Tropospheric lapse rate and its relation to surface temperature from reanalysis data
Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Tập 42 - Trang 430-438
Tóm tắt
Estimates of the tropospheric lapse rate γ and analysis of its relation to the surface temperature T
s in the annual cycle and interannual variability have been made using the global monthly mean data of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis (1948–2001). The tropospheric lapse rate γ is about 6.1 K/km in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) as a whole and over the ocean and about 6.2 K/km over the continents. The value of γ decreases from 6.5 K/km at low latitudes to 4.5 K/km at polar latitudes. The values of dγ/dT
s, the parameter of sensitivity of γ to the variation of T
s for the NH in the interannual variability, are found to be about 0.04 km−1 (0.041 km−1 for the NH as a whole, 0.042 km−1 over the ocean, and 0.038 km−1 over the continents). This corresponds to an increase in γ of approximately 0.7% when the surface temperature of the NH is increased by 1 K. Estimates of dγ/dT
s vary from about 0.05 km−1 in the subtropics to 0.10 km−1 at polar latitudes. When dγ/dT
s is positive, the surface and tropospheric warming means a temperature decrease above a certain critical level H
cr. The height of the level H
cr with constant temperature, which is defined by the inverse value (dγ/dT
s)−1, is about 25 km for the NH as a whole, i.e., above the tropopause. In the subtropics, H
cr is about 20 km. At polar latitudes, H
cr decreases to about 10 km. Positive values of dγ/dT
s characterize a positive climatic feedback through the lapse rate and indicate a general decrease in the static stability of the troposphere during global warming. Along with a general tendency of γ to increase with rising T
s, there are regional regimes with the opposite tendency, mainly over the ocean. The negative correlation of γ with T
s is found over the oceanic tropics and midlatitudes, in particular, over the oceanic belt around Antarctica.
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