intrusion events, Nature, 340, 705, 10.1038/340705a0 Heaman, L.M., Ashton, K.E., Lewry, J.F., 1995. U–Pb geochronology of the Pelican Window: preliminary results. In: Hajnal, Z., Lewry, J. (Eds.), Lithoprobe Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect. Report 48, Lithoprobe Secretariat, Univ. of British Columbia, pp. 143–147. Hedge, 1983, Geochronology of the Farmington Canyon Complex, Wasatch Mountains, Utah. In: Miller, D.M., Howard, K.A., Todd, V.R. (Eds.), Tectonic and Stratigraphic Studies in the Northeastern Great Basin, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 157, 37, 10.1130/MEM157-p37 Henderson, J.B., van Breemen, O., 1992. U–Pb ages from an Archean orthogneiss and a Proterozoic metasedimentary gneiss of the Thelon Tectonic Zone, District of Mackenzie, Northwest Territories. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 91-2, 25–33. Henderson, 1990, Intracratonic indentation of the Archean Slave Province into the Early Proterozoic Thelon Tectonic Zone of the Churchill Province, northwestern Canadian Shield, Can. J. Earth Sci., 27, 1699, 10.1139/e90-177 Henderson, J.R., 1983. Structure and metamorphism of the Aphebian Penrhyn Group and its Archean basement complex in the Lyon Inlet area, Melville Peninsula, District of Franklin. Geol. Surv. Can. Bull. 324, 50 pp. Hildebrand, 1987, Tectono-magmatic evolution of the 1.9-Ga Great Bear Magmatic Zone, Wopmay Orogen, northwestern Canada, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 32, 99, 10.1016/0377-0273(87)90039-4 Hirdes, 1996, Two generations of Birimian (Paleoproterozoic) volcanic belts in northeastern Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa): consequences for the `Birimian controversy', Precambrian Res., 80, 173, 10.1016/S0301-9268(96)00011-3 Hoffman, 1987, Continental transform tectonics: Great Slave Lake shear zone (ca. 1.9 Ga), northwest Canada, Geology, 15, 785, 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<785:CTTGSL>2.0.CO;2 Hoffman, 1987, Early Proterozoic foredeeps, foredeep magmatism, and Superior-type iron-formations of the Canadian Shield. In: Kröner, A. (Ed.), Proterozoic Lithospheric Evolution, Am. Geophys. Union, Geodyn. Ser., 17, 85, 10.1029/GD017p0085 Hoffman, 1988, United plates of America, the birth of a craton: Early Proterozoic assembly and growth of Laurentia, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 16, 543, 10.1146/annurev.ea.16.050188.002551 Hoffman, P.F., 1989a. Precambrian geology and tectonic history of North America. In: Bally, A.W., Palmer, A.R. (Eds.), The Geology of North America — an Overview, Vol. A, The Geology of North America. Geological Society of America, pp. 447–511. Hoffman, 1989, Speculations on Laurentia's first gigayear (2.0 to 1.0 Ga), Geology, 17, 135, 10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0135:SOLSFG>2.3.CO;2 Hoffman, 1990, Subdivision of the Churchill Province and extent of the Trans-Hudson orogen. In: Lewry, J.F., Stauffer, M.R. (Eds.), The Early Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen of North America, Geol. Assoc. Can. Spec. Pap., 37, 15 Hoffman, 1991, Did the breakout of Laurentia turn Gondwanaland inside-out, Science, 252, 1409, 10.1126/science.252.5011.1409 Hoffman, P.F., 1992. Supercontinents. In: Encyclopedia of Earth System Science. Academic Press, London, V. 4, pp. 323–328. Hoffman, 1991, Tectonic evolution of the Keewatin Hinterland during the consolidation of Laurentia (1.8–1.6 Ga), Geol. Assoc. Can. Abstr., 16, 57 Houston, R.S., Karlstrom, K.E., Graff, P.J., Flurkey, A.J., 1992. New stratigraphic subdivisions and redefinition of subdivisions of Late Archean and Early Proterozoic metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of the Sierra Madre and Medicine Bow Mountains, southern Wyoming. