Translational spinal cord injury research

Akhtar, 2008, Animal models in spinal cord injury: a review, Rev Neurosci, 19, 47, 10.1515/REVNEURO.2008.19.1.47 Akhtar, 2009, Animal studies in spinal cord injury: a systematic review of methylprednisolone, Altern Lab Anim, 37, 43, 10.1177/026119290903700108 Anderson, 2004, Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population, J Neurotrauma, 21, 1371, 10.1089/neu.2004.21.1371 Anderson, 1985, Lipid hydrolysis and peroxidation in injured spinal cord: partial protection with methylprednisolone or vitamin E and selenium, Cent Nerv Syst Trauma, 2, 257, 10.1089/cns.1985.2.257 Anderson, 1995, Fetal neural grafts and repair of the injured spinal cord, Brain Pathol, 5, 451, 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1995.tb00624.x Anderson, 2005, Recommended guidelines for studies of human subjects with spinal cord injury, Spinal Cord, 43, 453, 10.1038/sj.sc.3101746 Anderson, 2007, Spinal pathways involved in the control of forelimb motor function in rats, Exp Neurol, 206, 318, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.05.024 Anderson, 2009, Bilateral cervical contusion spinal cord injury in rats, Exp Neurol, 220, 9, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.06.012 Bamford, 2011, Intraspinal microstimulation for the recovery of function following spinal cord injury, Prog Brain Res, 194, 227, 10.1016/B978-0-444-53815-4.00004-2 Bareyre, 2004, The injured spinal cord spontaneously forms a new intraspinal circuit in adult rats, Nat Neurosci, 7, 269, 10.1038/nn1195 Barker, 2004, Immune problems in central nervous system cell therapy, NeuroRx, 1, 472, 10.1602/neurorx.1.4.472 Basso, 2004, Behavioral testing after spinal cord injury: congruities, complexities, and controversies, J Neurotrauma, 21, 395, 10.1089/089771504323004548 Basso, 1995, A sensitive and reliable locomotor rating scale for open field testing in rats, J Neurotrauma, 12, 1, 10.1089/neu.1995.12.1 Basso, 1996, Graded histological and locomotor outcomes after spinal cord contusion using the NYU weight-drop device versus transection, Exp Neurol, 139, 244, 10.1006/exnr.1996.0098 Basso, 2006, Basso Mouse Scale for locomotion detects differences in recovery after spinal cord injury in five common mouse strains, J Neurotrauma, 23, 635, 10.1089/neu.2006.23.635 Behrman, 2005, Locomotor training progression and outcomes after incomplete spinal cord injury, Phys Ther, 85, 1356, 10.1093/ptj/85.12.1356 Benatar, 2007, Lost in translation: treatment trials in the SOD1 mouse and in human ALS, Neurobiol Dis, 26, 1, 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.12.015 Blesch, 2008, Spinal cord injury: plasticity, regeneration and the challenge of translational drug development, Trends Neurosci, 32, 41, 10.1016/j.tins.2008.09.008 Blight, 1985, Delayed demyelination and macrophage invasion: a candidate for secondary cell damage in spinal cord injury, Cent Nerv Syst Trauma, 2, 299, 10.1089/cns.1985.2.299 Blight, 2006, Clinical trials in spinal cord injury, J Neurotrauma, 23, 586, 10.1089/neu.2006.23.586 Bose, 1986, Ganglioside-induced regeneration and reestablishment of axonal continuity in spinal cord-transected rats, Neurosci Lett, 63, 165, 10.1016/0304-3940(86)90055-8 Bracken, 2009, Why animal studies are often poor predictors of human reactions to exposure, J R Soc Med, 102, 120, 10.1258/jrsm.2008.08k033 Bracken, 2009, Why are so many epidemiology associations inflated or wrong? Does poorly conducted animal research suggest implausible hypotheses?, Ann Epidemiol, 19, 220, 10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.11.006 Bracken, 1984, Efficacy of methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury, JAMA, 251, 45, 10.1001/jama.1984.03340250025015 Bracken, 1990, A randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal-cord injury. Results of the Second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study, N Engl J Med, 322, 1405, 10.1056/NEJM199005173222001 Bracken, 1997, JAMA, 277, 1597, 10.1001/jama.1997.03540440031029 Bradbury, 2010, Manipulating the glial scar: chondroitinase ABC as a therapy for spinal cord injury, Brain Res Bull, 84, 306, 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.06.015 Bradbury, 2002, Chondroitinase ABC promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury, Nature, 416, 636, 10.1038/416636a Braeuninger, 2009, Rodent models of focal cerebral ischemia: procedural pitfalls and translational problems, Exp Transl Stroke Med, 1, 8, 10.1186/2040-7378-1-8 Braughler, 1983, Lactate and pyruvate metabolism in injured cat spinal cord before and after a single large intravenous dose of methylprednisolone, J Neurosurg, 59, 256, 10.3171/jns.1983.59.2.0256 Braughler, 1987, Evaluation of an intensive methylprednisolone sodium succinate dosing regimen in experimental spinal cord injury, J Neurosurg, 67, 102, 10.3171/jns.1987.67.1.0102 Bregman, 1995, Recovery from spinal cord injury mediated by antibodies to neurite growth inhibitors, Nature, 378, 498, 10.1038/378498a0 Bresnahan, 1976, A neuroanatomical analysis of spinal cord injury in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), J Neurol Sci, 28, 521, 10.1016/0022-510X(76)90122-2 Bresnahan, 1991, Three-dimensional computer-assisted analysis of graded contusion lesions in the spinal cord of the rat, J Neurotrauma, 8, 91, 10.1089/neu.1991.8.91 Brock, 2010, Local and remote growth factor effects after primate spinal cord injury, J Neurosci, 30, 9728, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1924-10.2010 Brosamle, 2000, Regeneration of lesioned corticospinal tract fibers in the adult rat induced by a recombinant, humanized IN-1 antibody fragment, J Neurosci, 20, 