Towards ITS Map Database Interoperability—Database Error and Rectification
Tóm tắt
One of the impediments to the implementation of ITS is the lack of map database interoperability. Centreline databases are available from a number of sources, but few were designed specifically for ITS. Consequently there are a variety of problems—coordinate inaccuracy, errors of omission and commission, missing or wrong street names, incorrect topology—that are compounded when communicating parties use databases from different vendors. Many ITS applications (e.g., emergency response, ATIS) rely on the exchange of messages in which location is a component. Map error and interoperability problems can result in a variety of practical difficulties, from inappropriate vehicle routing to delays in delivery of critical services. These problems can be addressed by (a) standards for map databases, (b) intelligent messaging, (c) national integration efforts to improve database quality in the long term. This paper examines the dimensions of the problem, and describes solutions currently under development.
Tài liệu tham khảo
R. Church, K. Curtin, P. Fohl, C. Funk, M. Goodchild, P. Kyriakidis and V. Noronha. “Positional distortion in geographic data sets as a barrier to interoperation” in Proc. ACSM, Baltimore 1998 [document available at www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/vital].
I. Fellegi and A. Sunter. “A theory for record linkage,” JASA, Vol. 64(328):1183–1210, 1969.
FGDC “Road Data Model-Content Standard and Implementation Guide (Working Draft),” Federal Geographic Data Committee, Ground Transp, Subcommittee, Washington DC, 1998.
D. Fletcher. “Road data model workshop, Washington DC.” 1999.
C. Funk, K. Curtin, M. Goodchild, D. Montello and V. Noronha. “Formulation and test of a model of positional distortion fields” in Proc. 3rd Inttl. Symp. on Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Nat. Resources and Env. Sci., Quebec City, 1998. [URL www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/vital].
M. Goodchild and G. Hunter. “A simple positional accuracy measure for linear features,” Inttl. J. of GIS, Vol. 11(3):299–306, 1997.
M. Jaro. “Advances in records linkage methodology as applied to matching the 1985 census of Tampa,” JASA, Vol. 84(406):414–420, 1989.
D. Knuth. “The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 3: Sorting and Searching,” Addison Wesley, 1973.
V. Noronha and M. Goodchild. “Map Accuracy and Location Expression in Transportation—Reality and Prospects,” forthcoming 2000.
V. Noronha, M. Goodchild, R. Church and P. Fohl. “Location expression standards for ITS—testing the LRMS cross streets profile,” Ann. Reg. Sci., Sp. Issue on GIS Sharing and Standardization, Vol. 33(2):197–212, 1999.
D. Siegel, C. Goodwin and S. Gordon. “ITS Datum Final Design Report,” U.S. Department of Transport, 1996.
VITAL. “The Cross Streets LRMS Profile with Coordinates—Technical Evaluation,” U.S. Department of Transport, 1998.
VITAL. “The Linear Referencing Profile—Technical Evaluation,” U.S. Department of Transport. 1999.
A. Vonderohe, C. Chou, F. Sun and T. Adams. “Results of a Workshop on a Generic Data Model for Linear Referencing Systems,” in Proc. AASHTO Symp. on GIS-T, Sparks NV, 1995.