To what extent does polycystic ovary syndrome influence the cut-off value of prolactin? Findings of a community-based study

March, 2010, The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in a community sample assessed under contrasting diagnostic criteria, Hum Reprod, 25, 544, 10.1093/humrep/dep399 Azziz, 2018, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Obstet Gynecol, 132, 321, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002698 2004, Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Hum Reprod, 19, 41, 10.1093/humrep/deh098 Melmed, 2011, Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96, 273, 10.1210/jc.2010-1692 Mah, 2002, Hyperprolactinemia: etiology, diagnosis, and management, Semin Reprod Med, 20, 365, 10.1055/s-2002-36709 López, 2013, Physiological and pathological hyperprolactinemia: can we minimize errors in the clinical practice, Prolactin. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, 213 Delcour, 2019, PCOS and Hyperprolactinemia: what do we know in 2019?, Clin Med Insights Reprod Health, 13, 10.1177/1179558119871921 Stein, 1935, Amenorrhea associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 29, 181, 10.1016/S0002-9378(15)30642-6 Lunde, 1981, Hyperprolactinaemia in polycystic ovary syndrome, Ann Chir Gynaecol, 70, 197 Alger, 1980, Polycystic ovarian disease associated with hyperprolactinemia and defective metoclopramide response, Fertil Steril, 34, 70, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)44845-4 Corenblum, 1982, The hyperprolactinemic polycystic ovary syndrome may not be an distinct entity, Fertil Steril, 38, 549, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)46633-1 Isik, 1997, Endocrinological and clinical analysis of hyperprolactinemic patients with and without ultrasonically diagnosed polycystic ovarian changes, Gynecol Obstet Invest, 43, 183, 10.1159/000291850 Wong, 2015, Update on prolactinomas. Part 1: clinical manifestations and diagnostic challenges, J Clin Neurosci, 22, 1562, 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.03.058 Su, 2011, Polycystic ovary syndrome or hyperprolactinaemia: a study of mild hyperprolactinaemia, Gynecol Endocrinol, 27, 55, 10.3109/09513590.2010.487606 Szosland, 2015, Prolactin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Neuroendocrinol Lett, 36, 53 Filho, 2007, Polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperprolactinemia are distinct entities, Gynecol Endocrinol, 23, 267, 10.1080/09513590701297708 Yang, 2020, The association between prolactin and metabolic parameters in PCOS women: a retrospective analysis, Front Endocrinol, 11, 263, 10.3389/fendo.2020.00263 Glintborg, 2014, Prolactin is associated with metabolic risk and cortisol in 1007 women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Hum Reprod, 29, 1773, 10.1093/humrep/deu133 Melmed, 2003, Mechanisms for pituitary tumorigenesis: the plastic pituitary, J Clin Invest, 112, 1603, 10.1172/JCI20401 Molitch, 2005, Pharmacologic resistance in prolactinoma patients, Pituitary, 8, 43, 10.1007/s11102-005-5085-2 Hernandez, 2000, Hypothalamic dopaminergic tone and prolactin bioactivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Arch Med Res, 31, 216, 10.1016/S0188-4409(00)00059-X Luciano, 1984, Hyperprolactinemia in polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril, 41, 719, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)47838-6 Quigley, 1981, Increased luteinizing hormone sensitivity to dopamine inhibition in polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 52, 231, 10.1210/jcem-52-2-231 Abdelazim, 2020, Common endocrine disorders associated with the polycystic ovary syndrome, Przeglad Menopauzalny, 19, 179 Mahboobifard, 2020, Expression patterns of ERα66 and its novel variant isoform ERα36 in lactotroph pituitary adenomas and associations with clinicopathological characteristics, Pituitary, 1 Ehrman, 1995, Polycystic ovary syndrome as a form of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism due to dysregulation of androgen secretion, Endocr Rev, 16, 322, 10.1210/edrv-16-3-322 Fritz, 2012 Bahceci, 2003, Is hyperprolactinemia associated with insulin resistance in non-obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome?, J Endocrinol Invest, 26, 655, 10.1007/BF03347025 Tehrani, 2011, The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in a community sample of Iranian population: Iranian PCOS prevalence study, Reprod Biol Endocrinol, 9, 1, 10.1186/1477-7827-9-39 Rashidi, 2014, To what extent does the use of the Rotterdam criteria affect the prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome? A community-based study from the Southwest of Iran, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 174, 100, 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.12.018 WIlke, 1987, Total testosterone, free-androgen index, calculated free testosterone, and free testosterone by analog RIA compared in hirsute women and in otherwise-normal women with altered binding of sex-hormone-binding globulin, Clin Chem, 33, 1372, 10.1093/clinchem/33.8.1372 Casanueva, 2006, Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)., 65, 265, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02562.x Murdoch, 1986, Studies of prolactin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)., 24, 165, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1986.tb00759.x Falaschi, 1980, Prolactin release in polycystic