8061, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-21-08061.2000 Brownstone, 2008, Strategies for delineating spinal locomotor rhythm-generating networks and the possible role of Hb9 interneurones in rhythmogenesis, Brain Res Brain Res Rev, 57, 64, 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.025 Bunge, 2008, Novel combination strategies to repair the injured mammalian spinal cord, J Spinal Cord Med, 31, 262, 10.1080/10790268.2008.11760720 Bunge, 2003, Transplantation strategies to promote repair of the injured spinal cord, J Rehabil Res Dev, 40, 55, 10.1682/JRRD.2003.08.0055 Bunge, 2012, Response to the report, “A re-assessment of a combinatorial treatment involving Schwann cell transplants and elevation of cyclic AMP on recovery of motor function following thoracic spinal cord injury in rats” by Sharp et al. (this volume), Exp Neurol, 233, 645, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.08.004 Bunge, 1993, Observations on the pathology of human spinal cord injury. A review and classification of 22 new cases with details from a case of chronic cord compression with extensive focal demyelination, Adv Neurol, 59, 75 Bunge, 1994, Characterization of photochemically induced spinal cord injury in the rat by light and electron microscopy, Exp Neurol, 127, 76, 10.1006/exnr.1994.1082 Busch, 2007, The role of extracellular matrix in CNS regeneration, Curr Opin Neurobiol, 17, 120, 10.1016/j.conb.2006.09.004 Caggiano, 2005, Chondroitinase ABCI improves locomotion and bladder function following contusion injury of the rat spinal cord, J Neurotrauma, 22, 226, 10.1089/neu.2005.22.226 Cameron, 1990, Photochemically induced cystic lesion in the rat spinal cord. I. Behavioral and morphological analysis, Exp Neurol, 109, 214, 10.1016/0014-4886(90)90076-5 Cao, 2010, Transplantation of ciliary neurotrophic factor-expressing adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells promotes remyelination and functional recovery after spinal cord injury, J Neurosci, 30, 2989, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3174-09.2010 Carter, 2011, Delayed treatment with chondroitinase ABC reverses chronic atrophy of rubrospinal neurons following spinal cord injury, Exp Neurol, 228, 149, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.12.023 Cheever, 2008, Translational Research Working Group developmental pathway for immune response modifiers, Clin Cancer Res, 14, 5692, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1266 Chen, 2009, Neuroproteomic methods in spinal cord injury, Methods Mol Biol, 566, 57, 10.1007/978-1-59745-562-6_4 Choo, 2009, Modeling spinal cord contusion, dislocation, and distraction: characterization of vertebral clamps, injury severities, and node of Ranvier deformations, J Neurosci Methods, 181, 6, 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.04.007 Cohen-Adad, 2011, Demyelination and degeneration in the injured human spinal cord detected with diffusion and magnetization transfer MRI, Neuroimage, 55, 1024, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.089 Cote, 2010, Peripheral nerve grafts after cervical spinal cord injury in adult cats, Exp Neurol, 225, 173, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.06.011 Courtine, 2007, Can experiments in nonhuman primates expedite the translation of treatments for spinal cord injury in humans?, Nat Med, 13, 561, 10.1038/nm1595 Courtine, 2008, Recovery of supraspinal control of stepping via indirect propriospinal relay connections after spinal cord injury, Nat Med, 14, 69, 10.1038/nm1682 Cummings, 2005, Human neural stem cells differentiate and promote locomotor recovery in spinal cord-injured mice, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102, 14069, 10.1073/pnas.0507063102 Darian-Smith, 2007, Monkey models of recovery of voluntary hand movement after spinal cord and dorsal root injury, ILAR J, 48, 396, 10.1093/ilar.48.4.396 Demopoulos, 1982, Further studies on free-radical pathology in the major central nervous system disorders: effect of very high doses of methylprednisolone on the functional outcome, morphology, and chemistry of experimental spinal cord impact injury, Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 60, 1415, 10.1139/y82-210 Dietz, 2009, Body weight supported gait training: from laboratory to clinical setting, Brain Res Bull, 78, I, 10.1016/S0361-9230(08)00410-3 Dietz, 2006, Neurological aspects of spinal-cord repair: promises and challenges, Lancet Neurol, 5, 688, 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70522-1 Dobkin, 2007, Curiosity and cure: translational research strategies for neural repair-mediated rehabilitation, Dev Neurobiol, 67, 1133, 10.1002/dneu.20514 Dobkin, 2007, The evolution of walking-related outcomes over the first 12 weeks of rehabilitation for incomplete traumatic spinal cord injury: the multicenter randomized Spinal Cord Injury Locomotor Trial, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 21, 25, 10.1177/1545968306295556 Donnelly, 2008, Inflammation and its role in neuroprotection, axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury, Exp Neurol, 209, 378, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.06.009 Dorfman, 2008, The Translational Research Working Group developmental pathway for interventive devices, Clin Cancer Res, 14, 5700, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1263 Dorfman, 2008, The Translational Research Working Group developmental pathway for image-based assessment modalities, Clin Cancer Res, 14, 5678, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1264 Duale, 2009, Spinal cord injury reduces the efficacy of pseudorabies virus labeling of sympathetic preganglionic neurons, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 68, 168, 