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1520, 50 pp. Huhma, H., 1986. Sm–Nd, U–Pb and Pb–Pb isotopic evidence for the origin of the Early Proterozoic Svecokarelian crust of Finland. Geol. Surv. Finl. Bull. 337, 48 pp. Hulbert, L., 1988. Investigations of mafic and ultramafic rocks for nickel–copper and platinum group elements in northern Saskatchewan: preliminary findings. Sask. Geol. Surv. Misc. Rept. 88-4, 152–154. Jackson, 1972, Correlation of major Aphebian rock units in the northeastern Canadian Shield, Can. J. Earth Sci., 9, 1650, 10.1139/e72-146 Johnson, 1990, Stratigraphy and structure of the Early Proterozoic Wilson Island Group, East Arm thrust-fold belt, N.W.T, Can. J. Earth Sci., 27, 552, 10.1139/e90-052 Kalsbeek, 1996, Anatomy of the Early Proterozoic Nagssugtoqidian orogen, West Greenland, explored by reconnaissance SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating, Geology, 24, 515, 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0515:AOTEPN>2.3.CO;2 Karhu, J.A., 1993. Paleoproterozoic evolution of the carbon isotope ratios of sedimentary carbonates in the Fennoscandian Shield. Geol. Surv. Finl. Bull. 371, 87 pp. Karhu, 1996, Carbon isotopes and the rise of atmospheric oxygen, Geology, 24, 867, 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0867:CIATRO>2.3.CO;2 Karlstrom, 1983, Stratigraphy and depositional setting of the Proterozoic Snowy Pass Supergroup, southern Wyoming: record of an early Proterozoic Atlantic-type cratonic margin, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 94, 1257, 10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<1257:SADSOT>2.0.CO;2 Klein, 1997, Igneous ferment at Hamersley, Nature, 385, 25, 10.1038/385025a0 Kohonen, J., Marmo, J., 1992. Proterozoic lithostratigraphy and sedimentation of Sariola and Jatuli-type rocks in the Nunnanlahti–Koli–Kaltimo area, eastern Finland; implications for regional basin evolution models. Geol. Surv. Finl. Bull. 364, 67 pp. Krapez, 1997, Sequence-stratigraphic concepts applied to the identification of depositional basins and global tectonic cycles, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 44, 1, 10.1080/08120099708728291 Krogh, 1984, Precise U–Pb zircon and baddeleyite ages for the Sudbury area. In: Pye, E.G., Naldrett, A.J., Giblin, P.E. (Eds.), The Geology and Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure, Ont. Geol. Surv. Spec. Vol., 1, 431 Laajoki, K., 1990. Early Proterozoic tectofacies in eastern and northern Finland. In: Naqvi, S.M. (Ed.), Precambrian Continental Crust and its Economic Resources. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 437–452. Laajoki, K., 1991. Stratigraphy of the northern end of the Early Proterozoic (Karelian) Kainuu Schist Belt and associated gneiss complexes, Finland. Geol. Surv. Finl. Bull. 358, 105 pp. Laajoki, 1989, Lithostratigraphy of the early Proterozoic Kainuu Schist Belt in the Kurkikylä–Silkavaara area, northern Finland, with emphasis on the genetic approach, Geol. Soc. Finl. Bull., 61, 65, 10.17741/bgsf/61.1.001 Lanyon, 1993, U–Pb zircon dating of mafic dykes and its application to the Proterozoic geological history of the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica, Contrib. Mineral., 115, 184, 10.1007/BF00321219 LeCheminant, A.N., van Breemen, O., 1994. U–Pb ages of Proterozoic dyke swarms, Lac de Gras area, N.W.T.: evidence for progressive break-up of an Archean supercontinent. Geol. Assoc. Can. Abstr. Prog. A62. Leclair, 1997, Regional mapping of Precambrian basement beneath Phanerozoic cover in southeastern Trans-Hudson Orogen, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, Can. J. Earth Sci., 34, 618, 10.1139/e17-049 Ledru, 1994, Markers of the last stages of the Paleoproterozoic collision: evidence for a 2 Ga continent involving circum-south Atlantic provinces, Precambrian Res., 69, 169, 10.1016/0301-9268(94)90085-X Lewry, 1994, Structure of a Paleoproterozoic continent–continent collision zone: a LITHOPROBE seismic reflection profile across Trans-Hudson Orogen, Canada, Tectonophysics, 232, 143, 10.1016/0040-1951(94)90081-7 Li, Z.-X., Zhang, L., Powell, C.McA., 1996. Positions of the East Asian cratons in the Neoproterozoic supercontinent Rodinia. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 43, 593–604. Light, 1982, The Limpopo Mobile Belt: a result of continental collision, Tectonics, 1, 325, 10.1029/TC001i004p00325 Long, 1974, Glacial and paraglacial genesis of conglomeratic rocks of the Chibougamau Formation (Aphebian), Chibougamau, Quebec, Can. J. Earth Sci., 11, 1236, 10.1139/e74-116 Long, D.F., 1981. Glacigenic rocks in the Early Proterozoic Chibougamau Formation of northern Quebec. In: Hambrey, M.J., Harland, W.B. (Eds.), Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 817–820. Lucas, 1994, Three-dimensional collisional structure of the Trans-Hudson Orogen, Canada, Tectonophysics, 232, 161, 10.1016/0040-1951(94)90082-5 Luukkonen, 1989, The early Proterozoic Saari–Kiekki greenstone belt: a