Tunnel valley formation beneath deglaciating mid-latitude ice sheets: Observations and modelling
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adamczyk, 2022, Inventory of glacial curvilineations (GCLs) at the southern periphery of the last Scandinavian Ice Sheet, Geomorphology, 400, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.108094
Andrews, 2014, Direct observations of evolving subglacial drainage beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet, Nature, 514, 80, 10.1038/nature13796
Arnold, 2010, A new approach for dealing with depressions in digital elevation models when calculating flow accumulation values, Prog. Phys. Geogr.: Earth Environ., 34, 781, 10.1177/0309133310384542
Atkinson, 2013, Morphological analysis and evolution of buried tunnel valleys in northeast Alberta, Canada, Quat. Sci. Rev., 65, 53, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.031
Banwell, 2013, Modeling subglacial water routing at Paakitsoq, W Greenland, J. Geophys. Res.: Earth Surf., 118, 1282, 10.1002/jgrf.20093
Banwell, 2016, Moulin density controls drainage development beneath the Greenland ice sheet, J. Geophys. Res.: Earth Surf., 121, 2248, 10.1002/2015JF003801
Bartholomew, 2011, Supraglacial forcing of subglacial drainage in the ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, 10.1029/2011GL047063
Batchelor, 2019, The configuration of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets through the Quaternary, Nat. Commun., 10, 3713, 10.1038/s41467-019-11601-2
Beaud, 2016, Efficacy of bedrock erosion by subglacial water flow, Earth Surf. Dyn., 4, 125, 10.5194/esurf-4-125-2016
Beaud, 2018, Excavation of subglacial bedrock channels by seasonal meltwater flow, Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 43, 1960, 10.1002/esp.4367
Bell, 2018, Antarctic surface hydrology and impacts on ice-sheet mass balance, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 1044, 10.1038/s41558-018-0326-3
Bellwald, 2021, Characterization of a glacial paleo-outburst flood using high-resolution 3-D seismic data: bjørnelva River Valley, SW Barents Sea, J. Glaciol., 1
Benvenuti, 2018, Tunnel valley deposits from the southern North Sea - material provenance and depositional processes, Boreas, 47, 625, 10.1111/bor.12292
Björnsson, 1992, Jokulhlaups in Iceland: prediction, characteristics and simulation, Ann. Glaciol., 16, 95, 10.3189/1992AoG16-1-95-106
Björnsson, 2002, Subglacial lakes and jokulhlaups in, Iceland: Global Planet. Change, 35, 255
Boulton, 1987, Sediment deformation beneath glaciers: rheology and geological consequences, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 10.1029/JB092iB09p09059
Bradley, 2018, Glacial isostatic adjustment of the British Isles and north west Europe, EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 20, 9701
Brennand, 1994, Tunnel channels and associated landforms south central Ontario their implications for ice sheet hydrology, Can. J. Earth Sci., 31, 505, 10.1139/e94-045
Carter, 2017, Antarctic subglacial lakes drain through sediment-floored canals: theory and model testing on real and idealized domains, Cryosphere, 11, 381, 10.5194/tc-11-381-2017
Catania, 2001, Braiding under glass: Geol., 29, 259
Chudley, 2019, Supraglacial lake drainage at a fast-flowing Greenlandic outlet glacier, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 116, 25468, 10.1073/pnas.1913685116
Clark, 2018, Glacial curvilineations found along the southern sector of the Laurentide Ice sheet and a hypothesis of formation involving subglacial slope failure in tunnel valleys and subglacial lakes, Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 43, 1518, 10.1002/esp.4324
Clark, C. D., Ely, J. C., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Bradley, S. L., Igneczi, A., Fabel, D., Ó Cofaigh, C., Chiverrell, R. C., Scourse, J. D., Benetti, S., Bradwell, T., Evans, D. J. A., Roberts, D. H., Burke, M. J., Callard, S. L., Medialdea, A., Saher, M. H., Small, D., Smedley, R. K., Gasson, E., Gregoire, L., Gandy, N., Ballantyne, C., Bateman, M. D., Bigg, G. R., Doole, J., Dove, D., Duller, G. A. T., C., H. A. L., Jenkins, G. T. H., Livingstone, S. J., McCarron, S., Moreton, S. G., Pollard, D., Praeg, D., Sejrup, H. P., Van Landeghem, K., and Wilson, P., In review, Growth and retreat of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet, 31,000 to 15,000 years ago: the BRITICE-CHRONO reconstruction: Boreas.
