Torrefaction of reed canary grass, wheat straw and willow to enhance solid fuel qualities and combustion properties

Fuel - Tập 87 Số 6 - Trang 844-856 - 2008
Toby Bridgeman1, J.M. Jones1, I. Shield2, Paul T. Williams1
1Energy and Resources Research Institute, School of Process, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
2Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ (UK)

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Biomass task force report to government. October 2005: London, UK.

DTi, Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2005. 2005, Department of Trade and Industry: London, UK.

Bergman, 2005

Bergman PCA et al. Torrefaction for entrained-flow gasification of biomass. In: The 2nd world conference and technology exhibition on biomass for energy, industry and climate protection, 2004, Rome, Italy.

Li, 2001

Arcate, 2002, Torrefied Wood, an Enhanced Wood Fuel

Pentananunt, 1990, Upgrading of biomass by means of torrefaction, Energy, 15, 1175, 10.1016/0360-5442(90)90109-F

Brooking, 2002

Prins, 2005

Pach M, Zanzi R, Bjornborn E. Torrefied biomass a substitute for wood and charcoal. In 6th Asia-Pacific international symposium on combustion and energy utilisation, 2002, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

DD CEN/TS 14961:2005; Solid biofuels. Fuel specifications and classes. 2005, British Standards. p. 46.

Biagini, 2002, Devolatization rate of biomasses and coal biomass blends: an experimental investigation, Fuel, 81, 1041, 10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00204-6

Fisher, 2002, Pyrolysis behavior and kinetics of biomass derived materials, J Anal Appl Pyrol, 62, 331, 10.1016/S0165-2370(01)00129-2

DD CEN/TS 14775:2004; Solid biofuels. Method for the determination of ash content. 2004, British Standards. p. 12.

van Soet, 1963, Use of detergents in the analysis of fibrous feeds, J AOAC, 46, 829, 10.1093/jaoac/46.5.829

Forage fibre analysis. Agricultural handbook No. 379, Agricultural Research Services, USA Department of Agriculture.

Friedl, 2005, Prediction of heating values of biomass fuel from elemental composition, Anal Chem, 554, 191

Jones, 2007, An investigation of the thermal and catalytic behaviour of potassium in biomass combustion, Proc Combust Inst, 31, 955, 10.1016/j.proci.2006.07.093

Nowakowski, 2007, Potassium catalysis in the pyrolysis behaviour of short rotation willow coppice, Fuel, 10.1016/j.fuel.2007.01.026

Gaur, 1998

Golova OP. Chemical reactions of cellulose under the action of heat. 1975.

Patai, 1970, Israel J Chem, 8, 655, 10.1002/ijch.197000079

Wendlandt, 1974, Thermal methods of analysis, vol. 19