representative of the Sariola Group at Kuhmo, eastern Finland, Bull. Geol. Soc. Finl., 61, 161, 10.17741/bgsf/61.2.003 Machado, 1996, Determination of 207Pb/206Pb ages on zircon and monazite by laser-ablation ICPMS and application to a study of sedimentary provenance and metamorphism in southeastern Brazil, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 5063, 10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00287-6 Machado, 1993, U–Pb geochronology of the western Cape Smith Belt, Canada: new insights on the age of initial rifting and arc magmatism, Precambrian Res., 63, 211, 10.1016/0301-9268(93)90034-Y Marmo, 1984, Lower Proterozoic glaciogenic deposits, eastern Finland, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 95, 1055, 10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<1055:LPGDEF>2.0.CO;2 Marmo, 1988, Sedimentology and stratigraphy of the lower Proterozoic Sariola and Jatuli groups in the Koli–Kaltimo area, eastern Finland. In: Laajoki, K., Paakkola, J. (Eds.), Sedimentology of the Precambrian Formations in Eastern and Northern Finland, Geol. Surv. Finl. Spec. Pap., 5, 11 McCormick, 1989, Geochronology, provenance evolution, and correlation in foreland basins using volcanic and detrital zircons: the Early Proterozoic Goulburn Supergroup Kilohigok Basin, Canada, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Prog., 21, 373 McCourt, 1995, The crustal architecture of the Kaapvaal crustal block South Africa, between 3.5 and 2.0 Ga, Mineral. Deposita, 30, 89, 10.1007/BF00189338 McDonough, M.R., McNicoll, V.J., 1997. U–Pb age constraints on the timing of deposition of the Waugh Lake and Burntwood (Athabasca) groups, southern Taltson magmatic zone, northeastern Alberta. Geol. Surv. Can. Current Res. 1997-F, 101–111. McDonough, 1991, Proterozoic gneisses of the Malton Complex, near Valemount, British Columbia: U–Pb ages and Nd isotopic signatures, Can. J. Earth Sci., 28, 1202, 10.1139/e91-108 McDonough, M.R., Grover, T.W., McNicoll, V.J., Lindsay, D.D., 1993. Preliminary geology of the southern Taltson magmatic zone, Canadian Shield, northeastern Alberta. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 93-1C, 221–231. McNicoll, V.J., McDonough, M.R., Grover, T.W., 1994. U–Pb geochronology studies in the southern Taltson magmatic zone, northeastern Alberta. In: Ross, G.M. (Ed.), Report of Lithoprobe Alberta Basement Transects Workshop. Lithoprobe Report 32, Lithoprobe Secretariat, Univ. of British Columbia, pp. 270–273. Melezhik, 1994, General geology and evolutionary history of the Early Proterozoic Polmak–Pasvik–Pechenga–Imandra/Varzuga–Ust'Ponoy greenstone belt in the northeastern Baltic Shield, Earth Sci. Rev., 36, 205, 10.1016/0012-8252(94)90058-2 Melezhik, 1995, The Early Proterozoic Pasvik–Pechenga greenstone belt: 1:200,000 geological map, stratigraphic correlation and revision of stratigraphic nomenclature. In: Roberts, D., Nordgulen, Ø. (Eds.), Geology of the Eastern Finnmark–Western Kola Peninsula Region, Nor. Geol. Unders. Spec. Publ., 7, 81 Melezhik, 1997, Two billion year old isotopically heavy carbon: evidence from the Labrador Trough, Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 34, 271, 10.1139/e17-025 Mertanen, S., Pesonen, L.J., Huhma, H., Leino, M.A., 1989. Paleomagnetism of the Early Proterozoic layered intrusions, northern Finland. Geol. Surv. Finl. Bull. 347, 40 pp. Minter, 1990, Early Proterozoic gold placers of the Moeda Formation within the Gandarela Syncline, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Econ. Geol., 85, 943, 10.2113/gsecongeo.85.5.943 Mitrofanov, 1995, U–Pb age of gabbro–anorthosite massifs in the Lapland granulite belt. In: Roberts, D., Nordgulen, Ø. (Eds.), Geology of the Eastern Finnmark–Western Kola Peninsula Region, Nor. Geol. Unders. Spec. Publ., 7, 179 Moser, D., Heaman, L.M., 1995. Paleoproterozoic metamorphism of the lower crust of the Superior Craton as revealed by U–Pb zircon dating of kimberlite-borne granulite-facies xenoliths. Abstr. Int. Conf. Tectonics and Metallogeny of Early/Mid Precambrian Orogenic Belts, Montreal, p. 286. Mukasa, 1996, Source characterization and crystallization age of the Great Dyke layered mafic intrusion, Zimbabwe, Am. Geophys. Union, Abstr. Fall, 1996, F823 Murphy, 1991, Age and geological setting of Gold Creek gneiss, crystalline basement of the Windermere Supergroup, Cariboo Mountains, British