Trace element composition of scheelite in orogenic gold deposits
Tóm tắt
Scheelite from 25 representative orogenic gold deposits from various geological settings was investigated by EPMA (electron probe micro-analyzer) and LA-ICP-MS (laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer) to establish discriminant geochemical features to constrain indicator mineral surveys for gold exploration. Scheelite from orogenic gold deposits displays five REE patterns including a bell-shaped pattern with a (i) positive or (ii) negative Eu anomaly; (iii) a flat pattern with a positive Eu anomaly and, less commonly, (iv) a LREE-enriched pattern, and (v) a HREE-enriched pattern. The REE patterns are interpreted to reflect the source of the auriferous hydrothermal fluids and, perhaps, co-precipitating mineral phases. Scheelite from deposits formed in rocks metamorphosed at upper greenschist to lower amphibolite facies have low contents in REE, Y, and Sr, and high contents in Mn, Nb, Ta, and V, compared to scheelite formed in rocks metamorphosed below the middle greenschist facies. Scheelite from deposits hosted in sedimentary rocks has high Sr, Pb, U, and Th, and low Na, REE, and Y, compared to that hosted in felsic to intermediate rocks. Statistical analysis including elemental plots and multivariate statistics with PLS-DA (partial least square-discriminant analysis) reveal that the metamorphic facies of the host rocks as well as the regional host rock composition exert a strong control on scheelite composition. This is a result of fluid-rock exchange during fluid flow to gold deposition site. PLS-DA and elemental ratio plots show that scheelite from orogenic gold deposits have distinct Sr, Mo, Eu, As, and Sr/Mo, but indistinguishable REE signatures, compared to scheelite from other deposit types.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Aitchison J (1986) The statistical analysis of compositional data. Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability. London (UK)
citation_journal_title=Earth Planet Sci Lett; citation_title=Rare earth element mobility during granite alteration; evidence from Southwest England; citation_author=DHM Alderton, JA Pearce, PJ Potts; citation_volume=49; citation_publication_date=1980; citation_pages=149-165; citation_id=CR2
citation_title=Sm-Nd and Sr isotopic studies of scheelite from some superior province gold deposits department of earth sciences; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_id=CR3; citation_author=CD Anglin; citation_publisher=Carleton University
citation_journal_title=Econ Geol; citation_title=Sm-Nd dating of scheelite and tourmaline: implications for the genesis of Archean gold deposits, Val d’Or, Canada; citation_author=CD Anglin, IR Jonasson, J Franklin; citation_volume=91; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=1372-1382; citation_id=CR4
citation_title=Uvarovite and glacial transportation distance as provenance indicators of ore mineralization in the southern part of the Outokumpu district, North Karelia; citation_publication_date=1986; citation_id=CR5; citation_author=R Aumo; citation_author=V-P Salonen; citation_publisher=Finland Prospecting in Areas of Glaciated Terrain. Institution of Mining and Metallurgy
citation_journal_title=Mineral Deposita; citation_title=Stable isotope geochemistry of the Archean Val-d’Or (Canada) orogenic gold vein field; citation_author=G Beaudoin, D Pitre; citation_volume=40; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=59-75; citation_id=CR6
citation_journal_title=Geology; citation_title=Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotope systematics of scheelites: possible implications for the age and genesis of vein-hosted gold deposits; citation_author=K Bell, CD Anglin, JM Franklin; citation_volume=17; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_pages=500-509; citation_id=CR7
citation_journal_title=J Geochem Explor; citation_title=Magnetite composition in Ni-Cu-PGE deposits worldwide: application to mineral exploration; citation_author=E Boutroy, SAS Dare, G Beaudoin, S-J Barnes, PC Lightfoot; citation_volume=145; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=64-81; citation_id=CR8
citation_journal_title=Am Mineral; citation_title=Scheelite-powellite and paraniite-(Y) from the Fe-Mn deposit at Fianel, Eastern Swiss Alps; citation_author=J Brugger, R Giere, B Grobety, E Uspensky; citation_volume=83; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=1100-1110; citation_id=CR9
citation_journal_title=Mineral Mag; citation_title=Mapping REE distribution in scheelite using luminescence; citation_author=J Brugger, AA Bettiol, S Costa, Y Lahaye, R Bateman, DD Lambert, DN Jamieson; citation_volume=64; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=891-903; citation_id=CR10
