Trends in radar absorbing materials technology
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Alexpoulos N G 1969 Radar cross section of perfectly conducting spheres coated with a certain class of radially inhomogeneous dielectrics.IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. AP-17: 667–669
Amin M B, James J R 1981 Techniques for the utilization of hexagonal ferrites in radar absorbers, Part I.Radio Electron. Eng. 51: 209–218
Aoto T, Yoshida N, Fukai I 1987 Transient analysis of the electromagnetic field for a wave absorber in three-dimensional space.IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. EMC-29: 18–23
Army Material Development and Readiness Command 1982 Radiation-resistant radar materials: Analytical and experimental study identifies materials potentially resistant to nuclear radiation damage. NTIS Tech Note, PB82970294XSP.
Arsaev I E 1982 Plane wave scattering by bodies of revolution.Radiotech. Electron. 27: 2101–2109
Baker D E, van der Neut C A 1988 Reflection measurements of microwave absorbers.Microwave J. 31: 95–98
Bastiere A 1989 Decision-making aid for multi-layer radar absorbent coverings. Tech. Rep. ESA-TT-1173, European Space Agency, Paris
Bhattacharyya A K 1990 Radar cross section reduction of a flat plate by RAM coating.Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett. 3: 324–327
Bhattacharyya A K, Sengupta D L 1991Radar cross section analysis and control (Norwood MA: Artech House)
Bhattacharyya A K, Tandon S K 1984 Radar cross section of a finite planar structure coated with a lossy dielectric.IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. AP-32: 1003–1007
Blore W E 1964 The radar cross section of polyfoam towers.IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. AP-12: 237–238
Bostick G 1985 Damping spurious microwave responses with absorbing materials.EMC Technol. 14(2): 21–27
Bowman J J 1968 Effects of absorbers. InMethods of radar cross-section analysis (eds) J R Crispin, Jr K M Siegel (New York: Academic Press)
Bowman J J, Weston V H 1966 The effect of curvature on the reflection coefficient of layered absorbers.IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. AP-14: 760–767
Bradshaw P S 1989 Signature management and structural materials. InMaterials and processing-Move to the 90’s Proc. of SAMPE (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science) pp 187–196
Brown A 1992 Fundamentals of stealth design.Lockheed Horizons 31(8): 6–12
Brumley S 1987 Better RCS data with anechoic absorber characterization.Micro. RF 26: 143–148
Cain R N, Corda A J 1991 Active radar stealth device. Patent 5 036 323, Dept. of the Navy, Washington DC
Cheng Y B, Ostertag E L 1986 An absorber-wall parallel-plate waveguide.IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-34: 761–766
Cherepanov A K 1974 Reflection of electromagnetic waves from an absorptive spiky surface.Radio Eng. Electron. Phys. 19: 120–123
Chou R, Ling H, Lee S W 1987 Reduction of the radar cross section of arbitrarily shaped cavity structures. Tech. Rep. NASACR 180307, Illinois Univ., Urbana-Champaign
Chou R-C 1988 Modal attenuation in multilayered coated waveguides.IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech MTT-36: 1167–1176
Cobucci F 1991 Building air superiority.Aerosp. Mater. Compos. 3: 16–19
Curran J 1993 HP radar/EW testing solutions.HP RF and Microwave Test Symp. Bangalore
Davies P, Popplewell J, LLewellyn J P 1986 Microwave absorption in ferrofluid composites.IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG-22: 1131–1133
de Hoop A T 1981 Theorem on maximum absorption of electromagnetic radiation by a scattering object of bounded extend.Radio Sci. 16: 971–974