Columbia, Can. J. Earth Sci., 28, 1217, 10.1139/e91-109 Murthy, 1995, Proterozoic mafic dykes in Southern Peninsular India: a review. In: Devaraju, T.C. (Ed.) Dyke Swarms Peninsular India, Mem. Geol. Soc. India, 33, 81 Nance, 1994, Orogenic style and the configuration of supercontinents. In: Embry, A.F., Beauchamp, B., Glass, D.J. (Eds.), Pangea: Global Environments and Resources, Can. Soc. Pet. Geol. Mem., 17, 49 Nesbitt, 1982, Early Proterozoic paleoclimates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites, Nature, 299, 715, 10.1038/299715a0 Noble, 1992, U–Pb baddeleyite ages of the Kerns and Triangle Mountain intrusions, Nipissing Diabase, Ontario, Can. J. Earth Sci., 29, 1424, 10.1139/e92-114 Nutman, 1994, SHRIMP U–Pb ages of detrital zircons from the early Proterozoic Contendas–Mirante supracrustal belt, São Francisco Craton, Bahia, Brazil, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 7, 109, 10.1016/0895-9811(94)90002-7 Nutman, 1995, SHRIMP U–Pb single zircon geochronology of a Proterozoic mafic dyke, Isukasia, southern West Greenland, Bull. Geol. Soc. Denm., 42, 17, 10.37570/bgsd-1995-42-02 Nykänen, 1994, Transitional (2.1 Ga) Fe-tholeiitic–tholeiitic magmatism in the Fennoscandian Shield signifying lithospheric thinning during Paleoproterozoic extensional tectonics, Precambrian Res., 70, 45, 10.1016/0301-9268(94)90020-5 O'Hanley, 1994, The age and origin of the North Shore Plutons in the Rae Province, Goldfields area Saskatchewan, Can. J. Earth Sci., 31, 1397, 10.1139/e94-123 Ojakangas, R.W., 1988. Glaciation: an uncommon `mega-event' as a key to intracontinental and intercontinental correlation of Early Proterozoic basin fill, North American and Baltic cratons. In: Kleinspehn, K., Paola, C. (Eds.), New Perspectives in Basin Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 431–444. Ojakangas, R.W., Marmo, J.S., Heiskanen, K.I., 1989. Lower Proterozoic glaciogenic deposits: Finland and USSR, Baltic Craton. 28th Int. Geol. Congr. Abstr. 2, p. 542. Olivo, 1995, Palladium-bearing gold deposit hosted by Proterozoic Lake Superior-type iron-formation at the Cauê iron mine, Itabira district, southern São Francisco Craton, Brazil: geologic and structural controls, Econ. Geol., 90, 118, 10.2113/gsecongeo.90.1.118 Pagel, 1993, Sm–Nd, Pb–Pb, and Rb–Sr systematics of the basement in the Cigar Lake area, Saskatchewan, Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 30, 731, 10.1139/e93-059 Patterson, 1991, The Spi Group: a post-Archean, pre-2.1 Ga rift succession, Trans-Hudson hinterland, Can. J. Earth Sci., 28, 1863, 10.1139/e91-166 Patterson, 1991, New geochronologic limits on the depositional age of the Hurwitz Group, Trans-Hudson hinterland, Canada, Geology, 19, 1137, 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1137:NGLOTD>2.3.CO;2 Pehrsson, S.J., van Breemen, O., Hanmer, S., 1993. Ages of diabase dyke intrusions, Great Slave Lake shear zone, Northwest Territories. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 93-2, 23–28. Pekkarinen, L.J., Lukkarinen, H., 1991. Paleoproterozoic volcanism in the Kiihtelysvaara–Tohmajärvi district, eastern Finland. Geol. Surv. Finl. Bull. 357, 30 pp. Pelechaty, 1996, Stratigraphic evidence for the Siberia–Laurentia connection and Early Cambrian rifting, Geology, 24, 719, 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0719:SEFTSL>2.3.CO;2 Piper, 1983, Dynamics of continental crust in Proterozoic times. In: Medaris, L.G., Jr., Byers, C.W., Nickelson, D.M., Shanks, W.C. (Eds.), Proterozoic Geology, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 161, 11, 10.1130/MEM161-p11 Plint, H.E., Ross, G.M., 1993. 40Ar–39Ar geochronology of selected crystalline basement samples from the Alberta Basin: the timing of Proterozoic assembly of the subsurface of western Canada. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 93-2, 71–82. Premo, 1989, Zircon geochronology of Precambrian rocks in southeastern Wyoming and northern Colorado. In: Grambling, J.A., Tewksbury, B.J. (Eds.), Proterozoic Geology of the Southern Rocky Mountains, Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap., 235, 13, 10.1130/SPE235-p13 Rainbird, R.H., Villeneuve, M.E., Cook, D.G., MacLean, B.C., 1996. Detrital zircon ages from two wells in the Northwest Territories: implications for the correlation and provenance of Proterozoic subsurface strata. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 1996-B, 29–38. Raza, 1993, Geodynamic evolution of Indian Shield during Proterozoic: geochemical evidence from mafic volcanic rocks, J. Geol. Soc. India, 41, 455 Reczko, 1995, A re-evaluation of the volcanism of the Paleoproterozoic Pretoria Group (Kaapvaal craton) and a hypothesis on basin development, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 21, 505, 10.1016/0899-5362(95)00104-2 Redden, 1990, U–Th–Pb geochronology and preliminary interpretation of Precambrian tectonic events in the Black Hills, South Dakota. In: Lewry, J.F., Stauffer, M.R. (Eds.), The Early Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen of North America, Geol. Assoc. Can. Spec. Pap., 37, 229 Reischmann, 1995, Precise U/Pb age determination with baddeleyite (ZrO2), a case study from the Phalaborwa Igneous Complex, South Africa, S. Afr. J. Geol., 98, 1 Renger, F.E., Noce, C.M., Romano, A.W., Machado, N., 1995. Sedimentary evolution of the Minas Supergroup: 500 Ma of geological record in the Quadrilatero Ferrifero of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Abstr. Int. Conf. on Tectonics and Metallogeny of Early/Mid Precambrian Orogenic Belts, Montreal, p. 114. Ricketts, B.D., Donaldson, J.A., 1981. Sedimentary history of the Belcher Group of Hudson Bay. In: Campbell, F.H.A. (Ed.), Proterozoic Basins of Canada. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 81-10, 235–254. Roddick, J.C., van Breemen, O., 1994. U–Pb zircon dating: a comparison of ion microprobe and single grain conventional analyses. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 1994-F, 1–9. Rogers, 1996, A history of continents in the past three billion years, J. Geol., 104, 91, 10.1086/629803 Rohon, 1993, Aphebian mafic–ultramafic magmatism in the Labrador Trough (New Quebec): its age and the nature of its mantle source, Can. J. Earth Sci., 30, 1582, 10.1139/e93-136 Roscoe, 1973, The Huronian Supergroup, a Paleoaphebian succession showing evidence of atmospheric evolution. In: Young, G.M. (Ed.), Huronian Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, Geol. Assoc. Can. Spec. Publ., 12, 31 Roscoe, S.M., 1981. Temporal and other factors affecting deposition of uraniferous conglomerates. In: Armstrong, F.C. (Ed.), Genesis of Uranium- and Gold-bearing Conglomerates. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1161-A-BB, W1–W17. Roscoe, 1993, The reappearance of the Huronian in Wyoming: rifting and drifting of ancient continents, Can. J. Earth Sci., 30, 2475, 10.1139/e93-214 Roscoe, S.M., Henderson, M.N., Hunt, P.A., van Breemen, O., 1987. U–Pb zircon age of an alkaline granite body in the Booth River Intrusive Suite, N.W.T. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 87-2, 95–100. Rosen, O.M., Condie, K.C., Natapov, L., Nozhkin, A.D., 1994. Archean and early Proterozoic evolution of the Siberian Craton: a preliminary assessment. In: Condie, K.C. (Ed.), Archean Crustal Evolution. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 411–459. Ross, 1991, Geophysics and geochronology of the crystalline basement of the Alberta Basin, western Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 28, 512, 10.1139/e91-045 Ross, 1995, Paleoproterozoic collisional orogen beneath the western Canada sedimentary basin imaged by Lithoprobe crustal seismic-reflection data, Geology, 23, 195, 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0195:PCOBTW>2.3.CO;2 Ryan, B., Krogh, T.E., Heaman, L., Schärer, U., Philippe, S., Oliver, G., 1991. On recent geochronological studies in the Nain Province, Churchill Province and Nain Plutonic Suite, north-central Labrador. Newfoundland Geol. Surv. Rept. 91-1, 257–261. Salop, L.J., 1983. Geological Evolution of the Earth During the Precambrian. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 459 pp. Scott, 1997, Geology, U–Pb and Pb–Pb geochronology of the Lake Harbour area, southern Baffin Island: implications for the Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of northeastern Laurentia, Can. J. Earth Sci., 34, 140, 10.1139/e17-012 Scott, 1996, Comparison of TIMS (U–Pb) and laser ablation microprobe ICP–MS (Pb) techniques for age determination of detrital zircons from Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks from northeastern Laurentia, Canada, with tectonic implications, Chem. Geol., 131, 127, 10.1016/0009-2541(96)00030-7 Sibbald, T.I.I., 1984. Gold metallogenic studies, Goldfields area. Sask. Geol. Surv. Misc. Rept. 84-4, 116–121. Sibbald, T.I.I., Lewry, J.F., 1980. Uranium metallogenic studies: Lodge Bay area, Lake Athabasca. Sask. Geol. Surv. Misc. Rept. 80-4, 44–48. Simonson, 1996, Was the deposition of large Precambrian iron formations linked to major marine transgressions?, J. Geol., 104, 665, 10.1086/629861 Sims, P.K., Morey, G.B., 1993. Penokean Orogen and related epicratonic rocks. In: Reed, J.C., Jr., Bickford, M.E., Houston, R.S., Link, P.K., Rankin, D.W., Sims, P.K., Van Schmus, W.R. (Eds.), Precambrian: Conterminous U.S., Vol. C-2, The Geology of North America. Geological Society of America, pp. 45–64. Sims, 1989, Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Early Proterozoic Wisconsin magmatic terranes of the Penokean Orogen, Can. J. Earth Sci., 26, 2145, 10.1139/e89-180 Sinclair, W.D., Hunt, P.A., Birkett, T.C., 1994. U–Pb zircon and monazite ages of the Grace Lake Granite, Blatchford Lake Intrusive Suite, Slave Province, Northwest Territories. Geol. Surv. Can., 1994-F, 15–20. Sinha-Roy, 1993, Conglomerate horizons in south-central Rajasthan and their significance on Proterozoic stratigraphy and tectonics of the Aravalli and Delhi fold belts, J. Geol. Soc. India, 41, 331 Sloss, L.L., 1988. Tectonic evolution of the craton in Phanerozoic time. In: Sloss, L.L. (Ed.), Sedimentary Cover — North American Craton, Vol. D-2, The Geology of North America. Geological Society of America, pp. 25–51. Speer, 1978, The stratigraphy and depositional environment of the Aphebian Snyder Group, Labrador, Can. J. Earth Sci., 15, 52, 10.1139/e78-005 Stanistreet, 1993, Ancient and modern examples of tectonic escape basins: the Archaean Witwatersrand Basin compared with the Cenozoic Maracaibo Basin. In: Frostick, L.E., Steel, R.J. (Eds.), Tectonic Controls and Signatures in Sedimentary Successions, Int. Assoc. Sedimentol. Spec. Publ., 20, 363 Stauffer, 1984, Manikewan: an Early Proterozoic ocean in central Canada, its igneous history and orogenic closure, Precambrian Res., 25, 257, 10.1016/0301-9268(84)90036-6 Stern, R.A., Lucas, S.B., 1994. U–Pb zircon age constraints on the early tectonic history of the Flin Flon accretionary collage, Saskatchewan. Geol. Surv. Can. 1994-F, 75–86. Stockwell, C.H., 1982. Proposals for time classification and correlation of Precambrian rocks and events in Canada and adjacent areas of the Canadian Shield. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 80-19, 135 pp. St-Onge, 1992, Terrane accretion in the internal zone of the Ungava orogen, northern Quebec, Part 1. Tectonostratigraphic assemblages and their tectonic implications, Can. J. Earth Sci., 29, 746, 10.1139/e92-064 St-Onge, M.R., Hanmer, S., Scott, D.J., 1996. Geology of the Meta Incognita Peninsula, south Baffin Island, Northwest Territories: tectonostratigraphic units and regional correlations. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 1996-C, 63–72. Strand, 1993, Paleoproterozoic glaciomarine sedimentation in an extensional setting: the Honkala Formation, Finland, Precambrian Res., 64, 253, 10.1016/0301-9268(93)90080-L Summers, M.A., Hall, R.P., Hughes, D.J., Nesbitt, R.W., Snyder, G.L., 1995. The Tony Ridge zoned ultramafic dyke, Wyoming, USA: preliminary geochemical results. In: Baer, G., Heimann, A. (Eds.), Physics and Chemistry of Dykes. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 193–204. Sumner, 1996, U–Pb geochronologic constraints on deposition of the Campbellrand Subgroup, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa, Precambrian Res., 79, 25, 10.1016/0301-9268(95)00086-0 Symons, D.T.A., 1995. Paleomagnetism of the 1851 Ma Reynard Lake Pluton, Flin Flon Domain, Trans-Hudson Orogen: Geotectonic implications. Sask. Geol. Surv. Misc. Rept. 95-4, 137–144. Teixeira, 1991, An outline of Early Proterozoic crustal evolution in the São Francisco craton, Brazil: a review, Precambrian Res., 53, 1, 10.1016/0301-9268(91)90003-S Tella, S., Thompson, D.L., James, D.T., 1984. Geology of parts of the Deep Rose and Pelly Lake map areas, District of Keewatin. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 84-1A, 313–322. Tella, S., LeCheminant, A.N., Sanborn-Barrie, M., Venance, K.E., 1997. Geology and structure of parts of MacQuoid Lake map area, District of Keewatin, Northwest Territories, Geol. Surv. Can. Current Res. 1997-C, 123–132. Thériault, 1992, Nd isotopic evolution of the Taltson Magmatic Zone, Northwest Territories, Canada: insights into Early Proterozoic accretion along the western margin of the Churchill Province, J. Geol., 100, 465, 10.1086/629598 Thériault, R., 1994. Nd isotopic evidence for Paleoproterozoic pre-Taltson Magmatic Zone (1.99–1.90 Ga) rifting of the western Churchill Province. In: Ross, G.M. (Ed.), Report of Lithoprobe Alberta Basement Transects Workshop. Lithoprobe Report 32, Lithoprobe Secretariat, Univ. of British Columbia, pp. 267–269. Thériault, 1991, Nd isotopic evidence for crustal recycling in the ca. 2.0 Ga subsurface of western Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 28, 1140, 10.1139/e91-104 Thomas, 1991, The Appalachian–Ouachita rifted margin of southeastern North America, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 103, 415, 10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0415:TAORMO>2.3.CO;2 Thompson, 1989, An empirical model for metamorphic evolution of the Archaean Slave Province and adjacent Thelon Tectonic Zone, north-western Canadian Shield. In: Daly, J.S., Cliff, R.A., Yardley, B.W.D. (Eds.) Evolution of Metamorphic Belts, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 43, 245, 10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.17 Tingey, 1991, The regional geology of Archaean and Proterozoic rocks in Antarctica. In: Tingey, R.J. (Ed.), The Geology of Antarctica, Oxford Monogr. Geol. Geophys., 17, 1 Tippett, C.R., Heywood, W.W., 1978. Stratigraphy and structure of the northern Amer Group (Aphebian), Churchill Structural Province, District of Keewatin. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 78-1B, 7–11. Tirrul, 1990, Early Proterozoic collisional orogeny along the northern Thelon Tectonic Zone, Northwest Territories, Canada: evidence from the foreland, Tectonics, 9, 1015, 10.1029/TC009i005p01015 Tremblay, L.P., Loveridge, W.D., Sullivan, R.W., 1981. U–Pb ages of zircons from the Foot Bay gneiss and the Donaldson Lake gneiss, Beaverlodge area, northern Saskatchewan. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 81-1C, 123–126. Trendall, A.F., 1981. The Lower Proterozoic Meteorite Bore Member, Hamersley Basin, Western Australia. In: Hambrey, M.J., Harland, W.B. (Eds.), Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 555–557. Trendall, A.F., Compston, W., Williams, I.S., Armstrong, R.A., Arndt, N.T., McNaughton, N.J., Barley, M.E., Beukes, N.J., DeLaeter, J.R., Retief, E.A., Thorne, A.M., 1990. Precise zircon U–Pb geochronological comparison of the volcano–sedimentary sequences of the Kaapvaal and Pilbara Cratons between about 3.1 and 2.4 Ga. Extended Abstr., 3rd Int. Archaean Symp., Perth, pp. 81–83. Turchenko, 1991, The Early Proterozoic riftogenic belt of Northern Karelia and associated Cu–Ni, PGE and Cu–Au mineralizations, Geol. Fören. Stockholm Förh., 113, 70, 10.1080/11035899109453823 van Breemen, O., Aspler, L.B., 1994. Detrital zircon ages from Nonacho Basin, western Rae Province, Northwest Territories. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 1994-F, 49–59. van Breemen, O., Bostock, H.H., 1994. Age of emplacement of Thoa metagabbro, western margin of Rae Province: initiation of rifting prior to Taltson magmatism? Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 1994-F, 61–68. van Breemen, O., Henderson, J.B., 1988. U–Pb zircon and monazite ages from the eastern Slave Province and Thelon Tectonic Zone, Artillery Lake area, N.W.T. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 88-2, 73–83. van Breemen, O., Bostock, H.H., Loveridge, W.D., 1992. Geochronology of granites along the margin of the northern Taltson Magmatic Zone and western Rae Province, Northwest Territories. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 91-2, 17–24. Van der Leeden, 1990, Lithotectonic domains in the high-grade terrain east of the Labrador Trough (Quebec). In: Lewry, J.F., Stauffer, M.R. (Eds.), The Early Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen of North America, Geol. Assoc. Can. Spec. Pap., 37, 371 Veizer, 1992, Geochemistry of Precambrian carbonates: IV. Early Paleoproterozoic (2.25±0.25 Ga) seawater, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 875, 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90033-F Villeneuve, 1991, U–Pb ages and Sm–Nd signature of two subsurface granites from the Fort Simpson magnetic