Transmission and epidemiology

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205, 10.1093/ije/12.2.205 Bhan, 1986, Major factors in diarrhoea related mortality among rural children, Indian Journal of Medical Research, 83, 9 Bhan, 1989, Descriptive epidemiology of persistent diarrhoea among young chilfren in rural northern India, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 67, 281 Bhatnager, 1986, Diarrhoeal disease morbidity in children below 5 years in urban slums of Delhi, Indian Journal of Medical Research, 84, 53 Black, 1982, Contamination of weaning foods and transmission of Escherichia coli diarrhoea in rural Bangladesh, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 76, 259, 10.1016/0035-9203(82)90292-9 Black, 1984, Malnutrition is a determining factor in diarrheal duration, but not incidence, among young children in a longitudinal study in rural Bangladesh, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 37, 87, 10.1093/ajcn/39.1.87 Black, 1984, Nutritional status, body size and severity of diarrhoea associated with rotavirus or Escherichia coli, Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 87, 83 Blaser, 1980, Isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni from Bangladeshi children, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 12, 744, 10.1128/JCM.12.6.744-747.1980 Blaser, 1983, Shigella infections in the United States, 1974–1980, Journal of Infectious Diseases, 147, 771, 10.1093/infdis/147.4.771 Bloem, 1990, Mild vitamin A deficiency and risk of respiratory tract diseases and diarrhea in preschool and school children in Northeastern Thailand, American Journal of Epidemiology, 131, 332, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115502 Blum, 1983, Measuring the impact of water supply and sanitation investments on diarrhoeal diseases: problems of methodology, International Journal of Epidemiology, 12, 357, 10.1093/ije/12.3.357 Blum, 1987, The bacteriological quality of traditional water sources in northeastern Imo State, Nigeria, Epidemiology and Infection, 99, 429, 10.1017/S0950268800067923 Bokkenhauser, 1979, Detection of enteric campylobacteriosis in children, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2, 227, 10.1128/jcm.9.2.227-232.1979 Boyce, 1982, Patterns of Shigella infections in families in rural Bangladesh, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 31, 1015, 10.4269/ajtmh.1982.31.1015 Briend, 1986, Usefulness of nutritional indices and classifications in predicting death of malnourished children, British Medical Journal, 293, 373, 10.1136/bmj.293.6543.373 Brook, 1991, Verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli, British Medical Journal, 303, 800, 10.1136/bmj.303.6806.800 Bukenya, 1991, Low birthweight and acute childhood diarrhoea: evidence of their association in an urban settlement of Papua New Guinea, Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 11, 357, 10.1080/02724936.1991.11747528 Bukenya, 1991, Compound hygiene, presence of standpipe and the risk of childhood diarrhoea in an urban settlement of Papua New Guinea, International Journal of Epidemiology, 20, 534, 10.1093/ije/20.2.534 Burke, 1993, Gastrointestinal infections: mechanisms of diarrhoea, pathogenesis and clinical features, 241 Butzler, 1973, Related vibrio in stools, Journal of Pediatrics, 82, 493, 10.1016/S0022-3476(73)80131-3 Cartensen, 1987, The epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis and other intestinal parasitoses in children in southern Guinea-Bissau, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 81, 860, 10.1016/0035-9203(87)90054-X Casalino, 1988, A two-year study of enteric infections associated with diarrhoeal diseases in children in urban Somalia, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 82, 637, 10.1016/0035-9203(88)90542-1 Casemore, 1990, Foodborne protozoal infection, Lancet, 336, 1427, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)93115-6 Cohen, 1991, Reduction of transmission of shigellosis by control of houseflies (Musca domestica), Lancet, 337, 993, 10.1016/0140-6736(91)92657-N Cooke, 1990, Epidemiology of foodborne illness: UK, Lancet, 336, 790, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)93251-J Costello, 1991, Vitamin A supplementation, Lancet, 338, 568, 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91127-G Cravioto, 1990, Vitamin A supplementation and child mortality: examination of a claim, Bulletin of the Nutrition Foundation of India, 11, 5 D'Aoust, 1985, Infective dose of Salmonella typhimurium in cheddar cheese, American Journal of Epidemiology, 122, 717, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114151 Dearlove, 1983, Clinical range of neonatal rotavirus gastroenteritis, British Medical Journal, 283, 1473, 10.1136/bmj.286.6376.1473 Deming, 1987, Campylobacter enteritis at a university: transmission from eating chicken and from cats, American Journal of Epidemiology, 126, 526, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114685 Doyle, 1990, Pathogenic Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Lancet, 336, 1111, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92582-3 Echeverria, 1987, Potential sources of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in homes of children with diarrhoea in Thailand, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 65, 207 1990, Lancet, 336, 1349, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92898-R El Samani, 1988, Association of malnutrition and diarrhea in children aged under five years: a prospective follow-up study in a rural Sudanese community, American Journal of Epidemiology, 128, 93, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114963 Esrey, 1991, Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: fly control, World Health Organization Diarrhoeal Disease Control Programme WHO/CDD/91.37 Esrey, 