Trend in healthcare-associated infections due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus at a hospital in the era of COVID-19: More than hand hygiene is needed

Serra-Burriel, 2020, Impact of multi-drug resistant bacteria on economic and clinical outcomes of healthcare-associated infections in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS One, 15, 10.1371/journal.pone.0227139 2019 2020, Antimicrobial resistance in the EU/EEA (EARS-Net) - annual epidemiological report for 2019, Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe Alemayehu, 2020, Prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in Africa in one health approach: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Sci Rep, 10, 10.1038/s41598-020-77696-6 Hsueh, 2005, Nosocomial infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci at a university hospital in Taiwan from 1991 to 2003: resistance trends, antibiotic usage and in vitro activities of newer antimicrobial agents, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 26, 43, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.04.007 Lee, 2021, Correlation between nosocomial carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and antimicrobial use in Taiwan, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 104, 1131 Hanczvikkel, 2018, Quantitative study about the role of environmental conditions in the survival capability of multidrug-resistant bacteria, J Infect Public Health, 11, 801, 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.05.001 Martinez, 2003, Role of environmental contamination as a risk factor for acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in patients treated in a medical intensive care unit, Arch Intern Med, 163, 1905, 10.1001/archinte.163.16.1905 Abad, 2020, A systematic review of the effectiveness of cohorting to reduce transmission of healthcare-associated C. difficile and multidrug-resistant organisms, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 41, 691, 10.1017/ice.2020.45 Kleyman, 2021, Does the removal of contact precautions for MRSA and VRE infected patients change health care-associated infection rate?: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Am J Infect Control, 49, 784, 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.11.020 Remschmidt, 2017, The effect of antibiotic use on prevalence of nosocomial vancomycin-resistant enterococci-an ecologic study, Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 6, 95, 10.1186/s13756-017-0253-5 Webb, 2020, Antimicrobial stewardship in a hematological malignancy unit: carbapenem reduction and decreased vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus infection, Clin Infect Dis, 71, 960, 10.1093/cid/ciz900 2021 2020 2020 Yen, 2021, Learning from the past: Taiwan's responses to COVID-19 versus SARS, Int J Infect Dis, 110, 469, 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.06.002 Lo, 2020, The impact of universal face masking and enhanced hand hygiene for COVID-19 disease prevention on the incidence of hospital-acquired infections in a Taiwanese hospital, Int J Infect Dis, 104, 15, 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.072 Monnet, 2020, Will coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have an impact on antimicrobial resistance?, Euro Surveill, 25, 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.45.2001886 2013 Mendez, 2014, Impact of hospital variables on case mix index as a marker of disease severity, Popul Health Manag, 17, 28, 10.1089/pop.2013.0002 Horn, 1985, Severity of illness within drgs - impact on prospective payment, Am J Publ Health, 75, 1195, 10.2105/AJPH.75.10.1195 Charlson, 1987, A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation, J Chron Dis, 40, 373, 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8 Dahms, 1998, Third-generation cephalosporins and vancomycin as risk factors for postoperative vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus infection, Arch Surg, 133, 1343, 10.1001/archsurg.133.12.1343 Fridkin, 2001, The effect of vancomycin and third-generation cephalosporins on prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in 126 U.S. adult intensive care units, Ann Intern Med, 135, 175, 10.7326/0003-4819-135-3-200108070-00009 Allegranzi, 2009, Role of hand hygiene in healthcare-associated infection prevention, J Hosp Infect, 73, 305, 10.1016/j.jhin.2009.04.019 Sickbert-Bennett, 2016, Reduction of healthcare-associated infections by exceeding high compliance with hand hygiene practices, Emerg Infect Dis, 22, 1628, 10.3201/eid2209.151440 Pidot, 2018, Increasing tolerance of hospital Enterococcus faecium to handwash alcohols, Sci Transl Med, 10, 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar6115 Correa-Martinez, 2020, Transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the hospital setting: uncovering the patient-environment interplay, Microorganisms, 8, 203, 10.3390/microorganisms8020203 Bhardwaj, 2018, Reduced chlorhexidine and daptomycin susceptibility in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium after serial chlorhexidine exposure, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 62, 10.1128/AAC.01235-17 Duarte, 2019, 2CS-CHXT operon signature of chlorhexidine tolerance among Enterococcus faecium isolates, Appl Environ Microbiol, 85, 10.1128/AEM.01589-19 Alotaibi, 2017, Susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant and -sensitive Enterococcus faecium obtained from Danish hospitals to benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine and hydrogen peroxide biocides, J Med Microbiol, 66, 1744, 10.1099/jmm.0.000642 May, 2000, Reduction of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections by limitation of broad-spectrum cephalosporin use in a trauma and burn intensive care unit, Shock, 14, 259, 10.1097/00024382-200014030-00003 Harbarth, 2002, Effects of antibiotics on nosocomial epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, 1619, 10.1128/AAC.46.6.1619-1628.2002 Bodilsen, 2021, Hospital admission and mortality rates for non-covid diseases in Denmark during covid-19 pandemic: nationwide population based cohort study, BMJ, 373, n1135, 10.1136/bmj.n1135 Chokshi, 2019, Global contributors to antibiotic resistance, J Global Infect Dis, 11, 36, 10.4103/jgid.jgid_110_18 Chou, 2012, Medical education in Taiwan, Med Teach, 34, 187, 10.3109/0142159X.2012.652238 2020 Lopez-Luis, 2021, Risk factors and outcomes associated with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis bacteraemia: a 10-year study in a tertiary-care centre in Mexico City, J Glob Antimicrob Resist, 24, 198, 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.12.005