Toward coherent O-band data center interconnects
Tóm tắt
Upcoming generations of coherent intra/inter data center interconnects currently lack a clear path toward a reduction of cost and power consumption, which are the driving factors for these data links. In this work, the tradeoffs associated with a transition from coherent C-band to O-band silicon photonics are addressed and evaluated. The discussion includes the fundamental components of coherent data links, namely the optical components, fiber link and transceivers. As a major component of these links, a monolithic silicon photonic BiCMOS O-band coherent receiver is evaluated for its potential performance and compared to an analogous C-band device.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Zhou X, Urata R, Liu H. Beyond 1Tb/s datacenter interconnect technology: challenges and solutions. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC). San Diego: IEEE, 2019
Urata R, Liu H, Zhou X, Vahdat A. Datacenter interconnect and networking: from evolution to holistic revolution. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC). Los Angeles: IEEE, 2017
Eiselt M H, Dochhan A, Elbers J P. Data center interconnects at 400G and beyond. In: Proceedings of 23rd Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC). Jeju: IEEE, 2018
Morsy-Osman M, Plant D V. A comparative study of technology options for next generation intra- and inter-datacenter interconnects. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC). San Diego: IEEE, 2018
Maniloff E, Gareau S, Moyer M. 400G and beyond: coherent evolution to high-capacity inter data center links. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC). San Diego: IEEE, 2019
Schow C L, Schmidtke K. INTREPID: developing power efficient analog coherent interconnects to transform data center networks. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC). San Dieo: IEEE, 2019
Perin J K, Shastri A, Kahn J M. Design of low-power DSP-free coherent receivers for data center links. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2017, 35(21): 4650–4662
Seiler P M, Peczek A, Winzer G, Voigt K, Lischke S, Fatemi A, Zimmermann L. 56 GBaud O-band transmission using a photonic BiCMOS coherent receiver. In: Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communications (ECOC). Brussels: IEEE, 2020
Knoll D, Lischke S, Barth R, Zimmermann L, Heinemann B, Rucker H, Mai C, Kroh M, Peczek A, Awny A, Ulusoy C, Trusch A, Kruger A, Drews J, Fraschke M, Schmidt D, Lisker M, Voigt K, Krune E, Mai A. High-performance photonic BiCMOS process for the fabrication of high-bandwidth electronic-photonic integrated circuits. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM). Washington: IEEE, 2015
Lischke S, Knoll D, Mai C, Zimmermann L. Advanced photonic BiCMOS technology with high-performance Ge photo detectors. In: Proceedings of SPIE 11088, Optical Sensing, Imaging, and Photon Counting: From X-Rays to THz 2019. San Diego: SPIE, 2019
Vivien L, Pavesi L. Handbook of Silicon Photonics. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2013
Liang T K, Tsang H K. Role of free carriers from two-photon absorption in Raman amplification in silicon-on-insulator waveguides. Applied Physics Letters, 2004, 84(15): 2745–2747
Selvaraja S K, Bogaerts W, Thourhout D V. Loss reduction in silicon nanophotonic waveguide micro-bends through etch profile improvement. Optics Communications, 2011, 284(8): 2141–2144
Peczek A, Mai C, Winzer G, Zimmermann L. Comparison of cutback method and optical backscatter reflectometry for wafer level waveguide characterization. In: Proceedings of IEEE 33rd International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures (ICMTS). Edinburgh: IEEE, 2020
Perin J K, Shastri A, Kahn J M. Coherent data center links. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2021, 39(3): 730–741
Koos C, Jacome L, Poulton C, Leuthold J, Freude W. Nonlinear silicon-on-insulator waveguides for all-optical signal processing. Optics Express, 2007, 15(10): 5976–5990