1985, Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal disease among young children: improving water supplies and excreta disposal facilities, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 63, 757 Feachem, 1984, Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: promotion of personal and domestic hygiene, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 62, 467 Feachem, 1984, Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal disease among young children: promotion of breast-feeding, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 62, 271 Glass, 1989, The protective effect of human milk against diarrhea, Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 351, 131, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1989.tb11225.x Goodman, 1984, Infectious diseases and child day care, Pediatrics, 74, 134, 10.1542/peds.74.1.134 Goodwin, 1989, Transfer of Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter pylori comb. nov. and Helicobacter mustelae comb. nov. respectively, International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 39, 353, 10.1099/00207713-39-4-397 Gopalan, 1990, Vitamin A and child mortality, Bulletin of the Nutrition Foundation of India, 11, 1 Gracey, 1993, Strategies to control infectious diarrhoea, 351 Gracey, 1991, Epidemiology and transmission of diarrhea, 1 Gracey, 1992, Maternal and environmental factors associated with infections and undernutrition in young Australian Aboriginal children, Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 12, 111, 10.1080/02724936.1992.11747554 Griffin, 1991, The epidemiology of infections caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7, other enterohemorrhagic E. coli, and the associated hemolytic uremic syndrome, Epidemiologic Reviews, 13, 60, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036079 Guerrant, 1983, Prospective study of diarrhea illnesses in Northeastern Brazil: patterns of disease, nutritional impact, etiologies and risk factors, Journal of Infectious Diseases, 148, 986, 10.1093/infdis/148.6.986 Guerrant, 1986, Acute infectious diarrhea. I. Epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis, Pediatric Infectious Disease, 5, 353, 10.1097/00006454-198605000-00015 Han, 1989, Prevention of diarrhoea and dysentery by hand washing, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83, 128, 10.1016/0035-9203(89)90737-2 Han, 1990, Household faecal contamination and diarrhoea risk, Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 23, 33 Heijbel, 1987, Outbreak of diarrhea in a day-care centre with spread to household members: the role of Cryptosporidium, Pediatric Infectious Disease, 6, 532, 10.1097/00006454-198706000-00009 Henry, 1990, Environmental sanitation, food and water contamination and diarrhoea in rural Bangladesh, Epidemiology and Infection, 104, 253, 10.1017/S0950268800059422 Herrera, 1992, Vitamin A supplementation and child survival, Lancet, 340, 267, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)92357-L Ho, 1988, Diarrheal deaths in American children, 260, 3281 Hjlyng, 1986, Cryptosporidium spp., a frequent cause of diarrhea in Liberian children, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 23, 1109, 10.1128/JCM.23.6.1109-1113.1986 Househam, 1990, Factors influencing the duration of acute diarrheal disease in infancy, Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 10, 37, 10.1097/00005176-199001000-00007 Howie, 1990, Protective effect of breastfeeding against infection, British Medical Journal, 300, 11, 10.1136/bmj.300.6716.11 Hudson, 1991, Jackdaws and magpies as vectors of milkborne human campylobacter infection, Epidemiology and Infection, 107, 363, 10.1017/S0950268800049001 Humphrey, 1991, Numbers of Salmonella enteritidis in the contents of naturally contaminated hens' eggs, Epidemiology and Infection, 106, 489, 10.1017/S0950268800067546 Hung, 1984, Waterborne outbreak of rotavirus diarrhoea in adults in China caused by a novel rotavirus, Lancet, i, 1139 Isolauri, 1989, Acute gastroenteritis: changing pattern of clinical features and management, Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 78, 685, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1989.tb11127.x Jinadu, 1991, Childhood diarrhoea in rural Nigeria. 1. Studies on prevelance, mortality and socio-environmental factors, Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, 9, 323 Kawata, 1978, Water and other environmental interventions—the minimum investment concept, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 31, 2114, 10.1093/ajcn/31.11.2114 Keusch, 1982, Shigellosis, 487 Keusch, 1983, The epidemiology and pathophysiology of invasive bacterial diarrheas, 45 Kim, 1989, Etiology of childhood diarrhea in Korea, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 27, 1192, 10.1128/JCM.27.6.1192-1196.1989 Kleanthous, 1990, Haemolytic uraemic syndromes in the British Isles, 1985-8: association with Verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli. Part 2: microbiological aspects, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 65, 722, 10.1136/adc.65.7.722 Levine, 1976, Failure of sanitary wells to protect against cholera and other diarrhoeas in Bangladesh, Lancet, ii, 86, 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)92299-6 Meloni, 1993, The prevalence of Giardia and other intestinal parasites in children, dogs and cats from Aboriginal communities in the west Kimberley region of Western Australia, Medical Journal of Australia, 158, 157, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121692.x Mensah, 1990, Fermentation of cereals for reduction of bacterial contamination of weaning foods in Ghana, Lancet, 336, 140, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91660-3 Mertens, 1987, Evidence of a prolonged association between low birthweight and paediatric diarrhoea in Sri Lanka, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 81, 