Clark, 2018, BRITICE Glacial Map, version 2: a map and GIS database of glacial landforms of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet, Boreas, 47, 11, 10.1111/bor.12273
Clark, 2021, Timing, pace and controls on ice sheet retreat: an introduction to the BRITICE-CHRONO transect reconstructions of the British–Irish Ice Sheet, J. Quat. Sci., 36, 673, 10.1002/jqs.3326
Clayton, 1999, Tunnel channels formed in Wisconsin during the last glaciations, vol. 337, 69
Colgan, 2009, Modelling the spatial distribution of moulins near Jakobshavn, Greenland, IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., 6, 1, 10.1088/1755-1307/6/1/012022
Cuffey, 2010
Cutler, 2002, Sedimentologic evidence for outburst floods from the Laurentide Ice Sheet margin in Wisconsin, USA: implications for tunnel channel formation, Quat. Int., 90, 23, 10.1016/S1040-6182(01)00090-8
Damsgaard, 2017, Sediment behavior controls equilibrium width of subglacial channels, J. Glaciol., 63, 1034, 10.1017/jog.2017.71
Das, 2008, Fracture propagation to the base of the Greenland Ice Sheet during supraglacial lake drainage, Science, 320, 778, 10.1126/science.1153360
Douillet, 2012, Late Ordovician tunnel valleys in southern Jordan, Geol. Soc. Lond. Special Pub., 368, 275, 10.1144/SP368.4
Dow, 2015, Modeling of subglacial hydrological development following rapid supraglacial lake drainage, J Geophys Res Earth Surf, 120, 1127, 10.1002/2014JF003333
Dow, 2018, Basal channels drive active surface hydrology and transverse ice shelf fracture, Sci. Adv., 4, eaao7212, 10.1126/sciadv.aao7212
Dowdeswell, 2016, The variety and distribution of submarine glacial landforms and implications for ice-sheet reconstruction, 519
Doyle, 2015, Amplified melt and flow of the Greenland ice sheet driven by late-summer cyclonic rainfall, Nat. Geosci., 8, 647, 10.1038/ngeo2482
Ely, 2016, Do subglacial bedforms comprise a size and shape continuum?, Geomorphology, 257, 108, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.01.001
2018
Fransner, 2016, Crag-and-tail landforms in outer rijpfjorden, nordaustlandet, svalbard, ume 46, 57
Games, 2012, Shallow gas detection - why HRS, why 3D, why not HRS 3D?, First Break, 30, 25, 10.3997/1365-2397.2012016
Gandy, 2019, Exploring the ingredients required to successfully model the placement, generation, and evolution of ice streams in the British-Irish Ice Sheet, Quat. Sci. Rev., 223, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105915
Ghienne, 1998, Large scale channel fill structures in Late Ordovician glacial deposits in Mauritania, Western Sahara, Sediment. Geol., 119, 141, 10.1016/S0037-0738(98)00045-1
Ghienne, 2007, The Late Ordovician glacial sedimentary system of the North Gondwana platform, 295
Giglio, 2021, A Late Pleistocene channelized subglacial meltwater system on the Atlantic continental shelf south of Ireland, Boreas, 51, 118, 10.1111/bor.12536
Gledhill, 2017, Inland advance of supraglacial lakes in north-west Greenland under recent climatic warming, Ann. Glaciol., 59, 66, 10.1017/aog.2017.31
Golledge, 2012, Dynamics of the last glacial maximum Antarctic ice-sheet and its response to ocean forcing, Proceedings National Acad. Sci. United States Am., 109, 16052, 10.1073/pnas.1205385109
Golledge, 2013, Glaciology and geological signature of the Last Glacial Maximum Antarctic Ice Sheet, Quat. Sci. Rev., 78, 225, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.08.011
Gowan, 2021, A new global ice sheet reconstruction for the past 80 000 years, Nat. Commun., 12, 1199, 10.1038/s41467-021-21469-w
Gudmundsson, 1995, Changes in jökulhlaup sizes in Grímsvötn, Vatnajökull, Iceland, 1934-91, deduced from in-situ measurements of subglacial lake volume, J. Glaciol., 41, 263, 10.3189/S0022143000016166
Hepp, 2012, An east-west-trending Quaternary tunnel valley in the south-eastern North Sea and its seismic-sedimentological interpretation, J. Quat. Sci., 27, 844, 10.1002/jqs.2599
Hirst, 2002, Tunnel valleys and density flow processes in the upper Ordovician glacial succession, Illizi Basin, Algeria: influence on reservoir quality, J. Petrol. Geol., 25, 297, 10.1111/j.1747-5457.2002.tb00011.x