Dinu M. Dispersion of phonon-assisted nonresonant third-order nonlinearities. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 2003, 39(11): 1498–1503
Gajda A. Four wave mixing at 1550 nm in silicon waveguides, Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Berlin: Technische Universität Berlin, 2017
Kupijai S, Rhee H, Al-Saadi A, Henniges M, Bronzi D, Selicke D, Theiss C, Otte S, Eichler H J, Woggon U, Stolarek D, Richter H H, Zimmermann L, Tillack B, Meister S. 25 Gb/s silicon photonics interconnect using a transmitter based on a node-matched-diode modulator. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2016, 34(12): 2920–2923
Pinguet T, Denton S, Gloeckner S, Mack M, Masini G, Mekis A, Pang S, Peterson M, Sahni S, Dobbelaere P D. High-volume manufacturing platform for silicon photonics. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2018, 106(12): 2281–2290
Boeuf F, Cremer S, Vulliet N, Pinguet T, Mekis A, Masini G, Verslegers L, Sun P, Ayazi A, Hon N K, Sahni S, Chi Y, Orlando B, Ristoiu D, Farcy A, Leverd F, Broussous L, Pelissier-Tanon D, Richard C, Pinzelli L, Beneyton R, Gourhant O, Gourvest E, LeFriec Y, Monnier D, Brun P, Guillermet M, Benoit D, Haxaire K, Manouvrier J R, Jan S, Petiton H, Carpentier J F, Quemerais T, Durand C, Gloria D, Fourel M, Battegay F, Sanchez Y, Batail E, Baron F, Delpech P, Salager L, Dobbelaere P D, Sautreuil B. A multi-wavelength 3D-compatible silicon photonics platform on 300 mm SOI wafers for 25 Gb/s applications. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting. Washington: IEEE, 2013
Lacava C, Carrol L, Bozzola A, Marchetti R, Minzioni P, Cristiani I, Fournier M, Bernabe S, Gerace D, Andreani L C. Design and characterization of low-loss 2D grating couplers for silicon photonics integrated circuits. In: Proceedings of SPIE 9752, Silicon Photonics XI. San Francisco: SPIE, 2016
Luo Y, Nong Z, Gao S, Huang H, Zhu Y, Liu L, Zhou L, Xu J, Liu L, Yu S, Cai X. Low-loss two-dimensional silicon photonic grating coupler with a backside metal mirror. Optics Letters, 2018, 43(3): 474–477
Verslegers L, Mekis A, Pinguet T, Chi Y, Masini G, Sun P, Ayazi A, Hon K Y, Sahni S, Gloeckner S, Baudot C, Boeuf F, Dobbelaere P D. Design of low-loss polarization splitting grating couplers. In: Proceedings of Advanced Photonics for Communications. San Diego: IEEE, 2014
Snyder B, Lepage G, Balakrishnan S, Heyn P D, Verheyen P, Absil P, Campenhout J V. Ultra-broadband, polarization-insensitive SMF-28 fiber edge couplers for silicon photonics. In: Proceedings of IEEE CPMT Symposium Japan (ICSJ). Kyoto: IEEE, 2017
Picard M J, Latrasse C, Larouche C, Painchaud Y, Poulin M, Pelletier F, Guy M. CMOS-compatible spot-size converter for optical fiber to sub-µm silicon waveguide coupling with low-loss low-wavelength dependence and high tolerance to misalignment. In: Proceedings of SPIE 9752, Silicon Photonics XI. San Francisco: SPIE, 2016
Barwicz T, Peng B, Leidy R, Janta-Polczynski A, Houghton T, Khater M, Kamlapurkar S, Engelmann S, Fortier P, Boyer N, Green W M J. Integrated metamaterial interfaces for self-aligned fiber-to-chip coupling in volume manufacturing. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2019, 25(3): 1–13
Barwicz T, Janta-Polczynski A, Takenobu S, Watanabe K, Langlois R, Taira Y, Suematsu K, Numata H, Peng B, Kamlapurkar S, Engelmann S, Fortier P, Boyer N. Advances in interfacing optical fibers to nanophotonic waveguides via mechanically compliant polymer waveguides. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2020, 26(2): 1–12
Marchetti R, Lacava C, Carroll L, Gradkowski K, Minzioni P. Coupling strategies for silicon photonics integrated chips. Photonics Research, 2019, 7(2): 201–239
Georgieva G, Voigt K, Mai C, Seiler P M, Petermann K, Zimmermann L. Cross-polarization effects in sheared 2D grating couplers in a photonic BiCMOS technology. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2020, 59: SOOB03
Kunkel R, Bach H G, Hoffmann D, Weinert C M, Molina-Fernandez I, Halir R. First monolithic InP-based 90°-hybrid OEIC comprising balanced detectors for 100GE coherent frontends. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Indium Phosphide & Related Materials. Newport Beach: IEEE, 2009
