Topsoil Thickness Influences Nitrogen Management of Switchgrass
Tóm tắt
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is an attractive bioenergy crop option for eroded portions of claypan landscapes where grain crop production is marginally profitable. Topsoil thickness above the claypan, or depth to claypan (DTC), can vary widely within fields, and little information exists on its impacts on N management of switchgrass. Therefore, a study was conducted at the University of Missouri South Farm near Columbia, Missouri, to determine whether topsoil thickness influenced fertilizer N requirements of switchgrass. Switchgrass was planted in 2009 on main plots with a range of DTC classified as exposed (<8 cm), shallow (8–15 cm), moderate (16–30 cm), and deep (>30 cm) and was harvested annually at postdormancy during 2011 to 2015. Three split-plot treatments were 0, 67, or 101 kg N ha−1 applied annually in May, and a fourth was three intercropped native legumes as the N source. Across years, the legume treatment apparently supplied no N because it produced the same or less switchgrass yield than the nonfertilized treatment. Topsoil proved valuable as switchgrass yield, nutrient removal, and profit usually increased as DTC increased. Fertilization with 101 kg N ha−1 on exposed, shallow, or moderate DTC and 67 kg N ha−1 on deep DTC was required to obtain the highest biomass yield, but it also increased nutrient removal. Strikingly, profit across years was negative for the legume treatment and highest with no fertilizer on all DTC classes. Therefore, improvements are needed before intercropped legumes are profitable, and N fertilization may be needed only periodically to maximize switchgrass profit on claypan soils.
Tài liệu tham khảo
USDA-Environmental Protection Agency (2016) Renewable fuel annual standards https://www.epa.gov/renewable-fuel-standard-program/renewable-fuel-annual-standards. Accessed 30 Jun 2016
Massey RE, Myers DB, Kitchen NR, Sudduth KA (2008) Profitability maps as an input for site-specific management decision making. Agron J 100:52–59. doi:10.2134/agrojnl2007.0057
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Survey Staff (2011) Soil survey geographic (SSURGO) database www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_053631
Jamison VC, Smith DD, Thornton JE (1968) Soil and water research on a claypan soil. U S Dep Agric Soil Conserv Serv Tech Bull 1379:1–111
Kitchen NR, Hughes DF, Donald WW, Alberts EE (1998) Agrichemical movement in the root-zone of claypan soils: ridge- and mulch-tillage systems compared. Soil Tillage Res 48:179–193. doi:10.1016/S0167-1987(98)00144-5
Kitchen NR, Sudduth KA, Drummond ST (1999) Soil electrical conductivity as a crop productivity measure for claypan soils. J Prod Agric 12:607–617
Yost MA, Kitchen NR, Sudduth KA et al (2016a) Long-term impact of a precision agriculture system on grain crop production. Precis, Agric In Press. doi:10.1007/s11119-016-9490-5
Thompson AL, Gantzer CJ, Hammer RD (1992) Productivity of a claypan soil under rain-fed and irrigated conditions. J Soil Water Conserv 47:405–410
Kitchen NR, Sudduth KA, Myers DB et al (2005) Delineating productivity zones on claypan soil fields using apparent soil electrical conductivity. Comput Electron Agric 46:285–308. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2004.11.012
Conway LS, Yost MA, Kitchen NR, et al. (2016) Topsoil depth effects on corn, soybean, and switchgrass production on claypan soils. Agron. J. In submiss:
Jiang P, Anderson SH, Kitchen NR et al (2007) Estimating plant-available water capacity for claypan landscapes using apparent electrical conductivity. Soil Sci Soc Am J 71:1902–1908. doi:10.2136/sssaj2007.0011
Kering MK, Butler TJ, Biermacher JT, Guretzky JA (2012) Biomass yield and nutrient removal rates of perennial grasses under nitrogen fertilization. BioEnergy Res 5:61–70. doi:10.1007/s12155-011-9167-x