10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181967df7 Duale, 2010, Noxious colorectal distention in spinalized rats reduces pseudorabies virus labeling of sympathetic neurons, J Neurotrauma, 27, 1369, 10.1089/neu.2010.1321 Edgerton, 2009, Robotic training and spinal cord plasticity, Brain Res Bull, 78, 4, 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.09.018 Edgerton, 2004, Plasticity of the spinal neural circuitry after injury, Annu Rev Neurosci, 27, 145, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144308 Eftekharpour, 2008, Current status of experimental cell replacement approaches to spinal cord injury, Neurosurg Focus, 24, E19, 10.3171/FOC/2008/24/3-4/E18 Eidelberg, 1976, Treatment of experimental spinal cord injury in ferrets, Surg Neurol, 6, 243 Eidelberg, 1976, A model of spinal cord injury, Surg Neurol, 6, 35 Fawcett, 2002, Repair of spinal cord injuries: where are we, where are we going?, Spinal Cord, 40, 615, 10.1038/sj.sc.3101328 Fawcett, 2007, Guidelines for the conduct of clinical trials for spinal cord injury as developed by the ICCP panel: spontaneous recovery after spinal cord injury and statistical power needed for therapeutic clinical trials, Spinal Cord, 45, 190, 10.1038/sj.sc.3102007 Fehlings, 2001, Editorial: recommendations regarding the use of methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury: making sense out of the controversy, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 26, S56, 10.1097/00007632-200112151-00012 Fehlings, 2005, The role and timing of early decompression for cervical spinal cord injury: update with a review of recent clinical evidence, Injury, 36, B13, 10.1016/j.injury.2005.06.011 Fiedler, 2002, An engineered IN-1 F(ab) fragment with improved affinity for the Nogo-A axonal growth inhibitor permits immunochemical detection and shows enhanced neutralizing activity, Protein Eng, 15, 931, 10.1093/protein/15.11.931 Fournier, 2003, Rho kinase inhibition enhances axonal regeneration in the injured CNS, J Neurosci, 23, 1416, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-04-01416.2003 Frigon, 2008, Adaptive changes of the locomotor pattern and cutaneous reflexes during locomotion studied in the same cats before and after spinalization, J Physiol, 586, 2927, 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.152488 Gao, 2007, Functional motoneurons develop from human neural stem cell transplants in adult rats, NeuroReport, 18, 565, 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3280b10c2c Garcia-Alias, 2008, Therapeutic time window for the application of chondroitinase ABC after spinal cord injury, Exp Neurol, 210, 331, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.11.002 Garcia-Alias, 2009, Chondroitinase ABC treatment opens a window of opportunity for task-specific rehabilitation, Nat Neurosci, 12, 1145, 10.1038/nn.2377 Geisler, 1990, GM1 gangliosides in the treatment of spinal cord injury: report of preliminary data analysis, Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars), 50, 515 Geisler, 1991, Recovery of motor function after spinal-cord injury – a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with GM-1 ganglioside, N Engl J Med, 324, 1829, 10.1056/NEJM199106273242601 Geisler, 2001, The Sygen multicenter acute spinal cord injury study, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 26, S87, 10.1097/00007632-200112151-00015 Gerasimenko, 2010, Novel and direct access to the human locomotor spinal circuitry, J Neurosci, 30, 3700, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4751-09.2010 Glendinning, 1992, Altered precision grasping in stumptail macaques after fasciculus cuneatus lesions, Somatosens Mot Res, 9, 61, 10.3109/08990229209144763 Goldberger, 1990, Criteria for assessing recovery of function after spinal cord injury: behavioral methods, Exp Neurol, 107, 113, 10.1016/0014-4886(90)90149-M Gruner, 1992, A monitored contusion model of spinal cord injury in the rat, J Neurotrauma, 9, 123, 10.1089/neu.1992.9.123 Guest, 2005, Demyelination and Schwann cell responses adjacent to injury epicenter cavities following chronic human spinal cord injury, Exp Neurol, 192, 384, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.11.033 Guest, 2011, Technical aspects of spinal cord injections for cell transplantation. Clinical and translational considerations, Brain Res Bull, 84, 267, 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.11.007 Guth L (2012). A reassessment of LPS/indomethacin/pregnenolone combination therapy after spinal cord injury in rats. Exp Neurol 233: 686. Hall, 1981, Acute effects of intravenous glucocorticoid pretreatment on the in vitro peroxidation of cat spinal cord tissue, Exp Neurol, 73, 321, 10.1016/0014-4886(81)90067-4 Hall, 1982, Glucocorticoid mechanisms in acute spinal cord injury: a review and therapeutic rationale, Surg Neurol, 18, 320, 10.1016/0090-3019(82)90140-9 Hall, 1986, Role of lipid peroxidation in post-traumatic spinal cord degeneration: a review, Cent Nerv Syst Trauma, 3, 281, 10.1089/cns.1986.3.281 Hall, 2004, Neuroprotection and acute spinal cord injury: a reappraisal, NeuroRx, 1, 80, 10.1602/neurorx.1.1.80 Hall, 2009, Role of animal studies in the design of clinical trials, Front Neurol Neurosci, 25, 10, 10.1159/000209470 Hall, 1992, Biochemistry and pharmacology of lipid antioxidants in acute brain and spinal cord injury, J Neurotrauma, 9, S425 Harkema, 2008, Plasticity of interneuronal networks of the functionally isolated human spinal cord, Brain Res Brain Res Rev, 57, 255, 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.07.012 Harris, 2010, Chondroitinase ABC enhances pericontusion axonal sprouting but does not confer robust improvements in behavioral recovery, J Neurotrauma, 