Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 exhibit distinct regulation of cancer cell stemness mediated by cell death-induced high-mobility group box 1

Peran, 2018, Curation of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma subset of the cancer genome atlas is essential for accurate conclusions about survival-related molecular mechanisms, Clin Cancer Res, 24, 3813, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-0290 Fokas, 2015, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: From genetics to biology to radiobiology to oncoimmunology and all the way back to the clinic, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1855, 61 Huang, 2011, Caspase 3-mediated stimulation of tumor cell repopulation during cancer radiotherapy, Nat Med, 17, 860, 10.1038/nm.2385 Liu, 2016, Redefining the roles of apoptotic factors in carcinogenesis, Mol Cell Oncol, 3 Feng, 2017, Dying glioma cells establish a proangiogenic microenvironment through a caspase 3 dependent mechanism, Cancer Lett, 385, 12, 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.10.042 Lauffer, 2018, Pancreatic Cancer: feasibility and outcome after radiochemotherapy with high dose external radiotherapy for non-resected and R1 resected patients, Cureus, 10, e2713 Batlle, 2017, Cancer stem cells revisited, Nat Med, 23, 1124, 10.1038/nm.4409 Subramaniam, 2018, Targeting cancer stem cells for chemoprevention of pancreatic cancer, Curr Med Chem, 25, 2585, 10.2174/0929867324666170127095832 Wang, 2013, MYC regulation of CHK1 and CHK2 promotes radioresistance in a stem cell-like population of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, Cancer Res, 73, 1219, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-1408 Ahmed, 2015, Selective inhibition of parallel DNA damage response pathways optimizes radiosensitization of glioblastoma stem-like cells, Cancer Res, 75, 4416, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-3790 Diehn, 2009, Association of reactive oxygen species levels and radioresistance in cancer stem cells, Nature, 458, 780, 10.1038/nature07733 Filatova, 2013, The cancer stem cell niche(s): the crosstalk between glioma stem cells and their microenvironment, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1830, 2496, 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.10.008 Sundar, 2014, The role of cancer stem cells in glioblastoma, Neurosurg Focus, 37, E6, 10.3171/2014.9.FOCUS14494 Ishii, 2016, Histological characterization of the tumorigenic “peri-necrotic niche” harboring quiescent stem-like tumor cells in glioblastoma, PLoS One, 11, 10.1371/journal.pone.0147366 Jube, 2012, Cancer cell secretion of the DAMP protein HMGB1 supports progression in malignant mesothelioma, Cancer Res, 72, 3290, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-3481 Cebrian, 2016, Paradoxical role of HMGB1 in pancreatic cancer: tumor suppressor or tumor promoter?, Anticancer Res, 36, 4381, 10.21873/anticanres.10981 Huang, 2018, HMGB1 genetic polymorphisms are biomarkers for the development and progression of breast cancer, Int J Med Sci, 15, 580, 10.7150/ijms.23462 Kang, 2014, HMGB1 in health and disease, Mol Aspects Med, 40, 1, 10.1016/j.mam.2014.05.001 Livesey, 2012, p53/HMGB1 complexes regulate autophagy and apoptosis, Cancer Res, 72, 1996, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-2291 Tang, 2010, High-mobility group box 1 and cancer, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1799, 131, 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2009.11.014 LI G, Liang X, Kaus J, Basse P, Zeh H, Lotze M. Natural killer (NK) cell high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is required for anti-tumor function (TUM2P.895). J Immunol 2014;192(1 Suppl):71.19–71.19. Kang, 2013, HMGB1 in cancer: good, bad, or both?, Clin Cancer Res, 19, 4046, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-0495 Zhao, 2017, High-mobility group box 1 released by autophagic cancer-associated fibroblasts maintains the stemness of luminal breast cancer cells, J Pathol, 243, 376, 10.1002/path.4958 Zhan, 2017, Wnt signaling in cancer, Oncogene, 36, 1461, 10.1038/onc.2016.304 Jiang, 2013, Inactivating mutations of RNF43 confer Wnt dependency in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 110, 12649, 10.1073/pnas.1307218110 Golden, 2014, Radiation fosters dose-dependent and chemotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death, Oncoimmunology, 3, 10.4161/onci.28518 Lee, 2017, Induction of metastasis, cancer stem cell phenotype, and oncogenic metabolism in cancer cells by ionizing radiation, Mol Cancer, 16, 10, 10.1186/s12943-016-0577-4 Chen, 2018, Radiotherapy-induced cell death activates paracrine HMGB1-TLR2 signaling and accelerates pancreatic carcinoma metastasis, J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 37, 77, 10.1186/s13046-018-0726-2 Krause, 2017, Cancer stem cells: Radioresistance, prediction of radiotherapy outcome and specific targets for combined treatments, Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 109, 63, 10.1016/j.addr.2016.02.002 Satoh, 2015, Involvement of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, J Gastroenterol, 50, 140, 10.1007/s00535-014-0997-0 Lagadec, 2012, Radiation-induced reprogramming of breast cancer cells, Stem Cells, 30, 833, 10.1002/stem.1058 Peitzsch, 2013, Discovery of the cancer stem cell related determinants of radioresistance, Radiother Oncol, 108, 378, 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.06.003 Zhang, 2015, Increased HMGB1 and cleaved caspase-3 stimulate the proliferation of tumor cells and are correlated with the poor prognosis in colorectal cancer, J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 34, 51, 10.1186/s13046-015-0166-1 Zhang, 2019, HMGB1/RAGE mediates UVB-induced secretory inflammatory response and resistance to apoptosis in human melanocytes, J Invest Dermatol, 139, 202, 10.1016/j.jid.2018.05.035 Gdynia, 2016, The HMGB1 protein induces a metabolic type of tumor cell death by blocking aerobic respiration, Nat Commun, 7, 10.1038/ncomms10764 Tang, 2010, The redox protein HMGB1 regulates cell death and survival in cancer treatment, Autophagy, 6, 1181, 10.4161/auto.6.8.13367 Conti, 2013, The noninflammatory role of high mobility group box 1/Toll-like receptor 2 axis in the self-renewal of mammary cancer stem cells, FASEB J, 27, 4731, 10.1096/fj.13-230201 Vaz, 2014, Intervention on toll-like receptors in pancreatic cancer, World J Gastroenterol, 20, 5808, 10.3748/wjg.v20.i19.5808 Chefetz, 2013, TLR2 enhances ovarian cancer stem cell self-renewal and promotes tumor repair and recurrence, Cell Cycle, 12, 511, 10.4161/cc.23406 Alvarado, 2017, Glioblastoma cancer stem cells evade innate immune suppression of self-renewal through reduced TLR4 expression, Cell Stem Cell, 20, 10.1016/j.stem.2016.12.001 Fan, 2010, TLR cross-talk mechanism of hemorrhagic shock-primed pulmonary neutrophil infiltration, Open Crit Care Med J, 2, 1, 10.2174/1874828700902010001 Wang, 2014, TLR4 induces tumor growth and inhibits paclitaxel activity in MyD88-positive human ovarian carcinoma in vitro, Oncol Lett, 7, 871, 10.3892/ol.2013.1759 Zhang, 2016, CCL21/CCR7 axis contributed to CD133+ pancreatic cancer stem-like cell metastasis via EMT and Erk/NF-kappaB pathway, PLoS One, 11