high, Northwest Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 28, 1003, 10.1139/e91-091 Villeneuve, M.E., Ross, G.M., Thériault, R.J., Miles, W., Parrish, R.R., Broome, J., 1993. Tectonic subdivision and U–Pb geochronology of the crystalline basement of the Alberta Basin, western Canada. Geol. Surv. Can. Bull. 447, 86 pp. Visser, 1971, The deposition of the Griquatown glacial member in the Transvaal Supergroup, Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr., 74, 187 Vuollo, J.I., Nykänen, V.M., Liipo, J.P., Piirainen, T.A., 1995. Paleoproterozoic mafic dyke swarms in the eastern Fennoscandian Shield, Finland: A review. In: Baer, G., Heimann, A. (Eds.), Physics and Chemistry of Dykes. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 179–192. Walraven, 1995, Zircon Pb-evaporation age determinations of the Oak Tree Formation, Chuniespoort Group, Transvaal Sequence: implications for Transvaal–Griqualand West basin correlations, S. Afr. J. Geol., 98, 58 Wardle, 1990, Labrador segment of the Trans-Hudson Orogen: crustal development through oblique convergence and collision. In: Lewry, J.F., Stauffer, M.R. (Eds.), The Early Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen of North America, Geol. Assoc. Can. Spec. Pap., 37, 353 Weber, 1990, The Churchill–Superior Boundary Zone, southeast margin of the Trans-Hudson Orogen: a review. In: Lewry, J.F., Stauffer, M.R. (Eds.), The Early Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen of North America, Geol. Assoc. Can. Spec. Pap., 37, 41 Williams, 1991, Anatomy of North America: thematic portrayals of the continent, Tectonophysics, 187, 117, 10.1016/0040-1951(91)90416-P Wodicka, N., Scott, D.J., 1997. A preliminary report on the U–Pb geochronology of Meta Incognita Peninsula, southern Baffin Island, Northwest Territories. In: Geol. Surv. Can. Current Res., 1997-C, 167–178. Worsley, 1991, First-order coupling of paleogeography and CO2 with surface temperature and its latitudinal contrast, Geology, 19, 1161, 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1161:FOCOPA>2.3.CO;2 Worsley, 1986, Tectonic cycles and the history of the Earth's biogeochemical and paleoceanographic record, Paleoceanography, 1, 233, 10.1029/PA001i003p00233 Young, 1970, An extensive Early Proterozoic glaciation in North America?, Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 7, 85, 10.1016/0031-0182(70)90070-2 Young, 1973, Tillites and aluminous quartzites as possible time markers for Middle Precambrian (Aphebian) rocks of North America. In: Young, G.M. (Ed.) Huronian Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, Geol. Assoc. Can. Spec. Publ., 12, 97 Young, 1983, Tectono–sedimentary history of early Proterozoic rocks of the northern Great Lakes region. In: Medaris, L.G. (Ed.), Early Proterozoic Geology of the Great Lakes region, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 160, 15, 10.1130/MEM160-p15 Young, 1984, Proterozoic plate tectonics in Canada with emphasis on evidence for a Late Proterozoic rifting event, Precambrian Res., 25, 233, 10.1016/0301-9268(84)90035-4 Young, 1988, Proterozoic plate tectonics, glaciation and iron formations, Sediment. Geol., 58, 127, 10.1016/0037-0738(88)90066-8 Young, 1991, The geological record of glaciation: relevance to the climatic history of Earth, Geosci. Can., 18, 100 Young, G.M., 1995a. Glacial environments of Pre-Pleistocene age. In: Menzies, J. (Ed.), Past Glacial Environments, Sediments, Forms and Techniques. Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 239–252. Young, 1995, Are Neoproterozoic glacial deposits preserved on the margins of Laurentia related to the fragmentation of two supercontinents?, Geology, 23, 153, 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0153:ANGDPO>2.3.CO;2 Young, 1985, The Gowganda Formation in the southern part of the Huronian outcrop belt, Ontario, Canada: stratigraphy, depositional environments and regional tectonic significance, Precambrian Res., 29, 265, 10.1016/0301-9268(85)90071-3 Zhai, 1994, Multiple episodes of dike emplacement along the northwestern margin of the Superior Province, Manitoba, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 21717, 10.1029/94JB01851 Zolnai, 1984, Regional cross section of the Southern Province adjacent to Lake Huron, Ontario: implications for the tectonic significance of the Murray Fault Zone, Can. J. Earth Sci., 21, 447, 10.1139/e84-048