Blanchet KM, George JR, Gettle RM et al (1995) Establishment and persistence of legumes interseeded into switchgrass. Agron J 87:935–941. doi:10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700050027x
Ashworth AJ, Allen FL, Keyser PD et al (2015a) Switchgrass yield and stand dynamics from legume intercropping based on seeding rate and harvest management. J Soil Water Conserv 70:374–384. doi:10.2489/jswc.70.6.374
Warwick K, Allen FL, Keyser PD et al (2016) Biomass and integrated forage/biomass yields of switchgrass as affected by intercropped cool- and warm-season legumes. J Soil Water Conserv 71:21–28. doi:10.2489/jswc.71.1.21
Blanco-Canqui H, Gantzer CJ, Anderson SH et al (2002) Saturated hydraulic conductivity and its impact on simulated runoff for claypan soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 66:1596–1602. doi:10.2136/sssaj2002.1596
McLaughlin SB, Adams Kszos L (2005) Development of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) as a bioenergy feedstock in the United States. Biomass Bioenergy 28:515–535. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2004.05.006
Guretzky JA, Biermacher JT, Cook BJ et al (2011) Switchgrass for forage and bioenergy: harvest and nitrogen rate effects on biomass yields and nutrient composition. Plant Soil 339:69–81. doi:10.1007/s11104-010-0376-4
Zaibon S, Anderson SH, Thompson A, Kitchen NR (2017) Soil water infiltration affected by topsoil thickness in row crop and switchgrass production systems. Geoderma 286:46–53. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.10.016
Muir JP, Sanderson MA, Ocumpaugh WR et al (2001) Biomass production of “Alamo” switchgrass in response to nitrogen, phosphorus, and row spacing. Agron J 93:896–901. doi:10.2134/agronj2001.934896x
Vogel KP, Brejda JJ, Walters DT, Buxton DR (2002) Switchgrass biomass production in the Midwest USA. Agron J 94:413–420. doi:10.2134/agronj2002.0413
Heggenstaller AH, Moore KJ, Liebman M, Anex RP (2009) Nitrogen influences biomass and nutrient partitioning by perennial, warm-season grasses. Agron J 101:1363–1371. doi:10.2134/agronj2008.0225x
Jung JY, Lal R (2011) Impacts of nitrogen fertilization on biomass production of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and changes in soil organic carbon in Ohio. Geoderma 166:145–152. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.07.023
Sadeghpour A, Gorlitsky LE, Hashemi M et al (2014a) Response of switchgrass yield and quality to harvest season and nitrogen fertilizer. Agron J 106:290–296. doi:10.2134/agronj2013.0183
Garland C (2008) Growing and harvesting switchgrass for ethanol production in Tennessee http://economics.ag.utk.edu/publications/bioenergy/SP701-A.pdf. Accessed 29 Jun 2016
Douglas J, Lemuyon J, Wynia R, Salon P (2009) Planting and managing switchgrass as a biomass energy crop. USDA-Natural Resour. Conserv. Serv. Tech. note, In http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1042293.pdf. Accessed 30 Jun 2016
Mooney DF, Roberts RK, English BC et al (2009) Yield and breakeven price of “Alamo” switchgrass for biofuels in Tennessee. Agron J 101:1234–1242. doi:10.2134/agronj2009.0090
Ashworth AJ, West CP, Allen FL et al (2015b) Biologically fixed nitrogen in legume intercropped systems: comparison of nitrogen-difference and nitrogen-15 enrichment techniques. Agron J 107:2419–2430. doi:10.2134/agronj14.0639
Gantzer CJ, McCarty TR (1987) Predicting corn yields on a claypan soil using a soil productivity index. Trans ASAE 30:1347–1352. doi: 10.13031/2013.30569
Thompson AL, Gantzer CJ, Anderson SH (1991) Topsoil depth, fertility, water management, and weather influences on yield. Soil Sci Soc Am J 55:1085–1091. doi:10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500040032x