citation_journal_title=Contrib Mineral Petrol; citation_title=Inhomogeneous distribution of REE in scheelite and dynamics of Archaean hydrothermal systems (Mt. Charlotte and Drysdale gold deposits, Western Australia); citation_author=J Brugger, Y Lahaye, S Costa, D Lambert, R Bateman; citation_volume=139; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=251-264; citation_id=CR11
citation_journal_title=Chem Geol; citation_title=Origins of Nd–Sr–Pb isotopic variations in single scheelite grains from Archaean gold deposits, Western Australia; citation_author=J Brugger, R Maas, Y Lahaye, C McRae, M Ghaderi, S Costa, D Lambert, R Bateman, K Prince; citation_volume=182; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=203-225; citation_id=CR12
citation_journal_title=Chem Geol; citation_title=Oxidation state of europium in scheelite: tracking fluid-rock interaction in gold deposits; citation_author=J Brugger, B Etschmann, M Pownceby, WH Liu, P Grundler, D Brewe; citation_volume=257; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=26-33; citation_id=CR13
citation_journal_title=Rev Mineral; citation_title=Compositional and phase relations among rare earth elements; citation_author=DM Burt; citation_volume=21; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_pages=259-307; citation_id=CR14
citation_journal_title=Mineral Deposita; citation_title=Gold mineralisation at the Lady Bountiful Mine, Western Australia; an example of a granitoid-hosted Archaean lode gold deposit; citation_author=KF Cassidy, JM Bennett; citation_volume=28; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=388-408; citation_id=CR15
citation_title=A metamorphic mineral source for tungsten in the turbidite-hosted orogenic gold deposits of the Otago Schist; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_id=CR16; citation_author=BJ Cave; citation_author=IK Pitcairn; citation_author=D Craw; citation_author=RR Large; citation_author=JM Thompson; citation_author=SC Johnson; citation_publisher=New Zealand
citation_journal_title=Chem Geol; citation_title=Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: contrasting results from surface samples and shales; citation_author=KC Condie; citation_volume=104; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=1-37; citation_id=CR17
Cottrant J (1981) Cristallochimie et geochimie des terres rares dans la scheelite: application à quelques gisements français. Université Pierre et Marie Curie
citation_journal_title=Geology; citation_title=Late Archean and Early Proterozoic gold-tungsten mineralization in the Zimbabwe Archean craton: Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotope constraints; citation_author=DPF Darbyshire, PEJ Pitfield, SDG Campbell; citation_volume=24; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=19-22; citation_id=CR19
citation_journal_title=Mineral Deposita; citation_title=Trace elements in magnetite as petrogenetic indicators; citation_author=S Dare, S-J Barnes, G Beaudoin, J Méric, E Boutroy, C Potvin-Doucet; citation_volume=49; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=785-796; citation_id=CR20
citation_title=Statistical techniques in metabolic profilling; citation_inbook_title=Handbook of statistical genetics; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=347-373; citation_id=CR21; citation_author=M Iorio; citation_author=TMD Ebbels; citation_author=DA Stephens; citation_publisher=Wiley
citation_journal_title=Mineral Petrol; citation_title=Trace element geochemistry of scheelite and rutile from metaturbidite-hosted quartz vein gold deposits, Meguma Terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada: genetic implications; citation_author=J Dostal, D Kontak, A Chatterjee; citation_volume=97; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=95-109; citation_id=CR22
citation_journal_title=Mineral Deposita; citation_title=Discriminant diagrams for iron oxide trace element fingerprinting of mineral deposit types; citation_author=C Dupuis, G Beaudoin; citation_volume=46; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=319-335; citation_id=CR23
citation_journal_title=Geochim Cosmochim Acta; citation_title=Dating scheelite stages: a strontium, neodymium, lead approach from the Felhertal tungsten deposit, Central Alps, Austria; citation_author=R Eichhorn, R Höll, E Jagout, U Schärer; citation_volume=61; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=5005-5022; citation_id=CR24
Eilu PK, Mathison CI, Groves DI, Allardyce WJ (1999) Atlas of alteration assemblages, styles and zoning in orogenic lode-gold deposits in a variety of host rock and metamorphic settings. University of Western Australia, Geology Department and Extension Service, Perth, West. Aust., Australia
citation_journal_title=Math Geol; citation_title=Isometric logratio transformations for compositional data analysis; citation_author=JJ Egozcue, V Pawlowsky-Glahn, G Mateu-Figueraz, C Barceló-Vidal; citation_volume=35; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=279-300; citation_id=CR26
citation_title=Multi- and megavariate data analysis basic principles and applications; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_id=CR27; citation_author=L Eriksson; citation_author=E Johansson; citation_author=N Kettaneh-Wold; citation_author=S Wold; citation_publisher=UMETRICS
Fipke CE, Gurney JJ, Moore RO (1995) Diamond exploration techniques emphasizing indicator mineral geochemistry and Canadian examples. GSC Bull 423
citation_journal_title=Geochim Cosmochim Acta; citation_title=Re-Os, Sm-Nd, U-Pb, and stepwise lead leaching isotope systematics in shear-zone hosted gold mineralization: genetic tracing and age constraints of crustal hydrothermal activity; citation_author=R Frei, TF Nägler, R Schönberg, JD Kramers; citation_volume=62; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=1925-1936; citation_id=CR29
citation_journal_title=Ore Geol Rev; citation_title=In-situ LA-ICP-MS trace elements analysis of scheelites from the giant Beiya gold–polymetallic deposit in Yunnan Province, Southwest China and its metallogenic implications; citation_author=Y Fu, X Sun, H Zhou, H Lin, L Jiang, T Yang; citation_volume=80; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=828-837; citation_id=CR30
citation_journal_title=Spec Publ Geol Soc Lond; citation_title=Physical-chemical properties and metal budget of Au-transporting hydrothermal fluids in orogenic deposits; citation_author=PS Garofalo, MB Fricker, D Guenther, D Bersani, PP Lottici; citation_volume=402; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=71-102; citation_id=CR31
citation_journal_title=Econ Geol; citation_title=Rare earth element systematics in scheelite from hydrothermal gold deposits in the Kalgoorlie-Norseman region, Western Australia; citation_author=M Ghaderi, JM Palin, IH Campbell, PJ Sylvester; citation_volume=94; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=423-437; citation_id=CR32
citation_journal_title=Lithos (Oslo); citation_title=Orogenic gold; common or evolving fluid and metal sources through time; citation_author=RJ Goldfarb, DI Groves; citation_volume=233; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=2-26; citation_id=CR33
Goldfarb RJ, Baker T, Dube B, Groves DI, Hart CJR, Gosselin P (2005) Distribution, character and genesis of gold deposits in metamorphic terranes In: Hedenquist JW, Thompson JFH, Goldfarb RJ, Richards JP (eds) Economic geology 100th Anniversary volume. pp 407–450
citation_journal_title=Mineral Deposita; citation_title=Multiple sources for mineralizing fluids in the Charmitan gold(−tungsten) mineralization (Uzbekistan); citation_author=T Graupner, S Niedermann, D Rhede, U Kempe, R Seltmann, C Williams, R Klemd; citation_volume=45; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=667-682; citation_id=CR35
citation_journal_title=Geochim Cosmochim Acta; citation_title=The “North American shale composite”; its compilation, major and trace element characteristics; citation_author=LP Gromet, RF Dymek, LA Haskin, RL Korotev; citation_volume=48; citation_publication_date=1984; citation_pages=2469-2482; citation_id=CR36
citation_journal_title=Lithos (Oslo); citation_title=Sm/Nd dating and REE composition of scheelite for the Honghuaerji scheelite deposit, Inner Mongolia, Northeast China; citation_author=Z Guo, J Li, X Xu, Z Song, X Dong, J Tian, Y Yang, H She, A Xiang, Y Kang; citation_volume=261; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=307-321; citation_id=CR37
Gurney JJ (1984) A correlation between garnets and diamonds in kimberlites. University of Western Australia
Hancok MC, Robertson IG, Booth GW (1990) Paddington gold deposits In: Hughes FE (ed) Geology of Australian and Papua New Guinean Mineral Deposits Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Monograph 14
citation_journal_title=Ore Geol Rev; citation_title=Scheelite, apatite, calcite and tourmaline compositions from the late Archean Hutti orogenic gold deposit: implications for analogous two stage ore fluids; citation_author=P Hazarika, B Mishra, KL Pruseth; citation_volume=72; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=989-1003; citation_id=CR40
citation_title=Nondetects and data analysis : statistics for censored environmental data; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_id=CR41; citation_author=DR Helsel; citation_publisher=Wiley-Interscience
citation_journal_title=Computational Statistics & Data Analysis; citation_title=Imputation of missing values for compositional data using classical and robust methods; citation_author=K Hron, M Templ, P Filzmoser; citation_volume=54; citation_issue=12; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=3095-3107; citation_id=CR42
citation_journal_title=Geostand Geoanal Res; citation_title=GeoReM: a new geochemical database for reference materials and isotopic standards; citation_author=KP Jochum, U Nohl, K Herwig, E Lammel, B Stoll, AW Hofmann; citation_volume=29; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=333-338; citation_id=CR43
citation_title=Geochemical exploration of tungsten in glaciogenic deposits in Soretiapulju, western Finnish Lapland Prospecting in Areas of Glaciated Terrain; citation_publication_date=1986; citation_id=CR44; citation_author=P Johansson; citation_author=V Keinänen; citation_author=P Lehmuspelto; citation_publisher=Institution of Mining and Metallurgy
citation_journal_title=Ore Geol Rev; citation_title=Geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of magnetite-associated Au mineralization of the ultramafic–basalt greenstone hosted crusader complex, Agnew Gold Camp, Eastern Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia; a Late Archean intrusion-related Au deposit ?; citation_author=SM Jowitt, K Cooper, RJ Squire, N Thébaud, L Fisher, RAF Cas, I Pegg; citation_volume=56; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=53-72; citation_id=CR45
citation_journal_title=Mineral Deposita; citation_title=Sm-Nd and Sr isotope systematics of scheelite from the giant Au(-W) deposit Muruntau (Uzbekistan): implications for the age and sources of Au mineralization; citation_author=U Kempe, B Belyatsky, R Krymsky, AA Kremenetsky, PA Ivanov; citation_volume=36; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=379-392; citation_id=CR46
citation_journal_title=Econ Geol; citation_title=Sm-Nd systematics of hydrothermal scheelite from the Mount Charlotte Mine, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia; an isotopic link between gold mineralization and komatiites; citation_author=AJR Kent, IH Campbell, MT McCulloch; citation_volume=90; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=2329-2335; citation_id=CR47
citation_journal_title=Can J Earth Sci; citation_title=Archaean precious-metal hydrothermal systems, Dome Mine, Abitibi greenstone belt; II, REE and oxygen isotope relations; citation_author=R Kerrich, BJ Fryer; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=1978; citation_pages=440-458; citation_id=CR48
citation_journal_title=Mineral Deposita; citation_title=Timing of Uralian orogenic gold mineralization at Kochkar in the evolution of the East Uralian granite-gneiss terrane; citation_author=J Kolb, S Sindern, AFM Kisters, F Michael Meyer, S Hoernes, J Schneider; citation_volume=40; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=473-491; citation_id=CR49
citation_journal_title=J Geochem Explor; citation_title=Defining and mapping hydrothermal footprints at the BIF-hosted Meliadine gold district, Nunavut, Canada; citation_author=CJM Lawley, B Dubé, P Mercier-Langevin, B Kjarsgaard, R Knight, D Vaillancourt; citation_volume=155; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=33-55; citation_id=CR50
citation_title=Till-sampling methods used in exploration for scheelite in Kaustinen, Finland Prospecting in Areas of Glaciated Terrain; citation_publication_date=1977; citation_id=CR51; citation_author=B Lindmark; citation_publisher=Helsinki
citation_journal_title=Chem Geol; citation_title=Revisiting the hydrothermal geochemistry of europium(II/III) in light of new in situ XAS spectroscopy results; citation_author=W Liu, B Etschmann, A Migdisov, H Boukhalfa, D Testemale, H Mueller, J-L Hazemann, J Brugger; citation_volume=459; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=61-74; citation_id=CR52
citation_journal_title=Microsc Microanal; citation_title=Quantitative cathodoluminescence mapping with application to a kalgoorlie scheelite; citation_author=CM MacRae, NC Wilson, J Brugger; citation_volume=15; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=222-230; citation_id=CR53
citation_journal_title=Econ Geol; citation_title=Postcollisional age of the Kumtor gold deposit and timing of Hercynian events in the Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan; citation_author=J Mao, D Konopelko, R Seltmann, B Lehmann, W Chen, Y Wang, O Eklund, T Usubaliev; citation_volume=99; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=1771-1780; citation_id=CR54
citation_journal_title=Ore Geol Rev; citation_title=Partial least squares-discriminant analysis of trace element compositions of magnetite from various VMS deposit subtypes: application to mineral exploration; citation_author=S Makvandi, M Ghasemzadeh-Barvarz, G Beaudoin, C Eric, M Grunsky, B McClenaghan, C Duchesne, E Boutroy; citation_volume=78; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=388-408; citation_id=CR55
citation_journal_title=Geochem Explor Environ Anal; citation_title=Review of gold and platinum group element (PGE) indicator minerals methods for surficial sediment sampling; citation_author=MB McClenaghan, LJ Cabri; citation_volume=11; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=251-263; citation_id=CR56
McClenaghan MB, Kjarsgaard BA (2007) Indicator mineral and surficial geochemical exploration methods for kimberlite in glaciated terrain; Examples from Canada In: Goodfellow WD (ed) Mineral Deposits of Canada: A Synthesis of Major Deposit-Types, District Metallogeny, the Evolution of Geological Provinces, and Exploration Methods. Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division
citation_journal_title=Chem Geol; citation_title=The composition of the earth; citation_author=WF McDonough, SS Sun; citation_volume=120; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=223-253; citation_id=CR58
citation_journal_title=Econ Geol; citation_title=Age and origin of orogenic gold mineralization in the Otago schist belt, South Island, New Zealand; constraints from lead isotope and (super 40) Ar/ (super 39) Ar dating studies; citation_author=JK Mortensen, D Craw, DJ MacKenzie, JE Gabites, T Ullrich; citation_volume=105; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=777-793; citation_id=CR59
Mueller AG (1990) The nature and genesis of high- and medium-temperature Archaean gold deposits in the Yilgarn block, Western Australia, including a specific study of scheelite-bearing gold skarn deposits. University of Western Australia, pp 144
citation_journal_title=Can J Earth Sci; citation_title=The savage lode magnesian skarn in the Marvel Loch gold-silver mine, southern cross greenstone belt, Western Australia; part 1, structural setting, petrography, and geochemistry; citation_author=AG Mueller; citation_volume=28; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=659-685; citation_id=CR61
citation_journal_title=Can J Earth Sci; citation_title=Petrogenesis of amphibole-biotite-calcite-plagioclase alteration and laminated gold-silver quartz veins in four Archean shear zones of the Norseman District, Western Australia; citation_author=AG Mueller; citation_volume=29; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_pages=388-417; citation_id=CR62
citation_journal_title=Econ Geol; citation_title=The Nevoria gold skarn deposit in Archean iron-formation, southern cross greenstone belt, Western Australia; I, tectonic setting, petrography, and classification; citation_author=AG Mueller; citation_volume=92; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=181-209; citation_id=CR63
citation_journal_title=Mineral Deposita; citation_title=Structure, alteration, and geochemistry of the Charlotte quartz vein stockwork, Mt Charlotte gold mine, Kalgoorlie, Australia; time constraints, down-plunge zonation, and fluid source; citation_author=AG Mueller; citation_volume=50; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=221-244; citation_id=CR64
citation_journal_title=Econ Geol; citation_title=Strontium isotope systematics of hydrothermal minerals from epigenetic Archean gold deposits in the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia; citation_author=AG Mueller, JR Laeter, DI Groves; citation_volume=86; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=780-809; citation_id=CR65
citation_journal_title=Can J Earth Sci; citation_title=The savage lode magnesian skarn in the marvel loch gold-silver mine, southern cross greenstone belt, Western Australia; part 2, pressure-temperature estimates and constraints on fluid sources; citation_author=AG Mueller, DI Groves, CP Delor; citation_volume=28; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=686-705; citation_id=CR66
citation_journal_title=Econ Geol; citation_title=The Nevoria gold skarn deposit, southern cross greenstone belt, Western Australia; II, pressure-temperature-time path and relationship to postorogenic granites; citation_author=AG Mueller, AA Nemchin, R Frei; citation_volume=99; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=453-478; citation_id=CR67
citation_journal_title=J Phys Chem Solids; citation_title=Calcium tungstate—IV: the theory of coupled substitution; citation_author=K Nassau; citation_volume=24; citation_publication_date=1963; citation_pages=1511-1517; citation_id=CR68
citation_journal_title=J Phys Chem Solids; citation_title=Calcium tungstate—III: trivalent rare earth substitution; citation_author=K Nassau, GM Loiacono; citation_volume=24; citation_publication_date=1963; citation_pages=1503-1510; citation_id=CR69
Peltonen P, Huhta P, Korsman K (1992) Occurrence and mineral chemistry of chrome spinel in till - implications for prospecting magmatic Ni-cu sulfide ores in Svecofennian terrain. Geological Survey of Finland
citation_journal_title=Acta Geol Sin; citation_title=Sm/Nd and Sr isotope geochemistry of hydrothermal scheelite from the Zhazixi W-Sb deposit, western Hunan; citation_author=J Peng, D Zhang, R Hu, M Wu, Y Lin; citation_volume=82; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=1514-1521; citation_id=CR71
Poulin RS (2016) A study of the crystal chemistry, cathodoluminescence, geochemistry and oxygen isotopes in scheelite: application towards discriminating among differing ore-deposit systems geology. Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
citation_journal_title=Can Mineral; citation_title=On the relationship between cathodoluminescence and the chemical composition of scheelite from geologically diverse ore-deposit environments; citation_author=RS Poulin, AM McDonald, DJ Kontak, MB McClenaghan; citation_volume=54; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=1147-1173; citation_id=CR73
citation_journal_title=Can Mineral; citation_title=Assessing scheelite as an ore-deposit discriminator using its trace-element and REE chemistry; citation_author=RS Poulin, DJ Kontak, A McDonald, MB McClenaghan; citation_volume=56; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=265-302; citation_id=CR74
citation_journal_title=Am Mineral; citation_title=REE fractionation between scheelite and apatite in hydrothermal conditions; citation_author=L Raimbault, A Baumer, M Dubru, C Benkerrou, V Croze, A Zahm; citation_volume=78; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=1275-1285; citation_id=CR75
citation_journal_title=China Acta Petrol Sin; citation_title=Trace element and rare earth element geochemistry of the scheelite and ore genesis of the Yangjingou large scheelite deposit in Yanbian area, northeastern China; citation_author=YS Ren, HL Zhao, E Lei, H Wang, N Ju, CZ Wu; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=3720-3726; citation_id=CR76
Ridley JR, Diamond LW (2000) Fluid chemistry of orogenic lode gold deposits and implications for genetic models In: Hagemann SG, Brown PE (eds) Gold in 2000 - reviews in economic geology 13. Society of Economic Geologists
citation_journal_title=Econ Geol; citation_title=Sm-Nd and REE characteristics of tourmaline and scheelite from the Bjorkdal gold deposit, northern Sweden: evidence of an intrusion-related gold deposit?; citation_author=S Roberts, MR Palmer, L Waller; citation_volume=101; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=1415-1425; citation_id=CR78
citation_journal_title=Econ Geol; citation_title=In situ (super 87) Sr/ (super 86) Sr of scheelite and calcite reveals proximal and distal fluid-rock interaction during orogenic W-Au mineralization, Otago Schist, New Zealand; citation_author=EJ Scanlan, JM Scott, VJ Wilson, CH Stirling, MR Reid, PJ Roux; citation_volume=113; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=1571-1586; citation_id=CR79
citation_title=Edwards find gold deposit southern cross greenstone belt - geology and gold mines; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_id=CR80; citation_author=PJ Schwebel; citation_author=P King; citation_author=BN Eisenlohr; citation_publisher=Southern Cross
citation_journal_title=Am Mineral; citation_title=High-pressure phase transitions in Ca-Mn carbonates (Ca,Mn)CO3 studied by Raman spectroscopy; citation_author=W Shi, ME Fleet, SR Sheih; citation_volume=97; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=999-1001; citation_id=CR81
citation_journal_title=Kozan Chishitsu Min Geol; citation_title=Fluorescent color and X-ray powder data of synthesized scheelite-powellite series as guides to determine its composition; citation_author=T Shoji, N Sasaki; citation_volume=28; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=1978; citation_pages=397-404; citation_id=CR82
citation_journal_title=J Geochem Explor; citation_title=Garnet composition as an indicator of cu mineralization: evidence from skarn deposits of NW Iran; citation_author=AK Somarin; citation_volume=81; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=47-57; citation_id=CR83
citation_journal_title=Am Mineral; citation_title=Scheelite elemental and isotopic signatures; implications for the genesis of skarn-type W-Mo deposits in the Chizhou area, Anhui Province, eastern China; citation_author=G Song, K Qin, G Li, NJ Evans, L Chen; citation_volume=99; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=303-317; citation_id=CR84
citation_journal_title=Contrib Mineral Petrol; citation_title=Petrogenesis of the Greenhills Complex, Southland, New Zealand: magmatic differentiation and cumulate formation at the roots of a Permian island-arc volcano; citation_author=CJ Spandler, RJ Arculus, SM Eggins, JA Mavrogenes, RC Price, AJ Reay; citation_volume=144; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=703-721; citation_id=CR85
citation_journal_title=Am Mineral; citation_title=Trace elements and Sr-Nd isotopes of scheelite; implications for the W-Cu-Mo polymetallic mineralization of the Shimensi Deposit, south China; citation_author=K Sun, B Chen; citation_volume=102; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=1114-1128; citation_id=CR86
citation_journal_title=Earth Planet Sci Lett; citation_title=Europium redox equilibrium in aqueous solutions; citation_author=DM Sverjensky; citation_volume=67; citation_publication_date=1984; citation_pages=70-78; citation_id=CR87
citation_journal_title=Chem Geol; citation_title=Trace element analysis of scheelite by excimer laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ELA-ICP-MS) using a synthetic silicate glass standard; citation_author=PJ Sylvester, M Ghaderi; citation_volume=141; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=49-65; citation_id=CR88
citation_journal_title=Math Geol; citation_title=Dealing with compositional data: the freeware CoDaPack; citation_author=S Thió-Henestrosa, JA Martín-Fernández; citation_volume=37; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=773-793; citation_id=CR89
citation_journal_title=J Geochem Explor; citation_title=Dispersal of tungsten in glacial drift and humus in Bergslagen, southern Central Sweden; citation_author=Ö Toverud; citation_volume=21; citation_publication_date=1984; citation_pages=261-272; citation_id=CR90
citation_journal_title=Am Mineral; citation_title=Effect of the W:Mo ratio on the shift of excitation and emission spectra in the scheelite-powellite series; citation_author=RM Tyson, WR Hemphill, AF Theisen; citation_volume=73; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_pages=1145-1154; citation_id=CR91
citation_journal_title=Schweiz Mineral Petrogr Mitt; citation_title=REE geochemistry systematics of scheelite from the Alps using luminescence spectroscopy: from global regularities to local control; citation_author=E Uspensky, J Brugger, S Graeser; citation_volume=78; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=31-54; citation_id=CR92
citation_journal_title=Am Mineral; citation_title=Replacement of wolframite by scheelite with observations on the fluorescence of certain tungsten minerals; citation_author=FR Horn; citation_volume=15; citation_publication_date=1930; citation_pages=461-469; citation_id=CR93
Voicu G, Bardoux M, Stevenson R, Jebrak M (2000) Nd and Sr isotope study of hydrothermal scheelite and host rocks at Omai, Guiana Shield: implications for ore fluid source and flow path during the formation of orogenic gold deposits. Mineral Deposita
citation_journal_title=Math Geol; citation_title=Open and closed compositional data in petrology; citation_author=EHT Whitten; citation_volume=27; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=789-806; citation_id=CR95
citation_journal_title=China Acta Petrol Sin; citation_title=Trace elements, rare earth elements (REE) and Nd-Sr isotopic compositions in scheelites and their implications for the mineralization in Daping gold mine in Yunnan province, China; citation_author=DX Xiong, XM Sun, GY Shi, SW Wang, JF Gao, T Xue; citation_volume=22; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=733-741; citation_id=CR96
citation_journal_title=Chin Sci Bull; citation_title=REE composition in scheelite and scheelite Sm-Nd dating for the Xuebaoding W-Sn-Be deposit in Sichuan; citation_author=L Yan, J Deng, L ChaoFeng, S GuangHai, Z AiLi; citation_volume=52; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=2543-2550; citation_id=CR97
citation_journal_title=Chem Geol; citation_title=Constraints on the uptake of REE by scheelite in the Baoshan tungsten skarn deposit, South China; citation_author=WW Zhao, M-F Zhou, AE Williams-Jones, Z Zhao; citation_volume=477; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=123-136; citation_id=CR98
citation_journal_title=Geol Geochem; citation_title=REE geochemistry of scheelite of two genetic types from Nanyangtian, southeastern Yunnan, China; citation_author=Z Zhigang, L Chaoyang, L Yuping, T Guangzhi; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=34-38; citation_id=CR99