Sự biến động và thích nghi với cuộc khủng hoảng coronavirus: tài nguyên, chiến lược đối phó và ảnh hưởng đến căng thẳng và sức khỏe của doanh nhân

International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal - Tập 19 - Trang 1153-1175 - 2023
Étienne St-Jean1, Maripier Tremblay2
1Department of Management, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
2Department of Management, Faculty of Administration, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada

Tóm tắt

Cuộc khủng hoảng COVID-19 có tác động lớn đến các doanh nhân. Cụ thể, mô hình của chúng tôi giả định rằng sự biến động trong môi trường công việc - tỷ lệ việc làm thay đổi trong các ngành và khu vực địa lý - buộc các doanh nhân phải thích nghi và thay đổi tổ chức công việc của họ, điều này, đến lượt nó, làm tăng mức độ căng thẳng và giảm đi sức khỏe của họ. Dựa trên lý thuyết bảo tồn tài nguyên, chúng tôi cho rằng các tài nguyên sẽ có tác động tích cực đến căng thẳng và sức khỏe, trong khi các chiến lược đối phó sẽ có tác động tích cực hoặc tiêu cực tùy thuộc vào loại chiến lược được sử dụng. Chúng tôi đã thử nghiệm mô hình của mình trên một mẫu gồm 496 doanh nhân. Kết quả của chúng tôi cho thấy tác động mạnh mẽ của sự biến động môi trường đến thay đổi trong tổ chức công việc và, cuối cùng, là sự căng thẳng và sức khỏe của các doanh nhân. Chiến lược đối phó định hướng tránh né và định hướng nhiệm vụ đều quan trọng trong việc giảm căng thẳng và cải thiện sức khỏe, trong khi chiến lược đối phó định hướng cảm xúc có tác động tiêu cực đến căng thẳng. Việc có quyền truy cập vào các tài nguyên quan hệ giảm căng thẳng và cải thiện sức khỏe, đồng thời việc có quyền truy cập vào các tài nguyên tổ chức cũng giảm căng thẳng và làm tăng cường tác động tích cực đến sức khỏe từ những tác động tiêu cực của căng thẳng.

Từ khóa

#COVID-19 #doanh nhân #căng thẳng #sức khỏe #chiến lược đối phó #tài nguyên #biến động môi trường