Voigt K, Zimmermann L, Winzer G, Tian H, Tillack B, Petermann K. C-band optical 90° hybrids in silicon nanowaveguide technology. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2011, 23(23): 1769–1771
Halir R, Roelkens G, Ortega-Moñux A, Wangüemert-Pérez J G. High-performance 90° hybrid based on a silicon-on-insulator multimode interference coupler. Optics Letters, 2011, 36(2): 178–180
Yang W, Yin M, Li Y, Wang X, Wang Z. Ultra-compact optical 90° hybrid based on a wedge-shaped 2 × 4 MMI coupler and a 2 × 2 MMI coupler in silicon-on-insulator. Optics Express, 2013, 21(23): 28423–28431
Guan H, Ma Y, Shi R, Zhu X, Younce R, Chen Y, Roman J, Ophir N, Liu Y, Ding R, Baehr-Jones T, Bergman K, Hochberg M. Compact and low loss 90° optical hybrid on a silicon-on-insulator platform. Optics Express, 2017, 25(23): 28957–28968
Voigt K, Mai C, Petousi D, Peczek A, Knoll D, Lischke S, Winzer G, Zimmermann L. Optical transmitter design in a SiGe BiCMOS photonic platform. In: Proceedings of Asia Communications and Photonics Conference (ACP). Chengdu: IEEE, 2019
Corning Incorporated. Corning SMF-28 ultra optical fiber product information. Available: www.corning.com/media/worldwide/coc/documents/Fiber/PI-1424-AEN.pdf. Accessed on: Feb. 20, 2021
International Telecommunication Union. ITU-T G.652 (11/2016) Series G: transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks. 2016. Available: http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/13076. Accessed on: Jan. 5, 2021
Spinnler B. Equalizer design and complexity for digital coherent receivers. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2010, 16(5): 1180–1192
Pillai B S G, Sedighi B, Guan K, Anthapadmanabhan N P, Shieh W, Hinton K J, Tucker R S. End-to-end energy modeling and analysis of long-haul coherent transmission systems. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2014, 32(18): 3093–3111
Nagarajan R, Lyubomirsky I. Low-complexity DSP for inter-data center optical fiber communications. In: Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communications (ECOC). Brussels: IEEE, 2020
Morsy-Osman M, Sowailem M, El-Fiky E, Goodwill T, Hoang T, Lessard S, Plant D V. DSP-free ‘coherent-lite’ transceiver for next generation single wavelength optical intra-datacenter interconnects. Optics Express, 2018, 26(7): 8890–8903
Perin J K, Shastri A, Kahn J M. Data center links beyond 100 Gbit/s per wavelength. Optical Fiber Technology, 2018, 44: 69–85
Witzens J. High-speed silicon photonics modulators. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2018, 106(12): 2158–2182
Petousi D. Analysis of Integrated Silicon Depletion-Type Mach-Zehnder Modulators for Advanced Modulation Formats. Berlin: Mensch & Buch Verlag, 2017
Milivojevic B, Raabe C, Shastri A, Webster M, Metz P, Sunder S, Chattin B, Wiese S, Dama B, Shastri K. 112Gb/s DP-QPSK transmission over 2427 km SSMF using small-size silicon photonic IQ modulator and low-power CMOS driver. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference. Anaheim: IEEE, 2013
Dong P, Liu X, Chandrasekhar S, Buhl L L, Aroca R, Chen Y K. Monolithic silicon photonic integrated circuits for compact 100 + Gb/s coherent optical receivers and transmitters. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2014, 20(4): 150–157
Lin J, Sepehrian H, Rusch L A, Shi W. CMOS-compatible silicon photonic IQ modulator for 84 Gbaud 16QAM and 70 Gbaud 32QAM. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC). San Diego: IEEE, 2018
Zhou J, Wang J, Zhang Q. Silicon photonics for 100Gbaud. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC). San Diego: IEEE, 2020
Zhalehpour S, Lin J, Guo M, Sepehrian H, Zhang Z, Rusch L A, Shi W. All-silicon IQ modulator for 100 GBaud 32QAM transmissions. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC). San Diego: IEEE, 2019
Melikyan A, Kaneda N, Kim K, Baeyens Y, Dong P. Differential drive I/Q modulator based on silicon photonic electro-absorption modulators. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2020, 38(11): 2872–2876