ovary, Obstet Gynecol, 55, 579 Paoletti, 1995, Evidence that an altered prolactin release is consequent to abnormal ovarian activity in polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril, 64, 1094, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)57966-7 Papaleo, 2001, Cabergoline influences ovarian stimulation in hyperprolactinaemic patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, Hum Reprod, 16, 2263, 10.1093/humrep/16.11.2263 Abbara, 2018, Interpretation of serum gonadotropin levels in hyperprolactinaemia, Neuroendocrinology, 107, 105, 10.1159/000489264 Cortet-Rudelli, 2007, 98 Lee, 2012, Prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in adolescents and young women with menstruation-related problems, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 206, 213, 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.12.010 Kyritsi, 2018, The value of prolactin in predicting prolactinomicronma in hyperprolactinaemic polycystic ovarian syndrome, Eur J Clin Invest, 48, 10.1111/eci.12961 Khadilkar, 2019 Malik, 2019, Aetiologies of Hyperprolactinaemia: a retrospective analysis from a tertiary healthcare centre, Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J, 19, e129, 10.18295/squmj.2019.19.02.008 Hassan, 2020, The frequency of elevated prolactin level in polycystic ovary syndrome women (pcos) and its'effect on pregnancy rate, Global J Public Health Med, 2, 109, 10.37557/gjphm.v2i1.28 Hashemi, 2016, Comparison of the levels of LH and FSH, TSH, prolactin, progesterone and estradiol hormones between Iranian infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome and healthy women, Int J Med Res Health Sci, 5, 370 Falaschi, 1986, Inhibitory effect of bromocriptine treatment on luteinizing hormone secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 62, 348, 10.1210/jcem-62-2-348 Prelević, 1987, Acute effects of L-dopa and bromocriptine on serum PRL, LH and FSH levels in patients with hyperprolactinemic and normoprolactinemic polycystic ovary syndrome, J Endocrinol Invest, 10, 389, 10.1007/BF03348155 Laatikainen, 1985, Prolactin pulsatility in polycystic ovarian disease, J Endocrinol Invest, 8, 157, 10.1007/BF03350674 Venturoli, 1988, Episodic pulsatile secretion of FSH, LH, prolactin, oestradiol, oestrone, and LH circadian variations in polycystic ovary syndrome, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)., 28, 93, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1988.tb01208.x Buvat, 1986, A double blind controlled study of the hormonal and clinical effects of bromocriptine in the polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 63, 119, 10.1210/jcem-63-1-119 Parsanezhad, 2002, A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of bromocriptine in clomiphene-resistant patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and normal prolactin level, Int J Fertil Women's Med, 47, 272 Melmed, 2015 Havelock, 2004, Ovarian granulosa cell lines, Mol Cell Endocrinol, 228, 67, 10.1016/j.mce.2004.04.018 Azziz, 2016, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Nat Rev Dis Prim, 2, 16057, 10.1038/nrdp.2016.57 Garg, 2016, The role of AMH in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome, Reprod Biomed Online, 33, 15, 10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.04.007 Golden, 2008, The pathophysiology of amenorrhea in the adolescent, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 163, 10.1196/annals.1429.014 Filippou, 2017, Is foetal hyperexposure to androgens a cause of PCOS?, Hum Reprod Update, 23, 421, 10.1093/humupd/dmx013 Taylor, 2006, Gonadotropin dysfunction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril, 86, S12, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.05.001 Hsu, 2009, Inappropriate gonadotropin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril, 91, 1168, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.036 Blank, 2006, The origins and sequelae of abnormal neuroendocrine function in polycystic ovary syndrome, Hum Reprod Update, 12, 351, 10.1093/humupd/dml017 Hendriks, 2008, LH as a diagnostic criterion for polycystic ovary syndrome in patients with WHO II oligo/amenorrhoea, Reprod Biomed Online, 16, 765, 10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60140-X Dewailly, 2006, Oligoanovulation with polycystic ovaries but not overt hyperandrogenism, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91, 3922, 10.1210/jc.2006-1054 Welt, 2006, Characterizing discrete subsets of polycystic ovary syndrome as defined by the Rotterdam criteria: the impact of weight on phenotype and metabolic features, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91, 4842, 10.1210/jc.2006-1327 Seppala, 1976, Hyperprolactinaemia and luteal insufficiency, Lancet, 1, 229, 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)91343-X Corenblum, 1976, Prolactin hypersecretion and short luteal phase defects, Obstet Gynecol, 47, 486 Shimatsu, 2012, Macroprolactinemia: diagnostic, clinical, and pathogenic significance, Clin Dev Immunol., 2012, 10.1155/2012/167132 Hayashida, 2014, Evaluation of macroprolactinemia in 259 women under investigation for polycystic ovary syndrome, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 80, 616, 10.1111/cen.12266 Kostrzak, 2009, The role of serum PRL bioactivity evaluation in hyperprolactinaemic women with different menstrual disorders, Gynecol Endocrinol, 25, 799, 10.3109/09513590903209329