Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 1, and phorbol myristate acetate are independent activators of NF-κB which differentially activate T cells

Osborn, 1989, Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1 stimulate the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer by activation of the nuclear factor κB, 86, 2336 Nabel, 1987, An inducible transcription factor activates human immunodeficiency virus expression in T cells, Nature, 326, 711, 10.1038/326711a0 Sen, 1986, Inducibility of kappa immunoglobulin enhancer-binding protein NF-κB by a posttranslational mechanism, Cell, 47, 921, 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90807-X Blanar, 1989, NF-kappa B binds within a region required for B-cell-specific expression of major histocompatibility complex class II gene E alpha d, Mol Cell Biol, 9, 844, 10.1128/MCB.9.2.844 Böhnlein, 1988, The same inducible nuclear protein(s) regulates mitogen activation of both the interleukin-2 receptor-alpha gene and type 1 HIV, Cell, 53, 827, 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90099-2 Cross, 1989, Functionally distinct NF-κB binding sites in the immunoglobulin κ and IL-2 receptor α chain genes, Science, 244, 466, 10.1126/science.2497520 Edbrooke, 1989, Identification of cis-acting sequences responsible for phorbol ester induction of human serum amyloid A gene expression via a nuclear factor κb-like transcription factor, Mol Cell Biol, 9, 1908, 10.1128/MCB.9.5.1908 Hoyos, 1989, Kappa-B-specific DNA binding proteins: Role in the regulation of human interleukin-2 gene expression, Science, 244, 457, 10.1126/science.2497518 Israel, 1987, A common positive transacting factor binds to enhancer sequences in the promoters of mouse H-2 and β-2 microglobulin genes, 84, 2653 Lenardo, 1989, The involvement of NF-κB in β-interferon gene regulation reveals its role as widely inducible mediator of signal transduction, Cell, 57, 287, 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90966-5 Lenardo, 1988, NF-κB protein purification from bovine spleen: Nucleotide stimulation and binding site specificity, 85, 8825 Leung, 1988, HTLV-1 transactivator induces interleukin-2 receptor expression through an NF-κB-like factor, Nature, 333, 776, 10.1038/333776a0 Ruben, 1988, Cellular transcription factors and regulation of IL-2 receptor gene expression by HTLV-1 tax gene product, Science, 241, 89, 10.1126/science.2838905 Visvanathan, 1989, Double-stranded RNA activates binding of NF-κB to an inducible element in the human β-interferon promoter, EMBO J, 8, 1129, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03483.x Lenardo, 1989, NF-κB: A pleiotropic mediator of inducible and tissue-specific gene control, Cell, 58, 227, 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90833-7 Gillis, 1980, Biochemical and biologic characterization of lymphocyte regulatory molecules, 125, 2570 Larsson, 1980, Two distinct factors are required for induction of T-cell growth, Nature, 283, 664, 10.1038/283664a0 Smith, 1979, In the molecular basis of immune cell function, 223 Singh, 1986, A nuclear factor that binds to a conserved sequence motif in transcriptional control elements of immunoglobulin genes, Nature, 319, 154, 10.1038/319154a0 Staudt, 1986, A lymphoid-specific protein binding to the octamer motif of immunoglobulin genes, Nature, 323, 640, 10.1038/323640a0 Angel, 1988, The jun proto-oncogene is positively autoregulated by its product, Jun/AP-1, Cell, 55, 875, 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90143-2 Lee, 1987, Purified transcription factor AP-1 interacts with TPA-inducible enhancer elements, Cell, 49, 741, 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90612-X Angel, 1987, Phorbol ester-inducible genes contain a common cis element recognized by a TPA-modulated trans-acting factor, Cell, 49, 729, 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90611-8 Chiu, 1988, The c-Fos protein interacts with c-Jun/AP-1 to stimulate transcription of AP-1 responsive genes, Cell, 54, 541, 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90076-1 Ryseck, 1988, Transcriptional activation of c-jun during the G0G1 transition in mouse fibroblasts, Nature, 334, 535, 10.1038/334535a0 Ryder, 1989, Jun-D: A third member of the Jun gene family, 86, 1500 Ryder, 1988, A gene activated by growth factors is related to the oncogene v-jun, 85, 1487 Ryder, 1988, Induction of protooncogene c-jun by serum growth factors, 85, 8464 Kouzarides, 1988, The role of the leucine zipper in the fos-jun interaction, Nature, 336, 646, 10.1038/336646a0 Halazonetis, 1988, c-Jun dimerizes with itself and with c-Fos forming complexes of different DNA binding affinities, Cell, 55, 917, 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90147-X Sassone-Corsi, 1988, Direct interaction between fos and jun nuclear oncoproteins: Role of the ‘leucine zipper’ domain, Nature, 336, 692, 10.1038/336692a0 Rauscher, 1988, Fos and Jun bind cooperatively to the AP-1 site: Reconstitution in vitro, Genes Dev, 2, 1687, 10.1101/gad.2.12b.1687 Nakabeppu, 1988, DNA binding activities of three murine Jun proteins: Stimulation by Fos, Cell, 55, 907, 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90146-8 Turner, 1989, Leucine repeats and an adjacent DNA binding domain mediate the formation of functional cFos-cJun heterodimers, Science, 243, 1689, 10.1126/science.2494701 Gentz, 1989, Parallel association of Fos and Jun leucine zippers juxtaposes DNA binding domains, Science, 243, 1695, 10.1126/science.2494702 Schuermann, 1989, The leucine repeat motif in Fos protein mediates complex formation with Jun/AP-1 and is required for transformation, Cell, 