Title of the study: Practice and attitude of doctors towards patients with substance use: A study from south India

Ambekar, 2019, On behalf of the group of investigators for the National Survey on Extent and Pattern of Substance Use in India Avery, 2013, Psychiatrists’ Attitudes Toward Individuals With Substance Use Disorders and Serious Mental Illness, J. Dual Diagn., 9, 322, 10.1080/15504263.2013.835165 Avery, 2019, Attitudes toward individuals with mental illness and substance use disorders among resident physicians, Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord., 21, 10.4088/PCC.18m02382 Babor, 2004, Training medical providers to conduct alcohol screening and brief interventions, Subst. Abus., 25, 17, 10.1300/J465v25n01_04 Bajpai, 2014 Barata, 2017, Effectiveness of SBIRT for alcohol use disorders in the emergency department: a systematic review, West. J. Emerg. Med., 18, 1143, 10.5811/westjem.2017.7.34373 Bhad, 2019, Utilization of “screening brief intervention and referral to treatment” approach for tobacco addiction in day-to-day clinical practice in india: the need of the hour, J. Neurosci. Rural Pract., 10, 8, 10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_271_18 Bien, 1993, Brief interventions for alcohol problems: a review, Addiction, 88, 315, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb00820.x van Boekel, 2013, Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: systematic review, Drug Alcohol Depend., 131, 23, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.018 Bradley, 1995, Primary and secondary prevention of alcohol problems: U.S. internist attitudes and practices, J. Gen. Intern. Med., 10, 67, 10.1007/BF02600228 Buchsbaum, 1992, Physician detection of drinking problems in patients attending a general medicine practice, J. Gen. Intern. Med., 7, 517, 10.1007/BF02599456 Burger, 1991, Integrating substance abuse education in the medical student curriculum, Am. J. Med. Sci., 302, 181, 10.1097/00000441-199109000-00012 Chan, 2021, Knowledge, attitudes, practice and barriers of physicians to provide tobacco dependence treatment: A cluster analysis, Pan Afr. Med. J., 38, 193, 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.193.27047 Christison, 2002, The medical condition regard scale: measuring reactions to diagnoses, Acad. Med.: J. Assoc. Am. Med. Coll., 77, 257, 10.1097/00001888-200203000-00017 Constant, 2017, Seeking mental health care from private health practitioners among individuals with alcohol dependence/abuse; results from a study in the French general population, Alcohol, 59, 1, 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.09.028 Coulehan, 1987, Recognition of alcoholism and substance abuse in primary care patients, Arch. Intern. Med., 147, 349, 10.1001/archinte.1987.00370020167057 Dalal, 2020, Changing scenario of addiction psychiatry: challenges and opportunities, Indian J. Psychiatry, 62, 235, 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_346_20 Dawson, 1992, The effect of patient gender on the prevalence and recognition of alcoholism on a general medicine inpatient service, J. Gen. Intern. Med., 7, 38, 10.1007/BF02599100 Ding, 2005, Predictors and consequences of negative physician attitudes toward hiv-infected injection drug users, Arch. Intern. Med., 165, 618, 10.1001/archinte.165.6.618 Drummond, 2014, The effectiveness of alcohol screening and brief intervention in emergency departments: a multicentre pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial, PLOS ONE, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0099463 Elwy, 2013, Physicians’ attitudes toward unhealthy alcohol use and self-efficacy for screening and counseling as predictors of their counseling and primary care patients’ drinking outcomes, Subst. Abus. Treat., Prev., Policy, 8, 17, 10.1186/1747-597X-8-17 Feather, 2001, Social norms, entitlement, and deservingness: differential reactions to aggressive behavior of schizophrenic and personality disorder patients, Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull., 27, 755, 10.1177/0146167201276010 Gururaj, 2016, National mental health survey of india, 2015-16: mental health systems, 130 Harris, 2016, Attitudes, perceptions and practice of alcohol and drug screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment: a case study of New York State primary care physicians and non-physician providers, Public Health, 139, 70, 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.05.007 IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (23.0). (2015). IBM Corp. Imtiaz, 2020, Brief interventions for cannabis use in healthcare settings: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized trials, J. Addict. Med., 14, 78, 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000527 Information, 2016, INTRODUCTION Kaner, 2018, Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2018 Kelly, 2010, Does our choice of substance-related terms influence perceptions of treatment need? an empirical investigation with two commonly