27, 1971, 10.1089/neu.2010.1470 Hart, 2010, A neural basis for motor primitives in the spinal cord, J Neurosci, 30, 1322, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5894-08.2010 Hawk, 2008, The Translational Research Working Group developmental pathways: introduction and overview, Clin Cancer Res, 14, 5664, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1268 Hawryluk, 2008, Protection and repair of the injured spinal cord: a review of completed, ongoing, and planned clinical trials for acute spinal cord injury, Neurosurg Focus, 25, E14, 10.3171/FOC.2008.25.11.E14 Hendriks, 2004, Viral vector-mediated gene transfer of neurotrophins to promote regeneration of the injured spinal cord, Prog Brain Res, 146, 451, 10.1016/S0079-6123(03)46029-9 Hill, 2001, Degeneration and sprouting of identified descending supraspinal axons after contusive spinal cord injury in the rat, Exp Neurol, 171, 153, 10.1006/exnr.2001.7734 Hill, 2009, Anatomical and functional outcomes following a precise, graded, dorsal laceration spinal cord injury in C57BL/6 mice, J Neurotrauma, 26, 1, 10.1089/neu.2008.0543 Hofstetter, 2005, Allodynia limits the usefulness of intraspinal neural stem cell grafts; directed differentiation improves outcome, Nat Neurosci, 8, 346, 10.1038/nn1405 Houle, 2003, Repair of chronic spinal cord injury, Exp Neurol, 182, 247, 10.1016/S0014-4886(03)00029-3 Hsu, 1992, Criteria for valid preclinical trials, J Neurotrauma, 9, 177, 10.1089/neu.1992.9.177 Hugenholtz, 2003, Methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury: not a standard of care, CMAJ, 168, 1145 Hurlbert, 2001, The role of steroids in acute spinal cord injury: an evidence-based analysis, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 26, S39, 10.1097/00007632-200112151-00009 Hyatt, 2010, Controlled release of chondroitinase ABC from fibrin gel reduces the level of inhibitory glycosaminoglycan chains in lesioned spinal cord, J Control Release, 147, 24, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.06.026 Iaci, 2007, Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in spinal cord contusion injury and the effects of chondroitinase treatment, J Neurotrauma, 24, 1743, 10.1089/neu.2007.0366 Inman, 2003, Physical size does not determine the unique histopathological response seen in the injured mouse spinal cord, J Neurotrauma, 20, 33, 10.1089/08977150360517164 Iseda, 2008, Single, high-dose intraspinal injection of chondroitinase reduces glycosaminoglycans in injured spinal cord and promotes corticospinal axonal regrowth after hemisection but not contusion, J Neurotrauma, 25, 334, 10.1089/neu.2007.0289 Ishibashi, 2004, Human neural stem/progenitor cells, expanded in long-term neurosphere culture, promote functional recovery after focal ischemia in Mongolian gerbils, J Neurosci Res, 78, 215, 10.1002/jnr.20246 Iwanami, 2005, Establishment of graded spinal cord injury model in a nonhuman primate: the common marmoset, J Neurosci Res, 80, 172, 10.1002/jnr.20435 Jakeman, 2000, Traumatic spinal cord injury produced by controlled contusion in mouse, J Neurotrauma, 17, 299, 10.1089/neu.2000.17.299 Jakeman, 2011, Injured mice at the gym: review, results and considerations for combining chondroitinase and locomotor exercise to enhance recovery after spinal cord injury, Brain Res Bull, 84, 317, 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.06.002 Jankowska, 2008, Spinal interneuronal networks in the cat: elementary components, Brain Res Brain Res Rev, 57, 46, 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.022 Jefferson, 2010, Cough following low thoracic hemisection in the cat, Exp Neurol, 222, 165, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.12.015 Jeffery, 2006, Clinical canine spinal cord injury provides an opportunity to examine the issues in translating laboratory techniques into practical therapy, Spinal Cord, 44, 584, 10.1038/sj.sc.3101912 Jones, 2003, The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans neurocan, brevican, phosphacan, and versican are differentially regulated following spinal cord injury, Exp Neurol, 182, 399, 10.1016/S0014-4886(03)00087-6 Kakulas, 1999, The applied neuropathology of human spinal cord injury, Spinal Cord, 37, 79, 10.1038/sj.sc.3100807 Kakulas, 2004, Neuropathology: the foundation for new treatments in spinal cord injury, Spinal Cord, 42, 549, 10.1038/sj.sc.3101670 Kalia, 1982, Ganglioside-induced acceleration of axonal transport following nerve crush injury in the rat, Neurosci Lett, 34, 1, 10.1016/0304-3940(82)90083-0 Kaneiwa, 2010, Identification of human hyaluronidase-4 as a novel chondroitin sulfate hydrolase that preferentially cleaves the galactosaminidic linkage in the trisulfated tetrasaccharide sequence, Glycobiology, 20, 300, 10.1093/glycob/cwp174 Karimi-Abdolrezaee, 2010, Synergistic effects of transplanted adult neural stem/progenitor cells, chondroitinase, and growth factors promote functional repair and plasticity of the chronically injured spinal cord, J Neurosci, 30, 1657, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3111-09.2010 Kastner, 2008, Are rodents an appropriate pre-clinical model for treating spinal cord injury? Examples from the respiratory system, Exp Neurol, 213, 249, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.07.008 Kazanis, 2005, CNS injury research; reviewing the last decade: methodological errors and a proposal for a new strategy, Brain Res Brain Res Rev, 50, 377, 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.09.003 Kigerl, 2006, Comparative analysis of lesion development and intraspinal inflammation in four strains of mice following spinal contusion injury, J Comp Neurol, 494, 578, 10.1002/cne.20827 Kigerl, 2009, Identification of two distinct