Deleuze C 1992 Radar absorbing materials.Chocs 6: 15–29
Emerson W H 1973 Electromagnetic wave absorbers, anechoic chambers through the years.IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. AP-21: 484–490
Engheta N, Zablocky P G 1990 A step towards determining transient response of chiral materials - Kramers-Kronig relations for chiral parameters.Electron. Lett. 26: 2132–2134
Falkenbach G J 1965 Limitations in determining absorbing material parameters.Proc. IEEE 53: 1097–1098
Fante R L, McCormack M T 1988 Reflection properties of the Salisbury screen.IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. AP-36: 1443–1454
Fernandez A, Valenzula A 1985 General solution for single-layer electromagnetic wave absorber.Electron. Lett. 21: 20–21
Gauss A 1982 A new method of EM absorbing coating. Tech. Rep., AD A117472, Ballistic Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
Ginzton E L 1957Microwave measurements (New York: McGraw Hill)
Guillot T 1992Contribution to the modelling of the electromagnetic properties of random dielectric-conductor mixtures. Ph D thesis (Rep. ETN-93-93046), Office National d’Etudes et de Recherches Aerospatiales, Paris
Guillot T, Bobillot G 1991 Microwave measurement of the electrical conductivity of an elementary grain of a conducting powder. ONERA Tech. Rep. TP 1991-40 Paris
Halpren O, Johnson M J Jr Radar summary report of Harp project. OSRD Div 14, vol. 1 (part π), ch. 9–12
Hanson R L, Kiehle M H 1982 Performance considerations in the design of subsonic missile.AIAA Aerosp. Sci. 20th Meeting (Paper No. 82-0371)
Harrington J J 1987 Missile decoy radar cross section enhancer. Patent NTIS ADD0135608XSP, Department of the Air Force, Washington DC
Hatakeyama K, Inui T 1984 Electromagnetic wave absorber using ferrite absorbing material dispersed with short metal fibers.IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG-20: 1261–1263
He J, Lu Z, Su Y 1992 Experimental investigation on the ultra-wideband radar characteristics of coating RAMs targets.IEE Proc. Int. Conf. London: pp. 493–496
Hemmati H, Mathur J C, Eichhorn W L 1985 Submillimeter and millimeter wave characterization of absorbing materials.Appl. Opt. 24: 4489–4492
Hempel K A, Roos W 1981 Microwave absorption along minor hysterisis loops of single domain particles with uniaxial magnetic anisotropy.IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG-17: 2642–2644
Holland R, Cho K S 1986 Radar cross-section of damped cylinders and dielectric strips. Tech. Rep. APITR129 (Applied Physics Inc. Albuquerque NM)
Hurmuth H F 1983 On the effect of absorbing materials on electromagnetic waves with large relative bandwidth.IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. EMC-25: 32–39
Jaggard D L, Engheta N, Liu J 1990 Chiroshield — a Salisbury/Dallenbach shield alternative.Electron. Lett. 26: 1332–1334
Jones A K, Wooding E R 1964 A multilayer microwave absorber.IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. AP-12: 508–509
Joseph P J 1988U TD (Uniform geometrical theory of diffraction) scattering analysis of pyramidal absorber for design of compact range chambers. Master’s thesis (AFITCINR88193), Air Force Inst. of Technol., Wright-Patterson AFB OH
Kashiwa T, Yoshida N, Fukai I 1990 Simulation of the reduction characteristics of scattering from an aircraft coated with a thin-type absorber by the spatial network method.Electron. Lett. 26: 289–290
Kent B 1982 An automated dual horn-reflector microwave absorber measurement system. Tech. Rep. AFWALTR811284 (Air Force Wright Aeronautical Labs Wright-Patterson AFB, OH.) Vol I
Knott E F 1979 The thickness criterion for single layer radar absorbers.IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. AP-27: 698–701