Doerr C, Chen L, Nielsen T, Aroca R, Chen L, Banaee M, Azemati S, McBrien G, Park S Y, Geyer J, Guan B, Mikkelsen B, Rasmussen C, Givehchi M, Wang Z, Potsaid B, Lee H C, Swanson E, Fujimoto J G. O, E, S, C, and L band silicon photonics coherent modulator/receiver. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC). Anaheim: IEEE, 2016
Samani A, El-Fiky E, Osman M, Patel D, Li R, Jacques M, Plant D. 180 Gb/s single carrier single polarization 16-QAM transmission using an O-band silicon photonic IQM. Optics Express, 2019, 27 (10): 14447–14456
Mehrpoor G R, Schmidt-Langhorst C, Wohlfeil B, Elschner R, Rafique D, Emmerich R, Dochhan A, Lopez I, Rito P, Petousi D, Kissinger D, Zimmermann L, Schubert C, Schmauss B, Eiselt M, Elbers J P. 64-GBd DP-bipolar-8ASK transmission over 120 km SSMF employing a monolithically integrated driver and MZM in 0.25-µm SiGe BiCMOS technology. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC). San Diego: IEEE, 2009
Zhou Z, Chen R, Li X, Li T. Development trends in silicon photonics for data centers. Optical Fiber Technology, 2018, 44: 13–23
Rahim A, Hermans A, Wohlfeil B, Petousi D, Kuyken B, Thourhout D V, Baets R. Taking silicon photonics modulators to a higher performance level: state-of-the-art and a review of new technologies. Advanced Photonics, 2021, 3(2): 024003
Tu Z, Gong P, Zhou Z, Wang X. Ultracompact 100 Gbps coherent receiver monolithically integrated on silicon. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2016, 55(4S): 04EC04
Kroh M, Unterbörsch G, Tsianos G, Ziegler R, Steffan A G, Bach H G, Kreissl J, Kunkel R, Mekonnen G G, Rehbein W, Schmidt D, Ludwig R, Petermann K, Bruns J, Mitze T, Voigt K, Zimmermann L. Hybrid integrated 40 Gb/s DPSK receiver on SOI. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference. San Diego: IEEE, 2009
Winzer G, Kroh M, Lischke S, Knoll D, Voigt K, Tian H, Mai C, Petousi D, Micusik D, Zimmermann L, Tillack B, Petermann K. Monolithic photonic-electronic QPSK receiver for 28Gbaud. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC). Los Angeles: IEEE, 2015
Doerr C, Chen L, Vermeulen D, Nielsen T, Azemati S, Stulz S, McBrien G, Xu X M, Mikkelsen B, Givehchi M, Rasmussen C, Park S Y. Single-chip silicon photonics 100-Gb/s coherent transceiver. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC). San Francisco: IEEE, 2014
Verbist J, Zhang J, Moeneclaey B, Soenen W, Weerdenburg J V, Uden R V, Okonkwo C, Bauwelinck J, Roelkens G, Yin X. A 40-GBd QPSK/16-QAM integrated silicon coherent receiver. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2016, 28(19): 2070–2073
Dong P, Liu X, Chandrasekhar S, Buhl L L, Aroca R, Baeyens Y, Chen Y K. 224-Gb/s PDM-16-QAM modulator and receiver based on silicon photonic integrated circuits. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference. Anaheim: IEEE, 2013
Doerr C R, Winzer P J, Chandrasekhar S, Rasras M, Earnshaw M, Weiner J, Gill D M, Chen Y K. Monolithic silicon coherent receiver. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference. San Diego: IEEE, 2009
Gudyriev S, Kress C, Zwickel H, Kemal J N, Lischke S, Zimmermann L, Koos C, Scheytt J C. Coherent ePIC receiver for 64 GBaud QPSK in 0.25 µm photonic BiCMOS technology. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2019, 37(1): 103–109
Awny A, Nagulapalli R, Kroh M, Hoffmann J, Runge P, Micusik D, Fischer G, Ulusoy A C, Ko M, Kissinger D. A linear differential transimpedance amplifier for 100-Gb/s integrated coherent optical fiber receivers. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2018, 66(2): 973–986
Doussiere P, Shieh C L, DeMars S, Dzurko K. Very high power 1310 nm InP single mode distributed feedback laser diode with reduced linewidth. In: Proceedings of SPIE 6485, Novel In-Plane Semiconductor Lasers VI. San Jose: SPIE, 2007
Schow C L. Low power analog coherent links for next-generation datacenters. In: Proceedings of Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. San Jose: IEEE, 2019