196, 10.1016/0035-9203(87)90213-6 Mikhail, 1989, Microbiologic and clinical study of acute diarrhoea in children in Aswan, Egypt, Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 21, 59, 10.3109/00365548909035681 Milford, 1990, Haemolytic uraemic syndromes in the British Isles 1985-8: association with Verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli. Part 1: clinical and epidemiological aspects, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 65, 716, 10.1136/adc.65.7.716 Pickering, 1986, Social and environmental factors associated with the risk of child mortality in a peri-urban community in The Gambia, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 80, 311, 10.1016/0035-9203(86)90045-3 Pickering, 1981, Diarhea caused by Shigella, rotavirus and Giardia in day care centres: prospective study, Journal of Pediatrics, 99, 51, 10.1016/S0022-3476(81)80956-0 Public Health Laboratory Service, 1988, Working Party on Viral Gastroenteritis, 5, 69 Public Health Laboratory Service, 1990, Notes on the control of human sources of gastrointestinal infections, infestations and bacterial intoxications in the United Kingdom, Communicable Disease Report Supplement, 1 Rahmatullah, 1990, Reduced mortality among children in southern India receiving a small weekly dose of vitamin A, New England Journal of Medicine, 133, 460 Rasrinaul, 1988, Foods as a source of enteropathogens causing childhood diarrhea in Thailand, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 323, 929 Roberts, 1990, Sources of infection: food, Lancet, 336, 859, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92352-I Roberts, 1989, Economic impact of a nationwide outbreak of salmonellosis: cost-benefit of early intervention, British Medical Journal, 298, 1227, 10.1136/bmj.298.6682.1227 Robins-Browne, 1987, Traditional enteropathogenic Escherichia coli of infantile diarrhea, Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 9, 28, 10.1093/clinids/9.1.28 Robinson, 1981, Milk-borne campylobacter infection, British Medical Journal, 282, 1374, 10.1136/bmj.282.6273.1374 Rowland, 1978, Bacterial contamination in traditional Gambian weaning foods, Lancet, i, 136, 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)90432-4 Salfield, 1987, Campylobacter enteritis in young children in households with puppies, British Medical Journal, 294, 21, 10.1136/bmj.294.6563.21 Sepulveda, 1988, Malnutrition and diarrhea: a longitudinal study among urban Mexican children, American Journal of Epidemiology, 127, 365, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114810 Silva, 1980, Biochemical and cultural characteristics of invasive Escherichia coli, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 11, 441, 10.1128/JCM.11.5.441-444.1980 Sircar, 1987, Effect of hand washing on the incidence of diarrhoea in a Calcutta slum, Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, 5, 122 Skirrow, 1990, Campylobacter, Lancet, 336, 921, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92282-M Snyder, 1982, The magnitude of the global problem of acute diarrhoeal disease: a review of active surveillance data, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 60, 605 Sommer, 1984, Increased risk of respiratory disease and diarrhea in children with pre-existing mild vitamin A deficiency, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 40, 1090, 10.1093/ajcn/40.5.1090 Sommer, 1986, Impact of vitamin A supplementation on childhood mentality: a randomised clinical trial, Lancet, i, 1169, 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)91157-8 Southern, 1990, Bird attack on milk bottles: possible mode of transmission of Campylobacter jejuni to man, Lancet, 336, 1425, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)93114-5 Stanton, 1989, Parasitic, bacterial and viral pathogens isolated from diarrhoeal and routine stool specimens of urban Bangladeshi children, Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 92, 46 Sykes, 1989, Patterns of infection with Giardia in dogs in London, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83, 239, 10.1016/0035-9203(89)90660-3 1984, Journal of Pediatrics, 105, 683, 10.1016/S0022-3476(84)80285-1 Tilden, 1986, Lancet, i, 1169 Todd, 1990, Epidemiology of foodborne illness: North America, Lancet, 336, 788, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)93250-S Tomkins, 1981, Nutritional status and severity of diarrhoea among preschool children in rural Nigeria, Lancet, i, 860, 10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92139-5 Tomkins, 1989, Nutritional status and risk of morbidity among young Gambian children allowing for social and environmental factors, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83, 282, 10.1016/0035-9203(89)90681-0 Van, 1991, Environmental contamination in day-care centers, American Journal of Epidemiology, 133, 460, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115913 Vijayaraghavan, 1990, Effect of massive dose vitamin A on morbidity and mortality in Indian children, Lancet, 336, 1342, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92895-O Waites, 1990, Foodborne illness: an overview, Lancet, 336, 722, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92213-2 West, 1991, Efficacy of vitamin A in reducing preschool child mortality in Nepal, Lancet, 338, 67, 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90070-6 World Health Organization, 1985, Treatment and Prevention of Acute Diarrhoea World Health Organization, 1988, Persistent diarrhoea in children in developing countries: memorandum from a WHO meeting, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 66, 709 World Health Organization, 1989, 5, 1 World Health Organization, 1990, Programme for Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases World Health Organization, 1992, Programme for Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases