Trace and major minerals of (natural and manufactured) sand: the importance of manufactured sand for construction purposes and the preservation of rivers
Tóm tắt
One of the key activities and major occupations in various districts of India focusses on developing the infrastructure by building construction with a variety of materials such as sand, among others. The demand for sand, which is naturally available from rivers or artificially granulated by industries, is increasing because of the growing urbanization in India. This has put a lot of pressure on unsustainable riverine resources, and on the environment itself, on account of numerous factors. Properties of both kinds of sands and their minerals were determined by environmental magnetism (e.g.,: mass-specific susceptibility χ, anhysteretic ratio χARM/χ, etc.), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the Extinction coefficient and the Crystallinity index. We identified trace minerals (magnetite, hematite, etc.) and major minerals (e.g.,: quartz, feldspar, kaolinite, etc.) present in natural river and manufactured sand (M-Sand). The mineralogical characterization suggested that the grain size separation is meaningless for manufactured sand, and quartz is a major mineral for river sand (the Extinction coefficient ranges from 3.86–234). Content of magnetic minerals for manufactured sand (mean [s.d.] value of χ = 736 [386] × 10–8 m3 kg−1) is higher than for river sand (χ = 105 [122] × 10–8 m3 kg−1). Such high values of χ seem to be more favorable for properties of concretes, and hence they lead to a better replacement product. These results make M-Sand a suitable alternative for replacing traditional river sand and for preserving natural rivers.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Raman SN, Ngo N, Mendis P, Mahmud HB (2011) High-strength rice husk ash concrete incorporating quarry dust as a partial substitute for sand. Constr Build Mater 25:3123–3130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.026
Nanthagopalan P, Santhanam M (2011) Fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete produced with manufactured sand. Cement Concr Compos 33:353–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.11.005
Al-Jabri KS, Hisada M, Al-Oraimi SK, Al-Saidy AH (2009) Copper slag replacement for high performance concrete. Cement Concr Compos 31:483–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.04.007
Tu YY, Chen TY, Hwang CL (2006) Properties of HPC with recycled aggregates. Cement Concr Compos 36:943–950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.11.022
Nataraj MV, Nagaraj TD, Reddy S (2001) Proportioning concrete mixer with quarry waste. Cement Concr Aggreg 23(2):81–87
Gonçalves JP, Tavares LM, Toledo Filho RD, Fairbairn EMR, Cunha ER (2007) Comparison of natural and manufactured fine aggregates in cement mortars. Cem Concr Res 37(6):924–932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.03.009
Donza H, Cabrera O, Irassar EF (2002) High-strength concrete with different fine aggregate. Cem Concr Res 32:1755–1761. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00860-8
Abbaszadeh Shahri A, Larsson S, Johansson F (2016) Updated relations for the uniaxial compressive strength of marlstones based on P-wave velocity and point load index test. Innov Infrastruct Solut 1:17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-016-0016-9
Abbaszadeh Shahri A, Asheghi R, Khorsand Zak M (2020) A hybridized intelligence model to improve the predictability level of strength index parameters of rocks. Neural Comput Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-020-05223-9
Ghorbani A, Hasanzadehshooiili A (2018) Prediction of UCS and CBR of microsilica-lime stabilized sulfate silty sand using ANN and EPR models; application to the deep soil mixing. Soils Found 58(1):34–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2017.11.002
Asheghi R, Abbaszadeh Shahri A, Khorsand Zak M (2019) Prediction of uniaxial compressive strength of different quarried rocks using metaheuristic algorithm. Arab J Sci Eng 10:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-019-04046-8
Khajuria C, Siddique R (2014) Use of iron slag as partial replacement of sand to concrete. Int J Sci Eng Technol Res (IJSETR) 3(6):1877–1880
Kothai PS, Malathy R (2014) Utilization of steel slag in concreate as a partial replacement material for fine aggregates. Int J Innov Res Sci Eng Technol 3(4):11585–11592
Raza K, Singh A, Patel RD (2014) Strength analysis of concrete by using Iron slag as a partial replacement of normal aggregate (coarse) in Concrete. Int J Sci Res (IJSR) 3(10):190–193
Netinger I, Jelcic Rukavina M, Bijegovic D, Mladenovič A (2012) Concrete containing steel slag aggregate: performance after high temperature exposure. Concr Repair Rehabilit Retrofit III:1347–1350
Hamzaoui R, Bouchenafa O, Guessasma S, Leklou N, Bouaziz A (2016) The sequel of modified fly ashes using high energy ball milling on mechanical performance of substituted past cement. Mater Des 90:29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.10.109
Chaparro MAE, Chaparro MAE, Córdoba FE, Lecomte KL, Gargiulo JD, Barrios AM, Urán GM, Manograsso Czalbowski NT, Lavat A, Böhnel HN (2017) Sedimentary analysis and magnetic properties of Lake Anónima, Vega Island. Antarct Sci 29(5):429–444. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102017000116