Tài liệu tham khảo

Adomako, S. (2021). Resource-induced coping heuristics and entrepreneurial orientation in dynamic environments. Journal of Business Research, 122, 477–487. Amorós, J. E., Cristi, O., & Naudé, W. (2021). Entrepreneurship and subjective well-being: Does the motivation to start-up a firm matter? Journal of Business Research, 127, 389–398. Ayala, J.-C., & Manzano, G. (2014). The resilience of the entrepreneur. Influence on the success of the business. A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 42, 126–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2014.02.004 Bacq, S., Ofstein, L. F., Kickul, J. R., & Gundry, L. K. (2017). Perceived entrepreneurial munificence and entrepreneurial intentions: A social cognitive perspective. International Small Business Journal, 35(5), 639–659. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242616658943 Bakker, A. B., & de Vries, J. D. (2021). Job Demands-Resources theory and self-regulation: New explanations and remedies for job burnout. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 34(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1797695 Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115 Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. Baptista, R., & Karaöz, M. (2011). Turbulence in growing and declining industries. Small Business Economics, 36(3), 249–270. Baptista, R., & Thurik, A. R. (2007). The relationship between entrepreneurship and unemployment: Is Portugal an outlier? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 74(1), 75–89. Bedeian, A. G., & Mossholder, K. W. (2000). On the use of the coefficient of variation as a measure of diversity. Organizational Research Methods, 3(3), 285–297. Beland, L.-P., Fakorede, O., & Mikola, D. (2020). Short-Term Effect of COVID-19 on Self-Employed Workers in Canada. Canadian Public Policy, 46(S1), S66–S81. Bencsik, P., & Chuluun, T. (2019). Comparative well-being of the self-employed and paid employees in the USA. Small Business Economics, 56, 355–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00221-1 Bhuiyan, M. F., & Ivlevs, A. (2019). Micro-entrepreneurship and subjective well-being: Evidence from rural Bangladesh. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(4), 625–645. Brünjes, J., & Diez, J. R. (2013). ‘Recession push’and ‘prosperity pull’entrepreneurship in a rural developing context. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 25(3–4), 251–271. Bruyat, C., & Julien, P.-A. (2001). Defining the field of research in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(2), 165–180. Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural Equation Modeling with Mplus: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. Routledge. Carnevale, J. B., & Hatak, I. (2020). Employee adjustment and well-being in the era of COVID-19: Implications for human resource management. Journal of Business Research, 116, 183–187. Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. (2010). Personality and coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 679–704. Chowdhury, S. K., & Endres, M. L. (2021). The influence of regional economy-and industry-level environmental munificence on young firm growth. Journal of Business Research, 134, 29–36. CMHA. (2019). Going it Alone: The mental health and well-being of Canada’s entrepreneurs, (pp. 65): Canadian Mental Health Association. Codagnone, C., Bogliacino, F., Gómez, C., Charris, R., Montealegre, F., Liva, G., et al. (2020). Assessing concerns for the economic consequence of the COVID-19 response and mental health problems associated with economic vulnerability and negative economic shock in Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. PLoS ONE, 15(10), e0240876. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A Global Measure of Perceived Stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396. Conway, J. M., & Lance, C. E. (2010). What reviewers should expect from authors regarding common method bias in organizational research. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 325–334. Cosway, R., Endler, N. S., Sadler, A. J., & Deary, I. J. (2000). The Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations: Factorial Structure and Associations With Personality Traits and Psychological Health. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 5(2), 121–143. Cubbon, L., Darga, K., Wisnesky, U. D., Dennett, L., & Guptill, C. (2020). Depression among entrepreneurs: a scoping review. Small Business Economics, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00382-4 Dawson, D. L., & Golijani-Moghaddam, N. (2020). COVID-19: Psychological flexibility, coping, mental health, and wellbeing in the UK during the pandemic. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 17, 126–134. Eager, B., Grant, S. L., & Maritz, A. (2019). Classifying coping among entrepreneurs: Is it about time? Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 26(4), 486–503. Ebersberger, B., & Kuckertz, A. (2021). Hop to it! The impact of organization type on innovation response time to the COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Business Research, 124, 126–135. Edwards, B. D., Franco-Watkins, A. M., Cullen, K. L., Howell, J. W., & Acuff, R. E., Jr. (2014). Unifying the challenge-hindrance and sociocognitive models of stress. International Journal of Stress Management, 21(2), 162–185. Elovainio, M., Heponiemi, T., Jokela, M., Hakulinen, C., Presseau, J., Aalto, A.-M., et al. (2015). Stressful work environment and wellbeing: What comes first? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20(3), 289–300. Endler, N., & Parker, J. D. (1990a). Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. (1990b). Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(5), 844–854. Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. (1990c). State and trait anxiety, depression and coping styles. Australian Journal of Psychology, 42(2), 207–220. Etemad, H. (2020). Managing uncertain consequences of a global crisis: SMEs encountering adversities, losses, and new opportunities. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 18(2), 125–144. Fairlie, R. W. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Small Business Owners: Evidence of Early-Stage Losses from the April 2020 Current Population Survey. Institute of Labor Economics (IZA). Fleishman, J. A. (1984). Personality characteristics and coping patterns. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 25(2), 229–244. Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A., & Gruen, R. J. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 992–1003. Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 745–774. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141456 Freel, M. S. (2005). Perceived environmental uncertainty and innovation in small firms. Small Business Economics, 25(1), 49–64. Giones, F., Brem, A., Pollack, J. M., Michaelis, T. L., Klyver, K., & Brinckmann, J. (2020). Revising entrepreneurial action in response to exogenous shocks: Considering the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 14, e00186. Grant, S., & Ferris, K. (2012). Identifying sources of occupational stress in entrepreneurs for measurement. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 4(4), 351–373. Greco, V., & Roger, D. (2003). Uncertainty, stress, and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(6), 1057–1068. Gruszczynski, L. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic and International Trade: Temporary Turbulence or Paradigm Shift? European Journal of Risk Regulation, 11(2), 337–342. Hanlon, D., & Saunders, C. (2007). Marshaling resources to form small new ventures: Toward a more holistic understanding of entrepreneurial support. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(4), 619–641. Henkel, V., Mergl, R., Kohnen, R., Maier, W., Möller, H., & Hegerl, U. (2003). The WHO-5 wellbeing index performed the best in screening for depression in primary care. Evidence Based Medicine, 8(5), 155. Hilmersson, M. (2014). Small and medium-sized enterprise internationalisation strategy and performance in times of market turbulence. International Small Business Journal, 32(4), 386–400. Hmieleski, K. M., & Baron, R. A. (2009). Entrepreneurs’ optimism and new venture performance: A social cognitive perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 52(3), 473–488. Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. Hobfoll, S. E. (2011). Conservation of resources theory: Its implication for stress, health, and resilience. In S. Folkman (Ed.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping (pp. 127–147). Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press. Honig, B., & Samuelsson, M. (2020). Business planning by intrapreneurs and entrepreneurs under environmental uncertainty and institutional pressure. Technovation, 102124. Kang, M., Choi, Y., Kim, J., Lee, K. O., Lee, S., Park, I. K., et al. (2020). COVID-19 impact on city and region: What’s next after lockdown? International Journal of Urban Sciences, 24(3), 297–315. Kline, R. B. (2004). Principles and Practices of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. Klofsten, M., MacEachen, E., & Ståhl, C. (2020). New and small firms in a modern working life: how do we make entrepreneurship healthy? Small Business Economics, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00380-6. Klyver, K., Honig, B., & Steffens, P. (2018). Social support timing and persistence in nascent entrepreneurship: Exploring when instrumental and emotional support is most effective. Small Business Economics, 51(3), 709–734. Koeske, G. F., & Koeske, R. D. (1993). A preliminary test of a stress-strain-outcome model for reconceptualizing the burnout phenomenon. Journal of Social Service Research, 17(3–4), 107–135. Krieger, T., Zimmermann, J., Huffziger, S., Ubl, B., Diener, C., Kuehner, C., et al. (2014). Measuring depression with a well-being index: Further evidence for the validity of the WHO Well-Being Index (WHO-5) as a measure of the severity of depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 156, 240–244. Kuckertz, A., Brändle, L., Gaudig, A., Hinderer, S., Reyes, C. A. M., Prochotta, A., et al. (2020). Startups in times of crisis–A rapid response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 13, e00169. Lanivich, S. E. (2015). The RICH entrepreneur: Using conservation of resources theory in contexts of uncertainty. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(4), 863–894. Lanivich, S. E., Bennett, A., Kessler, S. R., McIntyre, N., & Smith, A. W. (2021). RICH with well-being: An entrepreneurial mindset for thriving in early-stage entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Research, 124, 571–580. Lazarus, R. S. (2006). Stress and emotion: A new synthesis: Springer Publishing Company. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer Publishing Company. Lerman, M. P., Munyon, T. P., & Carr, J. C. (2020). Stress events theory: A theoretical framework for understanding entrepreneurial behavior. In Entrepreneurial and Small Business Stressors, Experienced Stress, and Well-Being. Emerald Publishing Limited. Lerman, M. P., Munyon, T. P., & Williams, D. W. (2021). The (Not So) Dark Side Of Entrepreneurship: A Meta-Analysis Of The Well-Being And Performance Consequences Of Entrepreneurial Stress. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 15(3), 377–402. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1370 Loh, M. Y., Idris, M. A., Dollard, M. F., & Isahak, M. (2018). Psychosocial safety climate as a moderator of the moderators: Contextualizing JDR models and emotional demands effects. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 91(3), 620–644. Marino, L. D., Lohrke, F. T., Hill, J. S., Weaver, K. M., & Tambunan, T. (2008). Environmental Shocks and SME Alliance Formation Intentions in an Emerging Economy: Evidence from the Asian Financial Crisis in Indonesia. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(1), 157–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00220.x Marshall, D. R., Meek, W. R., Swab, R. G., & Markin, E. (2020). Access to resources and entrepreneurial well-being: A self-efficacy approach. Journal of Business Research, 120, 203–212. Mattlin, J. A., Wethington, E., & Kessler, R. C. (1990). Situational determinants of coping and coping effectiveness. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 31(1), 103–122. McArthur, A. W., & Nystrom, P. C. (1991). Environmental dynamism, complexity, and munificence as moderators of strategy-performance relationships. Journal of Business Research, 23(4), 349–361. McKelvie, A., Wiklund, J., & Brattström, A. (2018). Externally acquired or internally generated? Knowledge development and perceived environmental dynamism in new venture innovation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(1), 24–46. McMullen, J. S., & Shepherd, D. A. (2006). Entrepreneurial action and the role of uncertainty in the theory of the entrepreneur. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 132–152. Mo, G., Cukier, W., Atputharajah, A., Boase, M. I., & Hon, H. (2020). Differential Impacts during COVID-19 in Canada: A Look at Diverse Individuals and Their Businesses. Canadian Public Policy, 46(S3), S261–S271. Morgan, M. S. (2013). Nature’s experiments and natural experiments in the social sciences. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 43(3), 341–357. Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., et al. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International Journal of Surgery (london, England), 78, 185–193. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 115–121. Patel, P. C., & Rietveld, C. A. (2020). The impact of financial insecurity on the self-employed’s short-term psychological distress: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 14, e00206. Patel, P. C., & Wolfe, M. T. (2020). Not all paths lead to Rome: Self-employment, wellness beliefs, and well-being. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 14, e00183. Pedauga, L., Sáez, F., & Delgado-Márquez, B. L. (2021). Macroeconomic lockdown and SMEs: the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. Small Business Economics, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00476-7. Pollack, J. M., Vanepps, E. M., & Hayes, A. F. (2012). The moderating role of social ties on entrepreneurs’ depressed affect and withdrawal intentions in response to economic stress. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(6), 789–810. Rabe-Hesketh, S., Skrondal, A., & Pickles, A. (2004). Generalized multilevel structural equation modeling. Psychometrika, 69(2), 167–190. Rauch, A., Fink, M., & Hatak, I. (2018). Stress processes: An essential ingredient in the entrepreneurial process. Academy of Management Perspectives, 32(3), 340–357. Reardon, T., Heiman, A., Lu, L., Nuthalapati, C. S., Vos, R., & Zilberman, D. (2021). “Pivoting” by food industry firms to cope with COVID-19 in developing regions: E-commerce and “copivoting” delivery intermediaries. Agricultural Economics, 52(3), 459–475. Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., et al. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. Salvato, C., Sargiacomo, M., Amore, M. D., & Minichilli, A. (2020). Natural Disasters As A Source Of Entrepreneurial Opportunity: Family Business Resilience After An Earthquake. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 14(4), 594–615. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1368 Schmitt, N. (1996). Uses and abuses of coefficient alpha. Psychological Assessment, 8(4), 350–353. Shepherd, D. A. (2020). COVID 19 and entrepreneurship: Time to pivot? Journal of Management Studies, 58(8), 1750–1753. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12633 Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 312–321. Simón-Moya, V., Revuelto-Taboada, L., & Ribeiro-Soriano, D. (2016). Influence of economic crisis on new SME survival: Reality or fiction? Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 28(1–2), 157–176. Singh, S., Corner, P., & Pavlovich, K. (2007). Coping with entrepreneurial failure. Journal of Management & Organization, 13(04), 331–344. Skinner, E. A., Edge, K., Altman, J., & Sherwood, H. (2003). Searching for the structure of coping: A review and critique of category systems for classifying ways of coping. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2), 216–269. Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2015). Recovery from job stress: The stressor-detachment model as an integrative framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(S1), S72–S103. St-Jean, É., Chouchane, R., & Tremblay, M. (2022). Psychological health and entrepreneurial career commitment during the COVID-19 pandemic: On the role of sleep and access to resources. Revue de l'Entrepreneuriat, 21(Hors Série 2), 101–132. St-Jean, É., & Tremblay, M. (2020). Mentoring for entrepreneurs: A boost or a crutch? Long-term effect of mentoring on self-efficacy. International Small Business Journal, 38(5), 424–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242619901058 Stephan, U. (2018). Entrepreneurs’ mental health and well-being: A review and research agenda. Academy of Management Perspectives, 32(3), 290–322. Tadić, M., Bakker, A. B., & Oerlemans, W. G. (2015). Challenge versus hindrance job demands and well-being: A diary study on the moderating role of job resources. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(4), 702–725. Uy, M. A., Foo, M.-D., & Song, Z. (2013). Joint effects of prior start-up experience and coping strategies on entrepreneurs’ psychological well-being. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(5), 583–597. van Woerkom, M., Bakker, A. B., & Nishii, L. H. (2016). Accumulative job demands and support for strength use: Fine-tuning the job demands-resources model using conservation of resources theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(1), 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000033 Wach, D., Stephan, U., Weinberger, E., & Wegge, J. (2021). Entrepreneurs' stressors and well-being: A recovery perspective and diary study. Journal of Business Venturing, 36(5), 106016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2020.106016. Wang, G., Dou, W., Zhu, W., & Zhou, N. (2015). The effects of firm capabilities on external collaboration and performance: The moderating role of market turbulence. Journal of Business Research, 68(9), 1928–1936. Warttig, S. L., Forshaw, M. J., South, J., & White, A. K. (2013). New, normative, English-sample data for the short form perceived stress scale (PSS-4). Journal of Health Psychology, 18(12), 1617–1628. WHO. (2014). Mental health: A state of well-being. World Health Organization. Wiklund, J., Nikolaev, B., Shir, N., Foo, M.-D., & Bradley, S. (2019). Entrepreneurship and well-being: Past, present, and future. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(4), 579–588. Williams, T. A., & Shepherd, D. A. (2018). To the rescue!? Brokering a rapid, scaled and customized compassionate response to suffering after disaster. Journal of Management Studies, 55(6), 910–942. Williamson, A. J., Gish, J. J., & Stephan, U. (2021). Let’s focus on solutions to entrepreneurial ill-being! recovery interventions to enhance entrepreneurial well-being. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Wolfe, M. T., & Patel, P. C. (2021). Everybody hurts: Self-employment, financial concerns, mental distress, and well-being during COVID-19. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 15, e00231. Xu, F., Kellermanns, F. W., Jin, L., & Xi, J. (2020). Family support as social exchange in entrepreneurship: Its moderating impact on entrepreneurial stressors-well-being relationships. Journal of Business Research, 120, 59–73.