macrophage subsets with divergent effects causing either neurotoxicity or regeneration in the injured mouse spinal cord, J Neurosci, 29, 13435, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3257-09.2009 Kim, 2003, Axon regeneration in young adult mice lacking Nogo-A/B, Neuron, 38, 187, 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00147-8 Kleitman, 2004, Keeping promises: translating basic research into new spinal cord injury therapies, J Spinal Cord Med, 27, 311, 10.1080/10790268.2004.11753768 Ko, 2004, Gross quantitative measurements of spinal cord segments in human, Spinal Cord, 42, 35, 10.1038/sj.sc.3101538 Kocsis, 2009, Neuroprotection and immunomodulation by cell transplantation are becoming central themes in potential therapeutic approaches for cell-based therapies, Neurosci Lett, 456, 99, 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.04.008 Kocsis, 2004, Neural precursors as a cell source to repair the demyelinated spinal cord, J Neurotrauma, 21, 441, 10.1089/089771504323004584 Konya, 2008, Functional recovery in T13–L1 hemisected rats resulting from peripheral nerve rerouting: role of central neuroplasticity, Regen Med, 3, 309, 10.2217/17460751.3.3.309 Kuluz, 2010, Pediatric spinal cord injury in infant piglets: description of a new large animal model and review of the literature, J Spinal Cord Med, 33, 43, 10.1080/10790268.2010.11689673 Kwon, 2002, Animal models used in spinal cord regeneration research, Spine, 27, 1504, 10.1097/00007632-200207150-00005 Kwon, 2002, Animal models used in spinal cord regeneration research, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 27, 1504, 10.1097/00007632-200207150-00005 Kwon, 2005, Strategies to promote neural repair and regeneration after spinal cord injury, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 30, S3, 10.1097/01.brs.0000175186.17923.87 Kwon, 2010, Translational research in spinal cord injury: a survey of opinion from the SCI community, J Neurotrauma, 27, 21, 10.1089/neu.2009.1048 Kwon, 2010, Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory cytokines and biomarkers of injury severity in acute human spinal cord injury, J Neurotrauma, 27, 669, 10.1089/neu.2009.1080 Kwon, 2011, A systematic review of directly applied biologic therapies for acute spinal cord injury, J Neurotrauma, 28, 1589, 10.1089/neu.2009.1150 Kwon, 2011, A grading system to evaluate objectively the strength of pre-clinical data of acute neuroprotective therapies for clinical translation in spinal cord injury, J Neurotrauma, 28, 1525, 10.1089/neu.2010.1296 Kwon, 2011, A systematic review of non-invasive pharmacologic neuroprotective treatments for acute spinal cord injury, J Neurotrauma, 28, 1545, 10.1089/neu.2009.1149 Lammertse, 2004, Update on pharmaceutical trials in acute spinal cord injury, J Spinal Cord Med, 27, 319, 10.1080/10790268.2004.11753769 Lane, 2011, Spinal respiratory motoneurons and interneurons, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, 179, 3, 10.1016/j.resp.2011.07.004 Lane, 2008, Respiratory neuroplasticity and cervical spinal cord injury: translational perspectives, Trends Neurosci, 31, 538, 10.1016/j.tins.2008.07.002 Lane, 2008, Cervical prephrenic interneurons in the normal and lesioned spinal cord of the adult rat, J Comp Neurol, 511, 692, 10.1002/cne.21864 Lane, 2009, Spinal circuitry and respiratory recovery following spinal cord injury, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, 169, 123, 10.1016/j.resp.2009.08.007 Laverty, 2004, A preliminary study of intravenous surfactants in paraplegic dogs: polymer therapy in canine clinical SCI, J Neurotrauma, 21, 1767, 10.1089/neu.2004.21.1767 Lee, 2010, Sustained delivery of thermostabilized chABC enhances axonal sprouting and functional recovery after spinal cord injury, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107, 3340, 10.1073/pnas.0905437106 Lee, 2010, Lack of neuroprotective effects of simvastatin and minocycline in a model of cervical spinal cord injury, Exp Neurol, 225, 219, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.06.018 Lee, 2010, Assessing spinal axon regeneration and sprouting in Nogo-, MAG-, and OMgp-deficient mice, Neuron, 66, 663, 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.05.002 Lemons, 1999, Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan immunoreactivity increases following spinal cord injury and transplantation, Exp Neurol, 160, 51, 10.1006/exnr.1999.7184 Leonard, 1992, Alterations of natural hand movements after interruption of fasciculus cuneatus in the macaque, Somatosens Mot Res, 9, 75, 10.3109/08990229209144764 Liebscher, 2005, Nogo-A antibody improves regeneration and locomotion of spinal cord-injured rats, Ann Neurol, 58, 706, 10.1002/ana.20627 Lim, 2010, Development of a model of sacrocaudal spinal cord injury in cloned Yucatan minipigs for cellular transplantation research, Cell Reprogramming (formerly “Cloning and Stem Cells”), 12, 689, 10.1089/cell.2010.0039 Liu, 2010, PTEN deletion enhances the regenerative ability of adult corticospinal neurons, Nat Neurosci, 13, 1075, 10.1038/nn.2603 Longbrake, 2007, Characterization and modeling of monocyte-derived macrophages after spinal cord injury, J Neurochem, 102, 1083, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04617.x Loy, 2002, Functional redundancy of ventral spinal locomotor pathways, J Neurosci, 22, 315, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-01-00315.2002 Loy, 2002, Both dorsal and ventral spinal cord pathways contribute to overground locomotion in the adult rat, Exp Neurol, 177, 575, 10.1006/exnr.2002.7959 Ma, 2001, Behavioral and histological outcomes following graded spinal cord contusion injury in the C57Bl/6 mouse, Exp Neurol, 169, 239, 