Hogan, 2022, Subglacial water flow over an antarctic palaeo-ice stream bed, J. Geophys. Res.: Earth Surf., 127, 2
Hooke, 2006, On the formation of the tunnel valleys of the southern Laurentide ice sheet, Quat. Sci. Rev., 25, 1364, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.01.018
Hulbe, 2017, Is ice sheet collapse in West Antarctica unstoppable?, Science, 356, 910, 10.1126/science.aam9728
Huuse, 2000, Overdeepened Quaternary valleys in the eastern Danish North Sea morphology and origin, Quat. Sci. Rev., 19, 1233, 10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00103-1
Iverson, 1998, Ring-shear studies of till deformation: coulomb-plastic behaviour and distributed strain in glacier beds, J. Glaciol., 44, 634, 10.3189/S0022143000002136
Iverson, 2007, Soft-bed experiments beneath Engabreen, Norway: regelation infiltration, basal slip and bed deformation, J. Glaciol., 53, 323, 10.3189/002214307783258431
Jentzsch, 1884, Über die Bildung der preussischen Seen, Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, 10, 699
Jordan, 2010, 283
Jørgensen, 2006, Buried and open tunnel valleys in Denmark—erosion beneath multiple ice sheets, Quat. Sci. Rev., 25, 1339, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.11.006
Kehew, 2007, Tunnel channels of the Saginaw lobe, Michigan, USA: applied Quaternary research in the central part of glaciated terrain, Geol. Survey Finland, Special Paper, 46, 69
Kehew, 2012, Tunnel valleys: concepts and controversies — a review, Earth Sci. Rev., 113, 33, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.02.002
King, 2020, The precision of radar-derived subglacial bed topography: a case study from Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 1
Kingslake, 2017, Widespread movement of meltwater onto and across Antarctic ice shelves, Nature, 544, 349, 10.1038/nature22049
Kirkham, 2019, Past water flow beneath Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers, West Antarctica, Cryosphere, 13, 1959, 10.5194/tc-13-1959-2019
Kirkham, 2020, Morphometry of bedrock meltwater channels on Antarctic inner continental shelves: implications for channel development and subglacial hydrology, Geomorphology, 370, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107369
Kirkham, 2021, Tunnel valley infill and genesis revealed by high-resolution 3-D seismic data, Geol., 49, 1516, 10.1130/G49048.1
Koziol, 2018, Modelling seasonal meltwater forcing of the velocity of land-terminating margins of the Greenland Ice Sheet, Cryosphere, 12, 971, 10.5194/tc-12-971-2018
Koziol, 2017, Quantifying supraglacial meltwater pathways in the Paakitsoq region, West Greenland, J. Glaciol., 63, 464, 10.1017/jog.2017.5
Kristensen, 2012, Multistage erosion and infill of buried Pleistocene tunnel valleys and associated seismic velocity effects, Geol. Soc. Lond. Special Pub., 368, 159, 10.1144/SP368.15
Kristensen, 2007, A morphometric analysis of tunnel valleys in the eastern North Sea based on 3D seismic data, J. Quat. Sci., 22, 801, 10.1002/jqs.1123
Kristensen, 2008, Time-transgressive tunnel valley formation indicated by infill sediment structure, North Sea – the role of glaciohydraulic supercooling, Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 33, 546, 10.1002/esp.1668
Krüger, 1989
Lamb, 2018, The early quaternary North Sea basin, J. Geol. Soc., 175, 275, 10.1144/jgs2017-057
Larter, 2019, Subglacial hydrological control on flow of an Antarctic Peninsula palaeo-ice stream, Cryosphere, 13, 1583, 10.5194/tc-13-1583-2019
Le Heron, 2004, Sedimentary architecture of Upper Ordovician tunnel valleys, Gargaf Arch, Libya: implications for the genesis of a hydrocarbon reservoir, GeoArabia, 9, 137, 10.2113/geoarabia0902137
Leeson, 2015, Supraglacial lakes on the Greenland ice sheet advance inland under warming climate, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 51, 10.1038/nclimate2463
Lelandais, 2016, Experimental modeling of pressurized subglacial water flow: implications for tunnel valley formation, J. Geophys. Res.: Earth Surf., 121, 2022, 10.1002/2016JF003957
Lelandais, 2018, Modelled subglacial floods and tunnel valleys control the life cycle of transitory ice streams, Cryosphere, 12, 2759, 10.5194/tc-12-2759-2018
Lesemann, 2010, “Glacial curvilineations”: new glacial landforms produced by longitudinal vortices in subglacial meltwater flows, Geomorphology, 120, 153, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.03.020
Lesemann, 2014, Genesis of the ‘glacial curvilineation’ landscape by meltwater processes under the former Scandinavian Ice Sheet, Poland, Sediment. Geol., 312, 1, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2014.07.003
Lewington, 2020, A model for interaction between conduits and surrounding hydraulically connected distributed drainage based on geomorphological evidence from Keewatin, Canada, Cryosphere, 14, 2949, 10.5194/tc-14-2949-2020
Lindbäck, 2015, Subglacial water drainage, storage, and piracy beneath the Greenland ice sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 7606, 10.1002/2015GL065393
Livingstone, 2016, Morphological properties of tunnel valleys of the southern sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and implications for their formation, Earth Surf. Dyn., 4, 567, 10.5194/esurf-4-567-2016
Lohrberg, 2020, Architecture of tunnel valleys in the southeastern North Sea: new insights from high-resolution seismic imaging, J. Quat. Sci., 35, 892, 10.1002/jqs.3244
Lonergan, 2006, Pleistocene subglacial tunnel valleys in the central North Sea basin: 3-D morphology and evolution, J. Quat. Sci., 21, 891, 10.1002/jqs.1015
Lowe, 2003, Evidence for abundant subglacial meltwater beneath the paleo ice sheet in Pine Island Bay, Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 49, 125, 10.3189/172756503781830971
Marshall, 2000, Glaciological reconstruction of the Laurentide Ice Sheet: physical processes and modelling challenges, Can. J. Earth Sci., 37, 769, 10.1139/e99-113
Montelli, 2019, Seismic stratigraphy of the Sabrina Coast shelf, East Antarctica: early history of dynamic meltwater-rich glaciations, GSA Bulletin, 132, 545
Montelli, 2020, Deep and extensive meltwater system beneath the former, Eurasian Ice Sheet Kara Sea: Geol., 48, 179
Mooers, 1989, On the formation of the tunnel valleys of the Superior Lobe Central Minnesota, Quat. Res., 32, 24, 10.1016/0033-5894(89)90029-X
Moreau, 2014, Infill of tunnel valleys associated with landward-flowing ice sheets: the missing Middle Pleistocene record of the NW European rivers?, G-cubed, 15, 1
Mouginot, 2019, Forty-six years of Greenland Ice Sheet mass balance from 1972 to 2018, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 116, 9239, 10.1073/pnas.1904242116
Müther, 2012, Middle Pleistocene landforms in the Danish Sector of the southern North Sea imaged on 3D seismic data, vol. 368, 111
Nechay, 1927, Utwory lodowcowe ziemi dobrzyńskiej, Sprawozdania Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 4, 61
Nienow, 2017, Recent advances in our understanding of the role of meltwater in the Greenland ice sheet system, Curr. Clim. Change Rep., 3, 330, 10.1007/s40641-017-0083-9
Nitsche, 2013, Paleo ice flow and subglacial meltwater dynamics in Pine Island Bay, West Antarctica, Cryosphere, 7, 249, 10.5194/tc-7-249-2013
Niu, 2019, The sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets to atmospheric forcing during the last glacial cycle using PMIP3 models, J. Glaciol., 65, 645, 10.1017/jog.2019.42
Nordmann, 1958, Beskrivelse til geologisk kort over danmark. Kortbladet fredericia. A: kvartære aflejringer, Geol. Survey Denmark (Series I), 22-A, 1
Ó Cofaigh, 1996, Tunnel valley genesis, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 20, 1, 10.1177/030913339602000101
O'Connor, 2004, The world's largest floods, past and present - their causes and magnitudes: U.S, Geol. Surv. Circular, 1254, 13p
Ottesen, 2018, Morphology and pattern of quaternary sedimentation in the North Sea Basin (52–62°N), Mar. Petrol. Geol., 98, 836, 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.08.022
Ottesen, 2020, Tunnel valleys of the central and northern North Sea (56°N to 62°N): distribution and characteristics, Mar. Geol., 425, 10.1016/j.margeo.2020.106199
Patterson, 1997, Southern Laurentide ice lobes were created by ice streams: des Moines Lobe in Minnesota, Sediment. Geol., 111, 249, 10.1016/S0037-0738(97)00018-3
Peterson, 2018, Genesis of hummocks found in tunnel valleys: an example from Hörda, southern Sweden: GFF, 140, 189
Piotrowski, 1994, Tunnel valley formation in northwest Germany - geology mechanisms of formation and subglacial bed conditions for the Bornhoved tunnel valley, Sediment. Geol., 89, 107, 10.1016/0037-0738(94)90086-8
Praeg, 1996
Praeg, 2003, Seismic imaging of mid-Pleistocene tunnel-valleys in the North Sea Basin—high resolution from low frequencies, J. Appl. Geophys., 53, 273, 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.08.001
Prins, 2020, Formation and widening of a North Sea tunnel valley - the impact of slope processes on valley morphology, Geomorphology, 368, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107347
Pugin, 2014, Architecture of buried valleys in glaciated Canadian Prairie regions based on high resolution geophysical data, Quat. Sci. Rev., 86, 13, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.12.007
Ravier, 2014, Porewater pressure control on subglacial soft sediment remobilization and tunnel valley formation: a case study from the Alnif tunnel valley (Morocco), Sediment. Geol., 304, 71, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2014.02.005
Rignot, 2019, Four decades of antarctic ice sheet mass balance from 1979-2017, Proceedings National Acad. Sci. United States Am., 116, 1095, 10.1073/pnas.1812883116
Sandersen, 2009, Rapid tunnel-valley formation beneath the receding Late Weichselian ice sheet in Vendsyssel, Denmark, Boreas, 38, 834, 10.1111/j.1502-3885.2009.00105.x
Scambos, 2000, The link between climate warming and break-up of ice shelves in the Antarctic Peninsula, J. Glaciol., 46, 516, 10.3189/172756500781833043
Selmes, 2011, Fast draining lakes on the Greenland ice sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, 15, 10.1029/2011GL047872
Shackleton, 2018, Subglacial water storage and drainage beneath the Fennoscandian and Barents Sea ice sheets, Quat. Sci. Rev., 201, 13, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.10.007
Shaw, 1990, Evidence for large scale subglacial meltwater flood events in southern Ontario and northern New York State, Geol., 18, 1169, 10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<1169:EFLSSM>2.3.CO;2
Shepherd, 2018, Trends and connections across the Antarctic cryosphere, Nature, 558, 223, 10.1038/s41586-018-0171-6
Shepherd, 2020, Mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet from 1992 to 2018, Nature, 579, 233, 10.1038/s41586-019-1855-2
Shoemaker, 1986, Subglacial hydrology for an ice sheet resting on a deformable aquifer, J. Glaciol., 32, 20, 10.3189/S0022143000006833
Shreve, 1972, Movement of water in glaciers, J. Glaciol., 11, 205, 10.3189/S002214300002219X
Smed, 1962, Studier over den fynske øgruppes glaciale landskabsformer, Med. Dan. Geol. Foren., 15, 1
Smed, 1998, Die Entstehung der danischen und norddeutschen “Rinnentaler (tunneltäler) – glaziologische gesichtspunkte, Eiszeitalt. Ggw., 48, 1
Smith, 2015, Efficient meltwater drainage through supraglacial streams and rivers on the southwest Greenland ice sheet, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 112, 1001, 10.1073/pnas.1413024112
Stewart, 2011, Seven glacial cycles in the middle-late Pleistocene of northwest Europe: geomorphic evidence from buried tunnel valleys, Geol., 39, 283, 10.1130/G31631.1
Stewart, 2012, 3D seismic analysis of buried tunnel valleys in the Central North Sea: tunnel valley fill sedimentary architecture, vol. 368, 173
Stewart, 2013, 3D seismic analysis of buried tunnel valleys in the central North Sea: morphology, cross-cutting generations and glacial history, Quat. Sci. Rev., 72, 1, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.03.016
