Total precipitable water in the atmosphere over India
Tóm tắt
Electromagnetic radiation, in its passage through the atmosphere, is attenuated by absorption and scattering by atmospheric gases, dust and aerosols. The most important absorber is water vapour and the most significant parameter in atmospheric absorption studies is the total precipitable water in the atmosphere. The present paper summarises the results of a study made to compute the total precipitable water in the atmosphere over India using radiosonde and other data, as part of a programme for the computation of direct, global and diffuse solar radiation at the ground from the solar constant. Using values of air temperature and dew point from the ground up to 250 mb at 19 radiosonde stations and surface water vapour mixing ratio values at 105 surface observatories in India, precipitable water amounts have been computed for 124 stations, for each month and for the whole year. The paper describes the techniques used to extend the total precipitable water amounts derived from radiosonde data at 19 stations to 124 stations covering the major climatic zones in the country and presents the results in the form of 12 maps showing the spatial and temporal distribution of total precipitable water over India
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ananthakrishnan R, Mary Selvam M and Chsllappa R 1964 Precipitable water vapour in the atmosphere over India Meteorological Research Paper, Office of the Deputy Director Generai. Forecasting, India Meteorological Department. Pune
Bannon J K and Steele L P 1960 Average water vapour content of the air ;Geophys. Mem. No. 102, Meteorological Office, London
Kondratyev K Ya 1965 Radiative beat exchange in the atmosphere. Transl, from Russian (New York ; Pergamon Press)
Maiya U N and Dierich 1981 Water vapour content over two Indian sites tested for a millimetre wave radio observatory,Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.) 90 p. 281
Mokashi R Y 1968 Mean precipitable water vapour in the atmosphere over India in different months. Scientific Report No. 75, India, Met. Department
Reitan and Clayton H 1960 Distribution of precipitable water over the continental United StatesBull. Am. Met. Soc. 41 79
Showalter A K 1954 Precipitable water template,Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 35 129–131
Solot S B 1939 Computation of depth of precipitable water in a column of air,Mon. Wea. Rev. 67 100–103
Tetens O 1930Z. Geophysik. 6 297