Sudduth KA, Kitchen NR, Myers DB, Drummond ST (2010) Mapping depth to argillic soil horizons using apparent electrical conductivity. J Environ Eng Geophys 15:135–146
Buchholz DD, Brown JR, Garret J, et al. (2004) Soil test interpretations and recommendations handbook. In: Univ. Missouri-Columbia. Univ. Ext. http://aes.missouri.edu/pfcs/soiltest.pdf. Accessed 30 Jun 2016
Mehlich A (2008) Mehlich 3 soil test extractant: a modification of Mehlich 2 extractant. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 15:1409–1416
Dolginow JP, Massey RE (2013) Switchgrass and miscanthus: economics of perennial grasses grown for bioenergy. In: Univ. Missouri-Columbia. Univ. Extension. Ext. website. http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G4980. Accessed 30 Jun 2016
USDA Economic Research Service (2013) Average U.S. farm prices of selected fertilizers, 1960–2011. http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/fertilizer-use-and-price.aspx. Accessed 30 Jun 2016
Plain RL, White J (2012) 2012 custom rates for farm services in Missouri. http://agebb.missouri.edu/mgt/custrate/customrate2012.pdf. Accessed 30 Jun 2016
Edwards W (2013) Historic Iowa farm custom rate survey. https://www.extension.iastate.edu/AGDM/crops/pdf/a3-12.pdf. Accessed 30 Jun 2016
SAS Institute Inc. (2011) Statistical Analysis System
Hong CO, Owens VN, Bransby D et al (2014) Switchgrass response to nitrogen fertilizer across diverse environments in the USA: a regional feedstock partnership report. BioEnergy Res 7:777–788. doi:10.1007/s12155-014-9484-y
Sadeghpour A, Hashemi M, DaCosta M et al (2014b) Switchgrass establishment influenced by cover crop, tillage systems, and weed control. BioEnergy Res 7:1402–1410. doi:10.1007/s12155-014-9485-x
Butler TJ, Muir JP, Huo C, Guretzky JA (2013) Switchgrass biomass and nitrogen yield with over-seeded cool-season forages in the southern Great Plains. BioEnergy Res 6:44–52. doi:10.1007/s12155-012-9225-z
Ashworth AJ, Keyser PD, Allen FL et al (2016) Displacing inorganic nitrogen in lignocellulosic feedstock production systems. Agron J 108:109–116. doi:10.2134/agronj15.0033
Owens VN, Viands DR, Mayton HS et al (2013) Nitrogen use in switchgrass grown for bioenergy across the USA. Biomass Bioenergy 58:286–293. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.07.016
Stout WL, Jung GA, Shaffer JA, Estepp R (1986) Soil water conditions and yield of tall fescue, switchgrass, and Caucasian bluestem in the Appalachian Northeast. J Soil Water Conserv 41:184–186
Houx JH, McGraw RL, Fritschi FB, Navarrete-Tindall NE (2009) Effects of shade on growth and nodulation of three native legumes with potential for use in agroforestry. Nativ Plants J 10:232–238. doi:10.3368/NPJ.10.3.232
Haque M, Biermacher JT, Kering MK, Guretzky JA (2014) Economic evaluation of switchgrass feedstock production systems tested in potassium-deficient soils. BioEnergy Res 7:260–267. doi:10.1007/s12155-013-9368-6
Haque M, Biermacher JT, Kering MK, Guretzky JA (2013) Economics of alternative fertilizer supply systems for switchgrass produced in phosphorus-deficient soils for bioenergy feedstock. BioEnergy Res 6:351–357. doi:10.1007/s12155-012-9264-5
Landers GW, Thompson AL, Kitchen NR, Massey RE (2012) Comparative breakeven analysis of annual grain and perennial switchgrass cropping systems on claypan soil landscapes. Agron J 104:639–648. doi:10.2134/agronj2011.0229
Dinnes DL, Karlen DL, Jaynes DB et al (2002) Nitrogen management strategies to reduce nitrate leaching in tile-drained midwestern soils. Agron J 94:153–171. doi:10.2134/agronj2002.1530
Yost MA, Randall BK, Kitchen NR, et al. (2016b) Fertilizer nitrogen strategies for young and mature Miscanthus × giganteus on eroded soils. Agron J In submiss:
Foster AJ, Kakani VG, Mosali J (2016) Estimation of bioenergy crop yield and N status by hyperspectral canopy reflectance and partial least square regression. Precis Agric:1–18. doi:10.1007/s11119-016-9455-8