used terms, J. Drug Issues, 40, 805, 10.1177/002204261004000403 Kidd, 2020, Medical student attitudes toward substance use disorders before and after a skills-based screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) curriculum, Adv. Med. Educ. Pract., 11, 455, 10.2147/AMEP.S251391 Lev-Ran, 2013, Attitudes towards nicotine, alcohol and drug dependence among physicians in Israel, J. Subst. Abus. Treat., 44, 84, 10.1016/j.jsat.2012.04.001 Levy, 2020, Adolescent SBIRT practices among pediatricians in massachusetts, J. Addict. Med., 14, 145, 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000551 Lindberg, 2006, Physicians-in-training attitudes toward caring for and working with patients with alcohol and drug abuse diagnoses, South. Med. J., 99, 28, 10.1097/01.smj.0000197514.83606.95 Linn, 1990, Physicians’ attitudes toward substance abuse and drug testing, Int. J. Addict., 25, 427, 10.3109/10826089009053169 Löffler-Stastka, 2016, Significance of gender in the attitude towards doctor-patient communication in medical students and physicians, Wien. Klin. Wochenschr., 128, 663, 10.1007/s00508-016-1054-1 Lund, 2012, PRIME: a programme to reduce the treatment gap for mental disorders in five low- and middle-income countries, PLOS Med., 9, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001359 Mattoo, 2018, Brief intervention in substance use disorders, Indian J. Psychiatry, 60, S466, 10.4103/0019-5545.224352 McLaughlin, 2000, The perceptions and aspirations illicit drug users hold toward health care staff and the care they receive, J. Psychiatr. Ment. Health Nurs., 7, 435, 10.1046/j.1365-2850.2000.00329.x McNeely, 2018, Barriers and facilitators affecting the implementation of substance use screening in primary care clinics: a qualitative study of patients, providers, and staff, Addict. Sci. Clin. Pract., 13, 8, 10.1186/s13722-018-0110-8 Miller, 2001, Why physicians are unprepared to treat patients who have alcohol- and drug-related disorders, Acad. Med.: J. Assoc. Am. Med. Coll., 76, 410, 10.1097/00001888-200105000-00007 Miller, 1983, Motivational interviewing with problem drinkers, Behav. Cogn. Psychother., 11, 147, 10.1017/S0141347300006583 Narasimha, 2021, A study to evaluate availability of tobacco cessation services in Bengaluru, India, Asian J. Psychiatry, 58, 10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102600 Naskar, 1999, A study on drug abuse among the undergraduate medical students in Calcutta, J. Indian Med. Assoc., 97, 20 National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (Australia), 2006 Nystrand, 2021, A systematic review of economic evaluations of public health interventions targeting alcohol, tobacco, illicit drug use and problematic gambling: using a case study to assess transferability, Health Policy, 125, 54, 10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.09.002 Palmer, 2019, Barriers faced by physicians in screening for substance use disorders among adolescents, Psychiatr. Serv. (Wash., D. C. ), 70, 409, 10.1176/appi.ps.201800427 Polydorou, 2008, Training physicians to treat substance use disorders, Curr. Psychiatry Rep., 10, 399, 10.1007/s11920-008-0064-8 R Core Team, 2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 〈http://www.R-project.org/〉. Razouki, 2019, Attributes, attitudes, and practices of clinicians concerned with opioid prescribing, Pain. Med. (Malden, Mass. ), 20, 1934, 10.1093/pm/pny204 Rice, 2017, Nursing interventions for smoking cessation, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2017 Sagi, 2018, Innovative telementoring for addiction management for remote primary care physicians: A feasibility study, Indian J. Psychiatry, 60, 461, 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_211_18 Sarkar, 2019, The magnitude and vicissitudes of substance use disorders in India, Vol. 35, 99 Sengupta, 2005, The private health sector in India, BMJ: Br. Med. J., 331, 1157, 10.1136/bmj.331.7526.1157 Shapiro, 2013, A primary care approach to substance misuse, Am. Fam. Physician, 88, 113 Skinner, 2007, Stigma and discrimination in health-care provision to drug users: the role of values, affect, and deservingness judgments, J. Appl. Soc. Psychol., 37, 163, 10.1111/j.0021-9029.2007.00154.x Tanner-Smith, 2022, Effects of brief substance use interventions delivered in general medical settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Addiction, 117, 877, 10.1111/add.15674 Thoele, 2021, Strategies to promote the implementation of Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) in healthcare settings: a scoping review, Subst. Abus. Treat., Prev., Policy, 16, 42, 10.1186/s13011-021-00380-z Wakeman, 2016, Attitudes, practices, and preparedness to care for patients with substance use disorder: results from a survey of general internists, Subst. Abus., 37, 635, 10.1080/08897077.2016.1187240 Weaver, 1999, Role of the primary care physician in problems of substance abuse, Arch. Intern. Med., 159, 913, 10.1001/archinte.159.9.913 World Health Organization, 2014