Stokes, 2002, Are long subglacial bedforms indicative of fast ice flow?, Boreas, 31, 239, 10.1111/j.1502-3885.2002.tb01070.x
Svendsen, 2004, Late Quaternary ice sheet history of northern Eurasia, Quat. Sci. Rev., 23, 1229, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.12.008
Tarasov, 2004, A geophysically constrained large ensemble analysis of the deglacial history of the North American ice-sheet complex, Quat. Sci. Rev., 23, 359, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.08.004
Tedesco, 2009, Assessment and development of snowmelt retrieval algorithms over Antarctica from K-band spaceborne brightness temperature (1979–2008), Rem. Sens. Environ., 113, 979, 10.1016/j.rse.2009.01.009
Tedesco, 2009, An updated Antarctic melt record through 2009 and its linkages to high-latitude and tropical climate variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, 10.1029/2009GL039186
Tedesco, 2013, Ice dynamic response to two modes of surface lake drainage on the Greenland ice sheet, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034007
Trusel, 2015, Divergent trajectories of Antarctic surface melt under two twenty-first-century climate scenarios, Nat. Geosci., 8, 927, 10.1038/ngeo2563
Tulaczyk, 2000, Basal mechanics of Ice Stream B, west Antarctica: 1. Till mechanics, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 105, 463, 10.1029/1999JB900329
Tulaczyk, 2000, Basal mechanics of Ice Stream B, west Antarctica: 2. Undrained plastic bed model, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 105, 483, 10.1029/1999JB900328
Ussing, 1903, Om Jyllands hedesletter og teorierne for deres dannelse, Oversigt over Det Kongelige danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger, 2, 99
Ussing, 1907, Om floddale og randmoræner i Jylland: Oversigt over Det Kongelige danske Videnskabernes Selskabs, Forhandlinger, 4, 161
van der Vegt, 2012, Tunnel valleys: current knowledge and future perspectives, vol. 368, 75
Walder, 1986, Hydraulics of subglacial cavities, J. Glaciol., 32, 439, 10.3189/S0022143000012156
Walder, 1994, Channelized subglacial drainage over a deformable bed, J. Glaciol., 40, 3, 10.3189/S0022143000003750
Williams, 1989, Sediment concentration versus water discharge during single hydrologic events in rivers, J. Hydrol., 111, 89, 10.1016/0022-1694(89)90254-0
Willis, 2016, Drainage networks, lakes and water fluxes beneath the Antarctic ice sheet, Ann. Glaciol., 57, 96, 10.1017/aog.2016.15
Wingfield, 1989, Glacial incisions indiciating middle and upper Pleistocene ice limits off britain, Terra. Nova, 1, 538, 10.1111/j.1365-3121.1989.tb00430.x
Wingfield, 1990, The origin of major incisions within the Pleistocene deposits of the North Sea, Mar. Geol., 91, 31, 10.1016/0025-3227(90)90131-3
Wingham, 2006, Rapid discharge connects Antarctic subglacial lakes, Nature, 440, 1033, 10.1038/nature04660
Winkelmann, 2011, The potsdam parallel ice sheet model (PISM-PIK) – Part 1: model description, Cryosphere, 5, 715, 10.5194/tc-5-715-2011
Woodland, 1970, The buried tunnel-valleys of East Anglia, Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc., 37, 521, 10.1144/pygs.37.4.521
Wright, 1973, Tunnel valleys, glacial surges and subglacial hydrology of the Superior Lobe, Minnesota, 251
Young, 2022, Rapid basal melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet from surface meltwater drainage, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 119, 10.1073/pnas.2116036119
Ziegler, 1990
Zoet, 2020, A slip law for glaciers on deformable beds, Science, 368, 76, 10.1126/science.aaz1183
Zoet, 2019, The effects of tunnel channel formation on the Green Bay Lobe, Geomorphology, 324, 36, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.09.021
Zwally, 2002, Surface melt-induced acceleration of Greenland ice-sheet flow, Science, 297, 218, 10.1126/science.1072708
Zweck, 2005, Modeling of the northern hemisphere ice sheets during the last glacial cycle and glaciological sensitivity, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 110, 10.1029/2004JD005489