56, 507, 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90253-5 Ransone, 1989, Fos-Jun interaction: Mutational analysis of the leucine zipper domain of both proteins, Genes Dev, 3, 770, 10.1101/gad.3.6.770 Crabtree, 1989, Contingent genetic regulatory events in T lymphocyte activation, Science, 243, 355, 10.1126/science.2783497 Muegge, 1989, Interleukin-1 Costimulatory activity on the interleukin-2 promoter via Ap1, Science, 246, 249, 10.1126/science.2799385 Baeuerle, 1988, Activation of DNA-binding activity in an apparently cytoplasmic precursor of the NF-κB transcription factor, Cell, 53, 211, 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90382-0 Baldwin, 1987, Binding of a nuclear factor to a regulatory sequence in the promoter of the mouse H-2Kb class I major histocompatibility gene, Mol Cell Biol, 7, 305, 10.1128/MCB.7.1.305 Baldwin, 1988, Two transcription factors, NF-κB and H2TF1, interact with a single regulatory sequence in the class I major histocompatibility complex promoter, 85, 723 Ballard, 1988, HTLV-I tax induces cellular proteins that activate the κB element in the IL-2 receptor α gene, Science, 241, 1652, 10.1126/science.2843985 Franza, 1987, Characterization of cellular proteins recognizing the HIV enhancer using microscale DNA-affinity precipitation assay, Nature, 330, 391, 10.1038/330391a0 Kawakami, 1988, Identification and purification of human immunoglobulin-enhancer-binding protein (NF-κB) that activates transcription from a human immuno-deficiency virus type 1 promoter in vitro, 85, 4700 Singh, 1988, Molecular cloning of an enhancer binding protein: Isolation by screening of an expression library with a recognition site DNA, Cell, 52, 415, 10.1016/S0092-8674(88)80034-5 Yano, 1987, Purification of KBF1, a common factor binding to both H-2 and β2-microglobulin enhancers, EMBO J, 6, 3317, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02652.x Castagna, 1982, Direct activation of calcium-activated phospholipid-dependent protein kinase by tumor promoting phorbol esters, J Biol Chem, 257, 7847, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)34459-4 Nishizuka, 1984, The role of protein kinase C in cell surface signal transduction and tumor promotion, Nature, 308, 693, 10.1038/308693a0 Chiu, 1987, Multiple cis- and trans-acting elements mediate the transcriptional response to phorbol esters, Nature, 329, 648, 10.1038/329648a0 Zlotnik, 1986, Activation of Il 1-dependent and Il 1-independent T cell lines by calcium ionophore and phorbol ester, J Immunol, 136, 1033, 10.4049/jimmunol.136.3.1033 Ostrowski, 1988, Interferon-γ and interleukin-1α induce transient translocation of protein kinase C activity to membranes in a B lymphoid cell line, J Biol Chem, 263, 13786, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)68311-5 Avissar, 1985, Selective effects of TPA and IL 1 on protein phosphorylation in murine thymocytes, Cell Immunol, 96, 462, 10.1016/0008-8749(85)90378-8 Abraham, 1987, Transmembrane signaling during interleukin 1-dependent T cell activation, J Biol Chem, 262, 2719, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)61566-2 Mukaida, 1987, Signal requirement for interleukin 1-dependent interleukin 2 production by a human leukemia-derived HSB.2 subclone, J Immunol, 139, 3321, 10.4049/jimmunol.139.10.3321 Zhang, 1988, Enhancement of cAMP levels and of protein kinase C activity by tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 in human fibroblasts: Role in the induction of interleukin 6, 85, 6802 Shirakawa, 1989, Interleukin 1 and cyclic AMP induce κ immunoglobulin light-chain expression via activation of an NF-κB—like DNA-binding protein, Mol Cell Biol, 9, 959, 10.1128/MCB.9.3.959 Bird, 1989, IL-1 and TNF transmodulate epidermal growth factor receptors by a protein kinase C-independent mechanism, J Immunol, 142, 126, 10.4049/jimmunol.142.1.126 Brenner, 1989, Prolonged activation of jun and collagenase genes by tumour necrosis factor-α, Nature, 337, 661, 10.1038/337661a0 Baeuerle, 1988, I kappa B: A specific inhibitor of the NF-kappa B transcription factor, Science, 242, 540, 10.1126/science.3140380 Ghosh, 1990, Activation in vitro of NF-κB by phosphorylation of its inhibitor, IκB, Nature, 344, 678, 10.1038/344678a0 Hoyos, 1989, Kappa-B-specific DNA binding proteins: Role in the regulation of human interleukin-2 gene expression, Science, 244, 457, 10.1126/science.2497518 Duh, 1989, Tumor necrosis factor α activates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 through induction of nuclear factor binding to the NF-κB sites in the long terminal repeat, 86, 5974 Folks, 1989, Tumor necrosis factor α induces expression of human immunodeficiency virus in a chronically infected T-cell clone, 86, 2365 Griffin, 1989, Activation of HIV gene expression during monocyte differentiation by induction of NF-κB, Nature, 339, 70, 10.1038/339070a0 Bielinska, 1990, Regulation of gene expression with double-stranded phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, Science, 250, 997, 10.1126/science.2237444 Gorman, 1982, Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase in mammalian cells, Mol Cell Biol, 2, 1044, 10.1128/MCB.2.9.1044 Mosmann, 1983, Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays, J Immunol Methods, 65, 55, 10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4 Setoyama, 1986, Transcriptional activation encoded by the v-fos gene, 83, 3213 Gunning, 1983, Isolation and characterization of full length cDNA clones for human α-, β-, and γ-actin mRNAs: Skeletal but not cytoplasmic actins have an amino-terminal cysteine that is subsequently removed, Mol Cell Biol, 3, 787, 10.1128/MCB.3.5.787