Transforming online voting: a novel system utilizing blockchain and biometric verification for enhanced security, privacy, and transparency

Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Md Jobair Hossain Faruk1, Fazlul Alam2, Mazharul Islam3, Akond Rahman4
1Department of Computer Science, New York Institute of Technology, Manhattan, USA
2Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil International University, Birulia, Bangladesh
3Department of Computing, Sultan Idris Education University, Perak, Malaysia
4Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, USA

Tóm tắt

AbstractAs a cornerstone of democratic governance, elections hold unparalleled significance, shaping a nation’s trajectory. However, the prevailing ballot-paper based voting systems continue to face trust issues among significant populations. As a result, e-Voting has emerged as an appealing alternative, with numerous countries opting for its implementation globally. While e-Voting systems offer several advantages, they also come with their own set of challenges. Even a minor vulnerability can lead to massive manipulations in voting results. In recent years, there have been efforts to revolutionize the e-Voting paradigm by harnessing the potential of emerging technologies such as biometrics and blockchain. This paper proposes a Internet-based voting that adopts blockchain technology and biometric identification techniques. We use biometric modalities, such as fingerprint and facial recognition, for voter authentication while leveraging Hyperledger Fabric framework as blockchain network and ensuring a secure, transparent, and tamper-evident voting record. We demonstrate the proposed system with 100 participants in a preset environment where we collect the biometrics data. The results indicate that 87% of participants successfully registered with biometrics, while 88% cast their votes with a combination of either voter ID and fingerprint or voter ID with facial recognition. Our findings suggest that the proposed system allows voters to access the system seamlessly and automate identity verification procedures while ensuring a secure, decentralized, and distributed database network that maintains transparency. Future research shall be carried out in collaboration with election officials and voters to improve the system in real-world scenarios.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Jennings, W., Wlezien, C.: The timeline of elections: a comparative perspective. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 60, 219–233 (2016)

Simons, B., Jones, D.W.: Internet voting in the U.S. Commun. ACM 55(10), 68–77 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1145/2347736.2347754

Kohno, T., Stubblefield, A., Rubin, A.D., Wallach, D.S.: Analysis of an electronic voting system. In: IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2004. Proceedings. 2004, pp. 27–40 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1109/SECPRI.2004.1301313

Kumar, D.A., Begum, T.U.S.: Electronic voting machine—a review. In: International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Informatics and Medical Engineering (PRIME-2012), pp. 41–48 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPRIME.2012.6208285

Lalitha, V., Samundeswari, S., Roobinee, R., Swetha, L.S.: Decentralized online voting system using blockchain. In: 2022 International Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence and Computing (ICAAIC), pp. 1387–1391 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAAIC53929.2022.9792791

Bederson, B.B., Lee, B., Sherman, R.M., Herrnson, P.S., Niemi, R.G.: Electronic voting system usability issues. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI ’03, pp. 145–152. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2003). https://doi.org/10.1145/642611.642638

Zachary, G.P.: Digital manipulation and the future of electoral democracy in the U.S. IEEE Trans. Technol. Soc. 1(2), 104–112 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2020.2992666

Daramola, O.J., Thebus, D.: Architecture-centric evaluation of blockchain-based smart contract e-Voting for national elections. Informatics 7, 16 (2020)

Hossain Faruk, M.J., Islam, M., Alam, F., Shahriar, H., Rahman, A.: Bie vote: A biometric identification enabled blockchain-based secure and transparent voting framework. In: 2022 Fourth International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA), pp. 253–258 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/BCCA55292.2022.9922588

Hossain Faruk, M.J., Subramanian, S., Shahriar, H., Valero, M., Li, X., Tasnim, M.: Software engineering process and methodology in blockchain-oriented software development: A systematic study. In: 2022 IEEE/ACIS 20th International Conference on Software Engineering Research, Management and Applications (SERA), pp. 120–127 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/SERA54885.2022.9806817

Gibson, J.P., Krimmer, R., Teague, V., Pomares, J.: A review of e-Voting: the past, present and future. Ann. Telecommun. 71, 279–286 (2016)

Hossain Faruk, M.J., Shahriar, H., Valero, M., Sneha, S., Ahamed, S.I., Rahman, M.: Towards blockchain-based secure data management for remote patient monitoring. In: 2021 IEEE International Conference on Digital Health (ICDH), pp. 299–308 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDH52753.2021.00054

Shivers, R., Rahman, M.A., Faruk, M.J.H., Shahriar, H., Cuzzocrea, A., Clincy, V.: Ride-hailing for autonomous vehicles: Hyperledger fabric-based secure and decentralize blockchain platform. In: 2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), pp. 5450–5459 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/BigData52589.2021.9671379

Ocheja, P., Agbo, F.J., Oyelere, S.S., Flanagan, B., Ogata, H.: Blockchain in education: a systematic review and practical case studies. IEEE Access 10, 99525–99540 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3206791

Agarwal, S., Haider, A., Jamwal, A., Dev, P., Chandel, R.: Biometric based secured remote electronic voting system. In: 2020 7th International Conference on Smart Structures and Systems (ICSSS), pp. 1–5 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSSS49621.2020.9202212

Hossain Faruk, M.J., Saha, B., Islam, M., Alam, F., Shahriar, H., Valero, M., Rahman, A., Wu, F., Alam, Z.: Development of blockchain-based e-voting system: Requirements, design and security perspective. In: 2022 IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom), pp. 959–967 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/TrustCom56396.2022.00132

Deepika, J., Kalaiselvi, S., Mahalakshmi, S., Shifani, S.A.: Smart electronic voting system based on biometrie identification-survey. In: 2017 Third International Conference on Science Technology Engineering & Management (ICONSTEM), pp. 939–942 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICONSTEM.2017.8261341

Rezwan, R., Ahmed, H., Biplob, M.R.N., Shuvo, S.M., Rahman, M.A.: Biometrically secured electronic voting machine. In: 2017 IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC), pp. 510–512 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/R10-HTC.2017.8289010

Ibrahim, M., Ravindran, K., Lee, H., Farooqui, O., Mahmoud, Q.H.: Electionblock: An electronic voting system using blockchain and fingerprint authentication. In: 2021 IEEE 18th International Conference on Software Architecture Companion (ICSA-C), pp. 123–129 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSA-C52384.2021.00033

Zheng, Z., Xie, S., Dai, H., Chen, X., Wang, H.: An overview of blockchain technology: Architecture, consensus, and future trends. In: 2017 IEEE International Congress on Big Data (BigData Congress), pp. 557–564 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/BigDataCongress.2017.85

Andrian, H.R., Kurniawan, N.B., Suhardi: Blockchain technology and implementation : A systematic literature review. In: 2018 International Conference on Information Technology Systems and Innovation (ICITSI), pp. 370–374 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICITSI.2018.8695939

Ahram, T., Sargolzaei, A., Sargolzaei, S., Daniels, J., Amaba, B.: Blockchain technology innovations. In: 2017 IEEE Technology & Engineering Management Conference (TEMSCON), pp. 137–141 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMSCON.2017.7998367

Sunny, F.A., Hajek, P., Munk, M., Abedin, M.Z., Satu, M.S., Efat, M.I.A., Islam, M.J.: A systematic review of blockchain applications. IEEE Access 10, 59155–59177 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3179690

Golosova, J., Romanovs, A.: The advantages and disadvantages of the blockchain technology. In: 2018 IEEE 6th Workshop on Advances in Information, Electronic and Electrical Engineering (AIEEE), pp. 1–6 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/AIEEE.2018.8592253

Jafar, U., Aziz, M.J.A., Shukur, Z.: Blockchain for electronic voting system-review and open research challenges. Sensors 21, 5874 (2021)

Zhao, Z.: Comparison of hyperledger fabric and ethereum blockchain. In: 2022 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Image Processing, Electronics and Computers (IPEC), pp. 584–587 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/IPEC54454.2022.9777292

Foschini, L., Gavagna, A., Martuscelli, G., Montanari, R.: Hyperledger fabric blockchain: Chaincode performance analysis. In: ICC 2020-2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp. 1–6 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICC40277.2020.9149080

Poniszewska-Marańda, A., Rojek, S., Pawlak, M.: Decentralized electronic voting system using hyperledger fabric. In: 2022 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing (SCC), pp. 339–348 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/SCC55611.2022.00056

