Hội chứng Tourette

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This is an analysis of limitations of single-agent, placebo-controlled clinical trials in Tourette’s syndrome and assessment of the potential for alternative, multi-drug, active-comparator trials. Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Garvey M, et al.: Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry 1998, 155:264–271. Perrin EM, Murphy ML, Casey JR, et al.: Does group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection increase risk for behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms in children?[see comment]. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004, 158:848–856. Tourette’s Syndrome Study G: Treatment of ADHD in children with tics: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2002, 58:527–536. This is a report of an NIH-funded, multi-center, randomized, controlled trial in children with combined tics and ADHD, comparing methylphenidate, clonidine, combination of both, and placebo. All treatment groups had improved tics and/or ADHD. Scahill L, Chappell PB, Kim YS, et al.: A placebo-controlled study of guanfacine in the treatment of children with tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:1067–1074. Cummings DD, Singer HS, Krieger M, et al.: Neuro-psychiatric effects of guanfacine in children with mild Tourette syndrome: a pilot study. Clin Neuropharmacol 2002, 25:325–332. Anca MH, Giladi N, Korczyn AD: Ropinirole in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Neurology 2004, 62:1626–1627. Griesemer DA: Pergolide in the management of Tourette syndrome. J Child Neurol 1997, 12:402–403. Lipinski JF, Sallee FR, Jackson C, et al.: Dopamine agonist treatment of Tourette disorder in children: results of an open-label trial of pergolide. Mov Disord 1997, 12:402–407. Gilbert DL, Sethuraman G, Sine L, et al.: Tourette syn-drome improvement with pergolide in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Neurology 2000, 54:1310–1315. Gilbert DL, Dure L, Sethuraman G, et al.: Tic reduction with pergolide in a randomized controlled trial in children. Neurology 2003, 60:606–611. Gilbert D, Singer HS: Commentary: “Risperidone was as effective as pimozide for Tourette’s disorder.” EBMH 2001, 4:75. Scahill L, Leckman JF, Schultz RT, et al.: A placebo-controlled trial of risperidone in Tourette syndrome. Neurology 2003, 60:1130–1135. Dion Y, Annable L, Sandor P, et al.: Risperidone in the treatment of tourette syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002, 22:31–39. Bruggeman R, van DL, Buitelaar JK, et al.: Risperidone versus pimozide in Tourette’s disorder: a comparative double-blind parallel-group study. J Clin Psychiatry 2001, 62:50–56. Gilbert DL, Batterson JR, Sethuraman G, et al.: Tic reduction with risperidone vs. pimozide in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004, 43:206–214. Gaffney GR, Perry PJ, Lund BC, et al.: Risperidone versus clonidine in the treatment of children and adolescents with Tourette’s syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002, 41:330–336. Sallee FR, Kurlan R, Goetz CG, et al.: Ziprasidone treatment of children and adolescents with Tourette’s syndrome: a pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000, 39:292–299. Marras C, Andrews D, Sime E, et al.: Botulinum toxin for simple motor tics: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial.[see comment]. Neurology 2001, 56:605–610. Kwak CH, Hanna PA, Jankovic J: Botulinum toxin in the treatment of tics. Arch Neurol 2000, 57:1190–1193. Lowe TL, Cohen DJ, Detlor J, et al.: Stimulant medica-tions precipitate Tourette’s syndrome. JAMA 1982, 247:1729–1731. Anonymous: A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The MTA Cooperative Group. Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999, 56:1073–1086. This is a report of an NIH-funded, multi-center study comparing efficacy, across multiple behavioral domains, of state-of-the-art behavioral treatment, stimulants, combined treatment, and “community care.” American Academy of Pediatrics. Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity D and Committee on Quality I: Clinical practice guideline: treatment of the school-aged child with attention-deficit/hyper-activity disorder.[see comment]. Pediatrics 2001, 108:1033–1044. This is The American Academy of Pediatrics’ Evidence-Based, Clinical Practice Guideline for ADHD treatment. Group MTAC: National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD follow-up: changes in effectiveness and growth after the end of treatment. Pediatrics 2004, 113:762–769. This report contains second-year, follow-up data on behavioral and growth outcomes. Coffey BJ, Allen AJ, Kurlan RM, et al.: Atomoxetine Treatment in Children with ADHD and Comorbid Tic Disorders. American Psychiatic Association Meeting, 2004. Temel Y, Visser-Vandewalle V: Surgery in Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord 2004, 19:3–14. Visser-Vandewalle V, Temel Y, Boon P, et al.: Chronic bilateral thalamic stimulation: a new therapeutic approach in intractable Tourette syndrome. Report of three cases. J Neurosurg 2003, 99:1094–1100. This is an interim report of benefits and side effects of deep brain stimulator implantation in thalamus for three individu-als with severe Tourette’s syndrome with self-injurious behav-ior. There was not an immediate, miraculous resolution of symptoms, but there was benefit. Wilhelm S, Deckersbach T, Coffey BJ, et al.: Habit reversal versus supportive psychotherapy for Tourette’s disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:1175–1177. Verdellen CW, Keijsers GP, Cath DC, et al.: Exposure with response prevention versus habit reversal in Tourettes’s syndrome: a controlled study. Behav Res Ther 2004, 42:501–511. The Pediatric OCD Treatment Study (POTS) Team: Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, Sertraline, and Their Combination for Children and Adolescents with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: The Pediatric OCD Treatment Study (POTS) Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2004, 292:1969–1976. Garvey MA, Perlmutter SJ, Allen AJ, et al.: A pilot study of penicillin prophylaxis for neuropsychiatric exacerbations triggered by streptococcal infections. Biol Psychiatry 1999, 45:1564–1571. Perlmutter SJ, Leitman SF, Garvey MA, et al.: Therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorders in childhood [see comments]. Lancet 1999, 354:1153–1158. Munchau A, Bloem BR, Thilo KV, et al.: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for Tourette syndrome. Neurology 2002, 59:1789–1791. Chae JH, Nahas Z, Wassermann E, et al.: A pilot safety study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in Tourette’s syndrome. Cogn Behav Neurol 2004, 17:109–117.