Tradition in modern dress: Jews and Judaism in a world of change

Renato Poggioli,The Theory of the Avant-Garde (Cambridge, 1968); Jeffrey S. Gurock, “Resisters and Accommodators: Varieties of Orthodox Rabbis in America, 1886–1983,” inThe American Rabbinate: A Century of Continuity and Change, 1883–1983, Jacob Rader Marcus and Abraham J. Peck, editors (Hoboken, NJ, 1985), 10–97. William Stephens,The Family in Cross Cultural Perspectives (New York, 1963); Edward Shorter,The Making of the Modern Family (New York, 1975); Michael Young and Peter Wilmott,The Symmetrical Family (London, 1973); Stanley Diamond, “Kibbutz and Shtetl: The History of an Idea,”Social Problems 5:1 (1957): 71–99, especially “The Family Within the Shtetl”: 78–81. Peter N. Stearns, “Modernization and Social History: Some Suggestions and a Muted Cheer,”Journal of Social History 14:2 (1980): 193–94. By industrialization I mean a series of modifications (not a single process) which took place in the lives of a very large number of individual communities — a different process (in content, in succession of events) in every particular case. Philippe Ariès,Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life (New York, 1962); Robert Gordis, “America — A Novum in Jewish Experience,” Judaism 25:3 (1976): 263 (“⋯the hallmark of the modern Jew, the problem of his individual status⋯”); Laurence Veysey, “The Autonomy of American History Reconsidered,”American Quarterly 31:4 (1979): 455–77; Jacob Katz,Tradition and Crisis (New York, 1971), Chapters 14–15; Gilbert S. Rosenthal, editor,The Jewish Family in a Changing World (New York, 1970), pp. 19–29; Raymond Grew, “Modernization and Its Discontents,”American Behavioral Scientist 21:2 (1977): 289–312. Peter Berger, “Sociology and Freedom,”American Sociologist 6:1 (1971): 1–5; Daniel Lerner,The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East (Glencoe, 1958); Milton Himmelfarb,The Jews of Modernity (New York, 1973); Ariès, 375. Peter Berger,The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion (Garden City, 1967); Christopher Lasch,Haven in a Heartless World: The Family Beseiged (New York, 1977); John Lukacs,The Passing of the Modern Age (New York, 1970); Howard M. Sachar,The Course of Modern Jewish History (New York, 1977, 2nd edition), 117–31. Talcott Parsons,Structure and Process in Modern Societies (New York, 1960), pp. 98–131; Grew, “More on Modernization,”Journal of Social History 14:2 (1980): 179–87, especially 181; Dean C. Tipps, “Modernization Theory and the Comparative Study of Societies: A Critical Perspective,”Comparative Studies in Society and History 17:2 (1975): 245–52. Robin Horton, “Levy-Bruhl, Durkheim and the Scientific Revolution,” inModes of Thought: Essays on Thinking in Western and Non-Western Societies, Robin Horton and Ruth Finnegan, editors (London, 1973), 249–305; J. P. Nettl and Roland Robertson,International Systems and the Modernization of Societies (London, 1968); Steven M. Cohen,American Modernity and Jewish Identity (New York, 1983), 60–63. Lloyd Fallers, “Equality, Modernity, and Democracy in the New States,” inOld Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa, Clifford Geertz, editor (New York, 1965), 158–219; Peter Berger, “A Sociological View of the Secularization of Theology,”Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 6:1 (1967): 3–16. Peter Berger et al.,The Homeless Mind: Modernization and Consciousness (New York, 1973). This is no less true in eastern Europe; see Hillel Levine, “The History of Judaism in Poland in 1750–1815 and the Sources of Anti-Modernization,” inHistory of Judaism: the Next Ten Years, Baruch M. Bokser, editor, Brown Judaic Studies 21 (1980): 95–116. Reinhard Bendix, “Tradition and Modernity Reconsidered,”Comparative Studies in Society and History 9:3 (1966–67): 292–346; S. N. Eisenstadt, “Studies of Modernization and Sociological Theory,”History and Theory 13:2 (1974): 225–52. Paul Mendes Flohr, “Jewish Continuity in an Age of Discontinuity,”Journal of Jewish Studies 39:2 (1988): 261–68. Thomas Craven,Modern Art: The Men, the Movements, the Meaning (New York, 1934); Herbert E. Read,The Philosophy of Modern Art (Cleveland, 1965). “The Romantics were Prompted,”Possibilities 1 (Winter, 1947/48): 84. Peter Gay,Art and Act: On Causes in History — Manet, Gropius, Mondrian (New York, 1976); Museum of Modern Art,Mark Rothko (Garden City, 1961), 14. Gay, 98; Ellen Johnson,Modern Art and the Object: A Century of Changing Attitudes (New York, 1976). Harold Rosenberg,Saul Steinberg, (New York, 1978), 12. Lionel Trilling, “On the Teaching of Modern Literature,” inBeyond Culture (New York, 1965), 3–30. This theme is also present inSatan in Goray, Gimpel the Fool, The Spinoza of Market Street, The Family Moskat, andIn My Father's Court. See Irving Howe, “Demonic Fiction of a Yiddish ‘Modernist’,”Commentary 30:4 (1960) 350–53, and Michael Fixler, “The Redeemers: Themes in the Fiction of Isaac Bashevis Singer,”Kenyon Review 26:2 (1964). 371–86. Irving H. Buchen,Isaac Bashevis Singer and the Eternal Past (New York, 1968). Karl Shapiro, “The Jewish Writer in America,” inIn Defense of Ignorance (New York, 1960), 205–17; John J. Clayton,Saul Bellow: In Defense of Man (Bloomington, Indiana, 1979); Robert J. Brinkmann, “The Transcendental Vision of Saul Bellow: The Evolution of a Cosmic Consciousness,” M.A. thesis, Brown University, 1977; Alvin H. Rosenfeld, “Saul Bellow, On the Soul,”Midstream 23:10 (1977), 47–59. Charles S. Liebman, “Orthodoxy in American Jewish Life,”American Jewish Yearbook 66 (1965): 21–98; Liebman, “Orthodoxy in Nineteenth-Century America,”Tradition 7 (Spring 1964): 132–41; Harold S. Himmelfarb, “The Study of American Jewish Identity: How it is Defined, Measured, Obtained, Sustained and Lost,”Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 19:1 (1980): 48–60. Franz Kafka,Letters to Friends, Family and Editors (New York, 1977), p. 289; Marc Lee Raphael, “The Origins of Organized National Overseas Jewish Philanthropy in the United States, 1914–1939,” inThe Jews of North America, Moses Rischin, editor (Detroit, 1987). Abraham J. Karp,To Give Life: The United Jewish Appeal in the Shaping of the American Jewish Community (New York, 1981). Edward Shils, “Tradition,” inComparative Studies in Society and History 13:2 (1971):122; Paula Hyman, “Judaism and the Crisis of Modernity,” inReconstructionist 47:6 (1981): 13; David Sidorsky, “Judaism in the Revolution of Modernity,” inThe Future of the Jewish Community in America (New York, 1973), 3–21.