Tobacco consumption and tobacco-related diseases: gender differences with a comparison between two European countries

US Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking: nicotine addiction—a report of the surgeon general. Rockville: Office on Smoking and Health; 1988. Hughes, 1991, Distinguishing withdrawal relief and direct effects of smoking, Psychopharmacology, 104, 409, 10.1007/BF02246044 Groman E, Fagerström K. Nicotine dependence: development, mechanisms, individual differences and links to possible neurophysiological correlates. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2003;115(5/6):155–60. Benowitz, 1998, Gender differences in the pharmacology of nicotine addiction, Addict. Biol., 3, 383, 10.1080/13556219871930 Faraday, 1999, Effects of chronic nicotine administration on locomotion depend on rat sex and housing condition, Nicotine Tobacco Res., 1, 143, 10.1080/14622299050011251 Madden, 1997, Nicotine withdrawal in women, Addiction, 92, 889, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02957.x World Health Organization. Tobacco Atlas. 2002 http://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/title.pdf. Fagerström, 1996, Tobacco dependence versus prevalence of smoking: comparison between countries and categories of smokers, Tobacco Control, 5, 52, 10.1136/tc.5.1.52 European Commission. Report on the state of young people’s health in the European Union. 2000. http://europa.eu.int/comm/health/ph/key_doc/ke01_en.pdf. Groman E, Bayer P, Kunze M. Is snus an alternative? A first comparison of the Swedish and Austrian situation. In: Proceedings of the 8th European Lung Cancer Conference, 2002 Sept 1–4; Vienna. Lung Cancer 2002;37(Suppl 1):S1–58. Groman E, Kiefer I, Bayer P, Kunze U, Rieder A. Male lung cancer patients die earlier in life. Lung Cancer 31(2/3):335–7. National Cancer Institute home page http://www.nci.nih.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/prevention/lung/healthprofessional/.