Maher BA, Thompson R (1999) Quaternary climate, environments and magnetism. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Chaparro MAE, Gogorza CSG, Chaparro MAE, Irurzun MA, Sinito AM (2006) Review of magnetism and pollution studies of various environments in Argentina. Earth Planets Space 58(10):1411–1422. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03352637
Liu Q, Roberts AP, Larrasoaña JC, Banerjee SK, Guyodo J, Tauxe L, Oldfield F (2012) Environmental magnetism: principles and applications. Rev Geophys 50:RG4002. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012RG000393
Ramasamy V, Murugesan S, Mullainathan S, Chaparro MAE (2006) Magnetic characterization of recently excavated sediments of Cauvery River, Tamil Nadu, India. Pollut Res 25(2):357–362
Chaparro MAE, Sinito AM, Ramasamy V, Marineli C, Chaparro MAE, Mullainathan S, Murugesan S (2008) Magnetic measurements and pollutants of sediments from Cauvery and Palaru River, India. Environ Geol 56:425–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-1180-1
Chaparro MAE, Chaparro MAE, Rajkumar P, Ramasamy V, Sinito AM (2011) Magnetic parameters, trace elements and multivariate statistical studies of river sediments from southeastern India: a case study from the Vellar River. Environ Earth Sci 63(2):297–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0704-2
Chaparro MAE, Suresh G, Chaparro MAE, Ramasamy V, Sinito AM (2013) Magnetic studies and elemental analysis of river sediments: a case study from the Ponnaiyar River (southeastern India). Environ Earth Sci 70:201–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-2116-y
Chaparro MAE, Krishnamoorthy N, Chaparro MAE, Lecomte KL, Mullainathan S, Mehra R, Sinito AM (2015) Magnetic studies of river sediments and its variation with different physiographic regions of Bharathapuzha River, southwestern India. Stud Geophys Geod 59:438–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11200-014-0145-6
Krishnamoorthy N, Mullainathan S, Chaparro MAE, Chaparro MAE, Mehra R (2017) Potential effect of natural radionuclides in riverbed sediments—a statistical approach based on granulometric and magnetic mineral differences. Environ Earth Sci 76:286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6606-9
Liu JG, Chen Z, Yan MH, Xiang R, Tang XZ (2010) Magnetic susceptibility variations and provenance of surface sediments in the South China Sea. Sed Geol 230:77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.07.001
Chaparro MAE, Moralejo MP, Böhnel HN, Acebal SG (2020) Iron oxide mineralogy in mollisols, aridisols and entisols from southwestern Pampean region (Argentina) by environmental magnetism approach. CATENA 190:104534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104534
Ramasamy V, Murugesan S, Mullainathan S (2014) Characterisation of minerals and relative distribution of quartz in Cauvery River sediments from Tamil Nadu, India—A FTIR study. Bull Pure Appl Sci 23F(1–2):1–7
Gnanasaravanan S, Rajkumar P (2013) Characterization of minerals in natural and manufactured sand in Cauvery River belt, Tamilnadu, India. Infrared Phys Technol 58:21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2012.12.042
King J, Banerjee SK, Marvin J, Özdemir Ö (1982) A comparison of different magnetic methods for determining the relative grain size of magnetite in natural materials: some results from lake sediments. Earth Planet Sci Lett 59:404–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(82)90142-X
Dunlop J, Özdemir Ö (1997) Rock magnetism fundamentals and frontiers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 573
Dearing J (1999) Environmental magnetic susceptibility. Using the Bartington MS2 system, 2nd edn. Chi Publishing, UK, p 54
Walden J, Olfield F, Smith JP (eds) (1999) Environmental magnetism: a practical guide. Technical guide, No. 6. Quaternary Research Association, London, p 243
Tuddenham WM, Lyon RJP (1960) Infrared techniques in the identification and measurement of minerals. Anal Chem 32(12):1630–1634. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60168a026
Stubican V, Roy R (1961) Infrared spectra of layer lattice silicates. J Am Ceram Soc 44(12):625. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1961.tb11670.x
Madejová J (2003) FTIR techniques in clay mineral studies. Vib Spectrosc 31(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2031(02)00065-6
Ramasamy V, Dheenathayalu M, Ponnusamy V, Murugesan S, Mullainathan S (2003) Characterization of quartz and feldspars in white granites. J Curr Sci 3(1):181–190
Ramasamy V, Dheenathayalu M, Ponnusamy V, Hemalatha J, Presannalakshmi P (2003) FTIR–Characterization and thermal analysis of natural calcite and aragonite. Indian J Phys 77B(4):443–450
Ramasamy V, Ponnusamy V, Dheenathayalu M, Palani G (2004) Quantitative determination of haematite and chalcopyrite in metamorphic rocks using infrared spectroscopy. Indian J Phys 78(7):563–568
Ramasamy V, Rajkumar P, Ponnusamy V (2006) FTIR spectroscopic analysis and mineralogical characterization of Vellar River sediments. Bull Pure Appl Sci 25D(1):49–55
Peters C, Dekkers M (2003) Selected room temperature magnetic parameters as a function of mineralogy, concentration and grain size. Phys Chem Earth 28:659–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00120-7
Dearing J, Dann R, Hay K, Less J, Loveland P, Maher BA, O’Grady K (1996) Frequency dependent susceptibility measurements of environmental materials. Geophys J Int 124:228–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb06366.x
Maher BA, Taylor RM (1988) Formation of ultrafine grained magnetite in soils. Nature 336:368–370. https://doi.org/10.1038/336368a0