Knott E F, Shaeffer J F, Tuley M T 1985Radar cross section (Norwood MA: Artech House)
Kong J A 1975Theory of electromagnetic waves (New York: Wiley Interscience)
Kumar P M 1994 EM design aspects of airborne radomes. Project Report, National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore
Kumar P M, Vinoy K J, Jha R M 1994 An indexed database of radome (1960–1993). NAL Project Document PD AL 9405, National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore
Lee C S, Lee S W, Chuang S L 1986 Normal modes in an overmoded circular waveguide coated with lossy materials.IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-34: 773–785
Lee S W, Lo Y T, Chuang S L, Lee C S 1985 Numerical methods for analyzing electromagnetic scattering. Semiann. Rep., NAS126176141, Illinois Univ., Urbana-Champaign
Lehto A, Tourinen J, Raisanen A 1991 Reflectivity of absorbers in 100–200 GHz range.Electron. Lett. 27: 1699–1700
Leontovich M A 1957 Appendix of diffraction, refraction and reflection of radio waves. Rep. AD 117276 (US Govt. Printing Press, Washington DC)
Li H J, Farhat N H, Shen Y 1989 Radar cross section reduction by absorber covering.J. Electromagn. Waves Appl. 3: 219–235
MacFarlane G G 1945 Radar camouflage research and development by the Germans. Tech. Rep. T1905 M/99 TRE
Macleod J B 1989Modeling of camouflage netting for radar cross section analysis. Master’s thesis (AFITGEENG89J2), School of Engineering Air Force Inst. of Technol., Wright-Patterson AFB OH
Maffioli F 1970 Constrained variable metric optimization of layered electromagnetic absorbers.Alta Freq. (Eng. Edn.) 39: 154–164
Martin P W 1992 Development of F-117 stealth fighter.Lockheed Horizons 31: 18–23
Marty V, Combes P-F, Borderies P 1992 Radar cross section of a rectangular waveguide array with complex load and covered with dielectric.La Rech. Aerosp. 4: 15–25
McCauley J W, Halpin B M, Jr. Hynes T, Eitelman S D 1980 Radar absorptive ferrite/resin composites from industrial effluent.Ceramic Eng. Sci. Proc. 1: 356–369
McCluggage W A 1987Study of radar cross section (RCS) characteristics and their application in future weapon systems. Master’s thesis (ETN8892081), RAF College, Cranwell
Mishra S R, Pavlasek J J F, Yazar M N 1982 Design criteria for costeffective broad band absorber-lined chambers for EMS measurements.IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. EMC-24: 12–19
Mitsmakher M Iu 1980. Quality of modern anechoic chambers and radio wave absorbing materials.Antenny 28: 147–164
Montgomery C G 1957Techniques of microwave measurements (New York: McGraw-Hill)
Montgomery C G, Dicke R H, Purcell E 1948Principles of microwave circuits. Radiation Lab Series 8 (Boston, MA: Boston Technol.)
Moreland J, Peters L Jr 1966 The specular radar cross section of absorber coated bodies.IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. AP-14: 799–800
Musal H M, Hahn H T 1989 Thin layer electromagnetic absorber design.IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG-25: 3851–3853
Musal H M, Smith D C 1990 Universal design chart for specular absorbers.IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG-26: 1462–1464
Naamlooze Vennootschap Machinerieen 1936French Patent 802 728
Nagasubramanian G, Distefano S, Liang R H 1990 Silicon containing electroconductive polymers, structures made therefrom. Patent Application. Rep. PAT-APPL-7-479 485, (NASA, Pasadena CA)
Nagornov A I, Postnikov A I, Vasil’ev V P, Gordeev V A 1978 Study of the absorption properties of resistive films aligned perpendicular to the waveguide axis.Radiofizika 21: 151–153
Naito Y 1970 Generalised Snock’s limits in ferrite.Jpn. J. Phys.