10.1006/exnr.2001.7679 Magnuson, 1999, Comparing deficits following excitotoxic and contusion injuries in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord of the adult rat, Exp Neurol, 156, 191, 10.1006/exnr.1999.7016 Mann, 2010, Lack of robust neurologic benefits with simvastatin or atorvastatin treatment after acute thoracic spinal cord contusion injury, Exp Neurol, 221, 285, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.11.006 Margulies, 2009, Combination therapies for traumatic brain injury: prospective considerations, J Neurotrauma, 26, 925, 10.1089/neu.2008.0794 Massey, 2008, Increased chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expression in denervated brainstem targets following spinal cord injury creates a barrier to axonal regeneration overcome by chondroitinase ABC and neurotrophin-3, Exp Neurol, 209, 426, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.03.029 McKenna, 1999, Complete compensation in skilled reaching success with associated impairments in limb synergies, after dorsal column lesion in the rat, J Neurosci, 19, 1885, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-05-01885.1999 McKenna, 2000, Cervical motoneuron topography reflects the proximodistal organization of muscles and movements of the rat forelimb: a retrograde carbocyanine dye analysis, J Comp Neurol, 419, 286, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(20000410)419:3<286::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-3 McKeon, 1991, Reduction of neurite outgrowth in a model of glial scarring following CNS injury is correlated with the expression of inhibitory molecules on reactive astrocytes, J Neurosci, 11, 3398, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-11-03398.1991 McKerracher, 2006, Targeting Rho to stimulate repair after spinal cord injury, J Neurotrauma, 23, 309, 10.1089/neu.2006.23.309 McTigue, 2008, The life, death, and replacement of oligodendrocytes in the adult CNS, J Neurochem, 107, 1, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05570.x Means, 1981, Effect of methylprednisolone in compression trauma to the feline spinal cord, J Neurosurg, 55, 200, 10.3171/jns.1981.55.2.0200 Merkler, 2001, Locomotor recovery in spinal cord-injured rats treated with an antibody neutralizing the myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitor Nogo-A, J Neurosci, 21, 3665, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-10-03665.2001 Muir, 2010, Modification of N-glycosylation sites allows secretion of bacterial chondroitinase ABC from mammalian cells, J Biotechnol, 145, 103, 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.11.002 Nasonkin, 2009, Long-term, stable differentiation of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursors grafted into the adult mammalian neostriatum, Stem Cells, 27, 2414, 10.1002/stem.177 Navarro, 2012, Chronic spinal compression model in minipigs: a systematic behavioral, qualitative, and quantitative neuropathological study, J Neurotrauma, 29, 499, 10.1089/neu.2011.2076 Noble, 1985, Spinal cord contusion in the rat: morphometric analyses of alterations in the spinal cord, Exp Neurol, 88, 135, 10.1016/0014-4886(85)90119-0 Noble, 1989, Correlative analyses of lesion development and functional status after graded spinal cord contusive injuries in the rat, Exp Neurol, 103, 34, 10.1016/0014-4886(89)90182-9 Norenberg, 2004, The pathology of human spinal cord injury: defining the problems, J Neurotrauma, 21, 429, 10.1089/089771504323004575 O'Collins, 2006, 1,026 experimental treatments in acute stroke, Ann Neurol, 59, 467, 10.1002/ana.20741 Pettersson, 2007, Skilled digit movements in feline and primate – recovery after selective spinal cord lesions, Acta Physiol (Oxf), 189, 141, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2006.01650.x Piao, 2009, A mouse model of photochemically induced spinal cord injury, J Korean Neurosurg Soc, 46, 479, 10.3340/jkns.2009.46.5.479 Pinzon, 2008, A re-assessment of erythropoietin as a neuroprotective agent following rat spinal cord compression or contusion injury, Exp Neurol, 213, 129, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.05.018 Pinzon, 2008, A re-assessment of minocycline as a neuroprotective agent in a rat spinal cord contusion model, Brain Res, 1243, 146, 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.047 Prado, 1987, Photochemically induced graded spinal cord infarction. Behavioral, electrophysiological, and morphological correlates, J Neurosurg, 67, 745, 10.3171/jns.1987.67.5.0745 Pritchard, 2010, Establishing a model spinal cord injury in the African green monkey for the preclinical evaluation of biodegradable polymer scaffolds seeded with human neural stem cells, J Neurosci Methods, 188, 258, 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.02.019 Qiu, 2010, The phrenic motor nucleus in the adult mouse, Exp Neurol, 226, 254, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.026 Raineteau, 2002, Reorganization of descending motor tracts in the rat spinal cord, Eur J Neurosci, 16, 1761, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02243.x Redmond, 2001, The American Society for Neural Transplantation and Repair Considerations and guidelines for studies of human subjects. The practice committee of the society. Approved by council, Cell Transplant, 10, 661, 10.3727/000000001783986170 Reier, 2004, Cellular transplantation strategies for spinal cord injury and translational neurobiology, NeuroRx, 1, 424, 10.1602/neurorx.1.4.424 Reier, 1994, Workshop on intraspinal transplantation and clinical application, J Neurotrauma, 11, 369, 10.1089/neu.1994.11.369 Reier, 2002, Gray matter repair in the cervical spinal cord, Prog Brain Res, 137, 49, 10.1016/S0079-6123(02)37007-9 Rivlin, 