Stan, I.-M., Barac, I.-C., Rosner, D.: Architecting a scalable e-election system using blockchain technologies. In: 2021 20th RoEduNet Conference: Networking in Education and Research (RoEduNet), pp. 1–6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/RoEduNet54112.2021.9638303

Yuan, P., Xiong, X., Lei, L., Zheng, K.: Design and implementation on hyperledger-based emission trading system. IEEE Access 7, 6109–6116 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2888929

Yamashita, K., Nomura, Y., Zhou, E., Pi, B., Jun, S.: Potential risks of hyperledger fabric smart contracts. In: 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Blockchain Oriented Software Engineering (IWBOSE), pp. 1–10 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/IWBOSE.2019.8666486

Jain, A., Hong, L., Pankanti, S.: Biometric identification. Commun. ACM 43(2), 90–98 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1145/328236.328110

Dastbaz, M., Halpin, E., Wright, S.: Emerging Technologies and the Human Rights Challenge of Rapidly Expanding State Surveillance Capacities, pp. 108–118 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407191-9.00010-7

Zamir, M.A., Khan, D.A., Umar, M.S.: Secure electronic voting machine using biometric authentication. In: 2022 9th International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), pp. 511–516 (2022). https://doi.org/10.23919/INDIACom54597.2022.9763202

Sumner, S.: Biometrics and the Future, pp. 183–198 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803405-7.00010-2

Li, L., Mu, X., Li, S., Peng, H.: A review of face recognition technology. IEEE Access 8, 139110–139120 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3011028

Liu, R., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Tian, H.: Research on face recognition technology based on an improved lenet-5 system. In: 2022 International Seminar on Computer Science and Engineering Technology (SCSET), pp. 121–123 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/SCSET55041.2022.00036

Al-Shiha, A.: Biometric face recognition using multilinear projection and artificial intelligence. PhD thesis (2018)

Rafika, A.S., Sudaryono, Hardini, M., Ardianto, A.Y., Supriyanti, D.: Face recognition based artificial intelligence with attendx technology for student attendance. In: 2022 International Conference on Science and Technology (ICOSTECH), pp. 1–7 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOSTECH54296.2022.9829122

Ali, M.M.H., Mahale, V.H., Yannawar, P., Gaikwad, A.T.: Overview of fingerprint recognition system. In: 2016 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT), pp. 1334–1338 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEEOT.2016.7754900

Heiberg, S., Krips, K., Willemson, J., Vinkel, P.: Facial Recognition for Remote Electronic Voting - Missing Piece of the Puzzle or Yet Another Liability?, pp. 77–93 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93747-8_6

Pawlak, M., Poniszewska-Maranda, A., Kryvinska, N.: Towards the intelligent agents for blockchain e-Voting system. Proc. Comput. Sci. 141, 239–246 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.10.177

Buldas, A., Mägi, T.: Practical security analysis of e-voting systems. In: Proceedings of the Security 2nd International Conference on Advances in Information and Computer Security. IWSEC’07, pp. 320–335. Springer, Berlin (2007)

Patil, S., Bansal, A., Raina, U., Pujari, V., Kumar, R.: E-smart voting system with secure data identification using cryptography. In: 2018 3rd International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT), pp. 1–4 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/I2CT.2018.8529497

Naidu, P.R., Bolla, D.R., G, P., Harshini, S.S., Hegde, S.A., Harsha, V.V.S.: E-voting system using blockchain and homomorphic encryption. In: 2022 IEEE 2nd Mysore Sub Section International Conference (MysuruCon), pp. 1–5 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/MysuruCon55714.2022.9972661

Uddin, M.N., Ahmmed, S., Riton, I.A., Islam, L.: An blockchain-based e-voting system applying time lock encryption. In: 2021 International Conference on Intelligent Technologies (CONIT), pp. 1–6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/CONIT51480.2021.9498566

Mišić, V.B., Mišić, J., Chang, X.: Towards a blockchain-based healthcare information system : Invited paper. In: 2019 IEEE/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC), pp. 13–18 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCChina.2019.8855911

Kruchten, P.B.: The 4 + 1 view model of architecture. IEEE Softw. 12(6), 42–50 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1109/52.469759

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Thông tin tác giả