Naito Y, Suetake K 1965 Construction of multilayer absorbing wall for microwaves.Electron. Commun. Jpn. 48(12): 112–121
Naito Y, Suetake K 1971 Application of ferrite to Electromagnetic wave absorber and its characteristics.IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-19: 65–72
Olmedo L 1992 Absorbing materials based on conductive polymersChocs 6: 53–65
Ono M, Suzuki M 1967 Reflection and attenuation characteristics of multilayer absorber at oblique incidence.Electron. Commun. Jpn. 50(9): 84–92
Ono M, Okokawa S, Suzuki M 1967 Fundamental characteristics of the microwave absorber.Yamagata Univ. Bull. (Eng.) 9: 569–579
Ono M, Ikuta A, Katagiri Y 1979 Synthesis of an electromagnetic wave absorber with good reflection characteristics at both normal and oblique incidence.Electron. Commun. Jpn. 62: 59–62
Ono M, Yokoto T, Shibuya T 1983 A practical method of measuring the scattering characteristics of the pyramidal absorbers.Electron. Commun. Jpn. 66: 63–71
Perini J, Cohen L S 1991 Design of radar absorbing materials for wide range of angles of incidence.IEEE Int. Symp. on Electromagn. Compat. (New York: IEEE) pp 418–424
Post E J 1962 Formal structure of electromagnetics (Amsterdam: North Holland)
Rogers S W 1986Radar cross section prediction for coated perfect conductors with arbitrary geometries. Master’s thesis (Rep. AFITCINR86105T), Air Force Inst. of Technol., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH
Ruck G T, Barrick D E, Stuart W D, Krichbaum C K 1970Radar cross-section handbook (New York: Plenum) vol. 2
Rudduck R C, Yu C L 1974 Circular waveguide method of measuring reflection properties of absorber panels.IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. AP-22: 251–256
Salisbury W W 1952 Absorbent body for electromagnetic waves.US Patent 2599944
Schade H A 1945 Schornsteinfeger US tech. mission to Europe. Tech. Rep. 90-45 AD-47746
Schmitman C, Warwick G 1990 Building the B-2.Flight Int. 139: 24–27
Severin A 1956 Nonreflecting absorbers for microwave radiation.IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. AP-4: 385–392
Shi Z, Ding C, Jia Y 1993 Effects of absorbent materials on the RCS of a partially coated scatterer.Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett. 6: 109–111
Shimizu Y, Suetake K 1969 Minimum thickness design of broadband absorbing wall.Electron. Commun. Jpn. 52-B(4): 90–97
Shneyderman Y A 1985 Radio-absorbing materials. Tech. Rep. NTIS Rep. ADA1574961XSP (Foreign Technol. Div.), Wright-Patterson AFB, OH
Stonier R A 1991 Stealth aircraft and technology from World War II to the Gulf.SAMPE J. 27(4): 9–17
Strickel M A, Taflove A 1990 Time domain synthesis of broad band absorptive coatings for two dimensional conducting targets.IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. AP-38: 1084–1091
Swarner W G, Peters L Jr 1963 Radar cross sections of dielectric or plasma coated conducting spheres and circular cylinders.IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. AP-11: 558–569
Sweetman B 1982 The bomber that radar cannot see.New Sci. 93: 565–568
Sweetman B 1987 Stealth in service.Interavia 42: 39–40
Tretyakov S A, Oksanen M I 1991 Biisotropic layer as a polarization transformer. Tech. Rep., ISBN-951-22-0770-2, Electromagnetics Lab. Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Espoo, Finland
Tsuji K 1992 Low observability aperture design for expendable countermeasures devices. Patent Rep., Patent-5 083 128, Dept. of the Navy, Washington, DC
Veinger A I, Zabrodskii A G, Krasikov L A, Khorosheva N E 1990 Anomalous microwave absorption in magnetically filled low-molecular-weight rubbers.Am. Inst. Phys. 855–856
Vinoy K J, Jha R M 1994 Radar absorbing materials (RAM): a cross indexed bibliography (1956–1993). NAL Project Document PD AL 9404, National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore
Walkington J W, Huster L W 1979 Achieving effective radar cross section flight profiles on the B-1 aircraft. InSoc. Fli. Test Eng., Proc. 10th Annu. Symp. (Lancaster, CA: Soc. Flight Test Eng.)
Wims P R, Palmer D D 1991 Nondestructive microwave scanning measurements for material property evaluation. Review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation.Proc. 17th Annu. Rev. (New York: Plenum P.) A10: 551–558
Yang C F, Burnside W D, Rudduck R C 1992 A periodic moment method solution for TM scattering from lossy dielectric bodies with application to wedge absorber.IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. AP-40: 652–660
Yee K S 1966 Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwell’s equations in isotropic media.IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. AP-14: 302–307
Yi P, Gan Y 1991 Investigation on microwave absorber with additive of metal coated carbon fiber.Acta Aeronąut. Astronąut. Sin. B12: 655–657
Yokoi H, Fukumaro H 1971 Low-sidelobe paraboloidal antenna with microwave absorbers.Electron. Commun. Jpn. 54: 34–39