1978, Effect of duration of acute spinal cord compression in a new acute cord injury model in the rat, Surg Neurol, 10, 38 Rosenzweig, 2004, Rodent models for treatment of spinal cord injury: research trends and progress toward useful repair, Curr Opin Neurol, 17, 121, 10.1097/00019052-200404000-00007 Rosenzweig, 2009, Extensive spinal decussation and bilateral termination of cervical corticospinal projections in rhesus monkeys, J Comp Neurol, 513, 151, 10.1002/cne.21940 Rosenzweig, 2010, Extensive spontaneous plasticity of corticospinal projections after primate spinal cord injury, Nat Neurosci, 13, 1505, 10.1038/nn.2691 Rossignol, 2007, Spinal cord injury: time to move?, J Neurosci, 27, 11782, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3444-07.2007 Rossignol, 2009, Re-expression of locomotor function after partial spinal cord injury, Physiology (Bethesda), 24, 127, 10.1152/physiol.00042.2008 Saino, 2010, Immunodeficiency reduces neural stem/progenitor cell apoptosis and enhances neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex after stroke, J Neurosci Res, 88, 2385 Salazar, 2010, Human neural stem cells differentiate and promote locomotor recovery in an early chronic spinal cord injury NOD-scid mouse model, PLoS One, 5, e12272, 10.1371/journal.pone.0012272 Sasaki, 2009, BDNF-hypersecreting human mesenchymal stem cells promote functional recovery, axonal sprouting, and protection of corticospinal neurons after spinal cord injury, J Neurosci, 29, 14932, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2769-09.2009 Scheff, 2003, Experimental modeling of spinal cord injury: characterization of a force-defined injury device, J Neurotrauma, 20, 179, 10.1089/08977150360547099 Schilsky, 2008, The Translational Research Working Group developmental pathway for anticancer agents (drugs or biologics), Clin Cancer Res, 14, 5685, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1265 Schnell, 1990, Axonal regeneration in the rat spinal cord produced by an antibody against myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitors, Nature, 343, 269, 10.1038/343269a0 Schnell, 1993, Sprouting and regeneration of lesioned corticospinal tract fibres in the adult rat spinal cord, Eur J Neurosci, 5, 1156, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00970.x Schrimsher, 1993, Forelimb motor performance following dorsal column, dorsolateral funiculi, or ventrolateral funiculi lesions of the cervical spinal cord in the rat, Exp Neurol, 120, 264, 10.1006/exnr.1993.1060 Sharp, 2009, Stem cell-based cell replacement strategies for the central nervous system, Neurosci Lett, 456, 107, 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.04.106 Shapiro, 2005, Oscillating field stimulation for complete spinal cord injury in humans: a phase 1 trial, J Neurosurg Spine, 2, 3, 10.3171/spi.2005.2.1.0003 Shaw, 2005, Hyperphosphorylated neurofilament NF-H is a serum biomarker of axonal injury, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 336, 1268, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.252 Simard, 2012, When replication teaches more than the original experiment–the saga of the unknown, Exp Neurol, 233, 623, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.03.023 Simonen, 2003, Systemic deletion of the myelin-associated outgrowth inhibitor Nogo-A improves regenerative and plastic responses after spinal cord injury, Neuron, 38, 201, 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00226-5 Sipski, 2003, From the bench to the body: key issues associated with research aimed at a cure for SCI, J Rehabil Res Dev, 40, 1, 10.1682/JRRD.2003.08.0001 Smith, 2006, Histological and ultrastructural analysis of white matter damage after naturally-occurring spinal cord injury, Brain Pathol, 16, 99, 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2006.00001.x Snyder, 2012, Stem cells and spinal cord repair, N Engl J Med, 366, 1940, 10.1056/NEJMcibr1200138 Srivastava, 2008, Translational Research Working Group developmental pathway for biospecimen-based assessment modalities, Clin Cancer Res, 14, 5672, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1267 Sroga, 2003, Rats and mice exhibit distinct inflammatory reactions after spinal cord injury, J Comp Neurol, 462, 223, 10.1002/cne.10736 Steencken, 2009, Lack of axonal sprouting of spared propriospinal fibers caudal to spinal contusion injury is attributed to chronic axonopathy, J Neurotrauma, 26, 2279, 10.1089/neu.2009.0934 Steeves, 2004, Report of international clinical trials workshop on spinal cord injury February 20–21, 2004, Vancouver, Canada, Spinal Cord, 42, 591, 10.1038/sj.sc.3101669 Steward, 1999, Genetic approaches to neurotrauma research: opportunities and potential pitfalls of murine models, Exp Neurol, 157, 19, 10.1006/exnr.1999.7040 Steward, 2008, A re-assessment of the effects of a Nogo-66 receptor antagonist on regenerative growth of axons and locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury in mice, Exp Neurol, 209, 446, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.12.010 Steward, 2012, A re-assessment of the effects of intracortical delivery of inosine on transmidline growth of corticospinal tract axons after unilateral lesions of the medullary pyramid, Exp Neurol, 233, 662, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.09.019 Stokes, 1992, An electromechanical spinal injury technique with dynamic sensitivity, J Neurotrauma, 9, 187, 10.1089/neu.1992.9.187 Stokols, 2004, The fabrication and characterization of linearly oriented nerve guidance scaffolds for spinal cord injury, Biomaterials, 25, 5839, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.041 Straley, 2010, Biomaterial design strategies for the treatment of spinal cord injuries, J Neurotrauma, 27, 1, 10.1089/neu.2009.0948 Sung, 2003, A possible role of RhoA/Rho-kinase in experimental spinal cord injury in rat, Brain Res, 959, 29, 10.1016/S0006-8993(02)03717-4 Tang, 2003, Changes in distribution, cell associations, and protein expression levels of NG2, neurocan, phosphacan, brevican, versican V2, and tenascin-C during acute to chronic maturation of spinal cord scar tissue, J Neurosci Res, 71, 427, 10.1002/jnr.10523 Tator, 2002, Strategies for recovery and regeneration after brain and spinal cord injury, Inj Prev, 8, IV33, 10.1136/ip.8.suppl_4.iv33 Tator, 2006, Review of treatment trials in human spinal cord injury: issues, difficulties, and recommendations, Neurosurgery, 59, 957, 10.1227/01.NEU.0000245591.16087.89 Teng, 2002, Functional recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury mediated by a unique polymer scaffold seeded with neural stem cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, 3024, 10.1073/pnas.052678899 Teng, 2006, Physical activity-mediated functional recovery after spinal cord injury: potential roles of neural stem cells, Regen Med, 1, 763, 10.2217/17460751.1.6.763 Tester, 2008, Chondroitinase ABC improves basic and skilled locomotion in spinal cord injured cats, Exp Neurol, 209, 483, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.07.019 Tester, 2007, Effect of body temperature on chondroitinase ABC's ability to cleave chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans, J Neurosci Res, 85, 1110, 10.1002/jnr.21199 Tetzlaff, 2011, A systematic review of cellular transplantation therapies for spinal cord injury, J Neurotrauma, 28, 1611, 10.1089/neu.2009.1177 Toffano, 1984, Effects of gangliosides on the functional recovery of damaged brain, Adv Exp Med Biol, 174, 475, 10.1007/978-1-4684-1200-0_40 Tolias, 2004, Critical appraisal of neuroprotection trials in head injury: what have we learned?, NeuroRx, 1, 71, 10.1602/neurorx.1.1.71 Tom, 2008, Intraspinal microinjection of chondroitinase ABC following injury promotes axonal regeneration out of a peripheral nerve graft bridge, Exp Neurol, 211, 315, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.01.021 Tom, 2009, Administration of chondroitinase ABC rostral or caudal to a spinal cord injury site promotes anatomical but not functional plasticity, J Neurotrauma, 26, 2323, 10.1089/neu.2009.1047 Tsai, 2005, Neuroprotection and regeneration strategies for spinal cord repair, Curr Pharm Des, 11, 1211, 10.2174/1381612053507404 Uccelli, 2007, Mesenchymal stem cells: a new strategy for immunosuppression?, Trends Immunol, 28, 219, 10.1016/j.it.2007.03.001 van den Brand, 2012, Restoring voluntary control of locomotion after paralyzing spinal cord injury, Science, 336, 1182, 10.1126/science.1217416 van der Worp, 2010, Can animal models of disease reliably inform human studies?, PLoS Med, 7, e1000245, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000245 Velardo, 2004, Patterns of gene expression reveal a temporally orchestrated wound healing response in the injured spinal cord, J Neurosci, 24, 8562, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3316-04.2004 Vierck, 2000, Pain following spinal cord injury: animal models and mechanistic studies, Pain, 89, 1, 10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00463-2 Walmsley, 2007, Targeting the Nogo-A signalling pathway to promote recovery following acute CNS injury, Curr Pharm Des, 13, 2470, 10.2174/138161207781368611 2009 Weidner, 2002, Spontaneous plasticity in the injured spinal cord–implications for repair strategies, Mol Psychiatry, 7, 9, 10.1038/sj.mp.4000983 Wennersten, 2006, Sustained survival of xenografted human neural stem/progenitor cells in experimental brain trauma despite discontinuation of immunosuppression, Exp Neurol, 199, 339, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.12.035 Wewetzer, 2011, Species-specific control of cellular proliferation and the impact of large animal models for the use of olfactory ensheathing cells and Schwann cells in spinal cord repair, Exp Neurol, 229, 80, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.029 White, 2010, Neuronal progenitor transplantation and respiratory outcomes following upper cervical spinal cord injury in adult rats, Exp Neurol, 225, 231, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.06.006 Wolpaw, 2001, Activity-dependent spinal cord plasticity in health and disease, Annu Rev Neurosci, 24, 807, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.807 Yan, 2007, Extensive neuronal differentiation of human neural stem cell grafts in adult rat spinal cord, PLoS Med, 4, e39, 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040039 Yang, 2003, Effects of corticosteroid and electroacupuncture on experimental spinal cord injury in dogs, J Vet Sci, 4, 97, 10.4142/jvs.2003.4.1.97 Yang, 2006, Endogenous neurogenesis replaces oligodendrocytes and astrocytes after primate spinal cord injury, J Neurosci, 26, 2157, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4070-05.2005 Young, 1996, Spinal cord injury pathophysiology and therapy Young, 1988, Pharmacological therapy of acute spinal cord injury: studies of high dose methylprednisolone and naloxone, Clin Neurosurg, 34, 675 Yu, 2009, Blockade of peroxynitrite-induced neural stem cell death in the acutely injured spinal cord by drug-releasing polymer, Stem Cells, 27, 1212, 10.1002/stem.26 Zheng, 2003, Lack of enhanced spinal regeneration in Nogo-deficient mice, Neuron, 38, 213, 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00225-3 Zorner, 2010, Anti-Nogo on the go: from animal models to a clinical trial, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1198, E22, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05566.x