Phân bố mô, tính đặc hiệu kháng nguyên và chức năng hiệu ứng của tế bào γδ T trong các bệnh lý ở người

Brenner MB, McLean J, Dialynas DP, Strominger JL, Smith JA, Owen FL, Seidman JG, Ip S, Rosen F, Krangel MS (1986) Identification of a putative second T-cell receptor. Nature 322:145 Groh V, Porcelli S, Fabbi M, Lanier LL, Picker LJ, Anderson T, Warnke RA, Bhan AK, Strominger JL, Brenner MB (1989) Human lymphocytes bearing T cell receptor γδ are phenotypically diverse and evenly distributed throughout the lymphoid system. J Exp Med 169:1277 Morita CT, Verma S, Aparicio P, Martinez C, Spits H, Brenner MB (1991) Functionally distinct subsets of human γδ T cells. Eur J Immunol 21:2999 Lefranc MP, Rabbitts TH (1990) Genetic organization of the human T-cell receptor γ and δ loci. Res Immunol 141:565 Chien YH, Iwashima M, Kaplan KB, Elliott JF, Davis MM (1987) A new T-cell receptor gene located within the α locus and expressed early in T-cell differentiation. Nature 327:677 Hata S, Brenner MB, Krangel VIS (1987) Identification of putative human T cell receptor δ complementary DNA clones. Science 238:678 Takihara Y, Reimann J, Michalopoulos E, Ciccone E, Moretta L, Mak TW (1989) Diversity and structure of human T cell receptor δ chain genes in peripheral blood γδ-bearing T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 169:393 Migone N, Padovan S, Zappador C, Giachino C, Bottaro M, Matullo G, Carbonara C, Libero GD, Casorati G (1995) Restriction of the T-cell receptor Vδ gene repertoire is due to preferential rearrangement and is independent of antigen selection. Immunogenetics 42:323 Hata S, Satyanarayana K, Devlin P, Band H, McLean J, Strominger JL, Brenner MB, Krangel MS (1988) Extensive junctional diversity of rearranged human T cell receptor δ genes. Science 240:1541 Casorati G, De Libero G, Lanzavecchia A, Migone N (1989) Molecular analysis of human γδ+ clones from thymus and peripheral blood. J Exp Med 170:1521 Krangel MS, Yssel H, Brocklehurst C, Spits H (1990) A distinct wave of human T cell receptor γδ lymphocytes in the early fetal thymus: evidence for controlled gene rearrangement and cytokine production. J Exp Med 172:847 Lafaille JJ, Haas W, Coutinho A, Tonegawa S (1990) Positive selection of γδ T cells. Immunol Today 11:75 Bonneville M, Ishida I Itohara S, Verbeek S, Berns A, Kanagawa O, Haas W, Tonegawa S (1990) Self-tolerance to transgenic γδ T cells by intrathymic inactivation. Nature 344:163 Dent AL, Matis LA, Hooshmand F, Widacki SM, Bluestone JA, Hedrick SM (1990) Self-reactive γδ T cells are eliminated in the thymus. Nature 343:714 De Koning J, Di Molfetto L, Reilly C, Wei Q, Havran WL, Lo D (1997) Thymic cortical epithelium is sufficient for the development of mature T cells in relB-deficient mice. J Immunol 158:2558 Tsujimura K, Takahashi T, Morita A, Hasegawa NH, Iwase S, Obata Y (1996) Positive selection of γδ CTL by TL antigen expressed in the thymus. J Exp Med 184:2175 Kawai K, Kishihara K, Molina TJ, Wallace VA, Mak TW, Ohashi PS (1995) Impaired development of Vγ3 dendritic epidermal T cells in p561ck protein tyrosine kinase-deficient and CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase-deficient mice. J Exp Med 181:345 Pivniouk V, Tsitsikov E, Swinton P, Rathbun G, Alt FW, Geha RS (1998) Impaired viability and profound block in thymocyte development in mice lacking the adaptor protein. SLP-76. Cell 94:229 Alberola IJ, Hogquist KA, Swan KA, Bevan MJ, Perlmutter RM (1996) Positive and negative selection invoke distinct signaling pathways. J Exp Med 184:9 Moore TA, von Freeden, Jeffry U, Murray R, Zlotnik A (1996) Inhibition of γδ T cell development and early thymocyte maturation in IL-7 -/- mice. J Immunol 157:2366 Maki K, Sunaga S, Ikuta K (1996) The V-J recombination of T cell receptor-γ genes is blocked in in-terleukin-7 receptor-deficient mice. J Exp Med 184:2423 Kawai K, Suzuki H, Tomiyama K, Minagawa M, Mak TW, Ohashi PS (1998) Requirement of the IL-2 receptor β chain for the development of Vγ3 dendritic epidermal T cells. J Invest Dermatol 110:961 Amakawa R, Hakem A, Kundig TM, Matsuyama T, Simard JJ, Timms E, Wakeham A, Mittruecker HW, Griesser H, Takimoto H, Schmits R, Shahinian A, Ohashi P, Penninger JM, Mak TW (1996) Impaired negative selection of T cells in Hodgkin’s disease antigen CD30-deficient mice. Cell 84:55124 Guy-Grand D, Cerf-Bensussan N, Malissen B, Malassis-Seris M, Briottet C, Vassalli P (1991) Two gut intraepithelial CD8+ lymphocyte populations with different T cell receptors: a role for the gut epithelium in T cell differentiation. J Exp Med 173:471 Bandeira A, Mota ST, Itohara S, Degermann S, Heusser C, Tonegawa S, Coutinho A (1990) Localization of γδ T cells to the intestinal epithelium is independent of normal microbial colonization. J Exp Med 172:239 Haas W, Pereira P, Tonegawa S (1993) γδ cells. Annu Rev Immunol 11:637 Jarry A, Cerf-Bensussan N, Brousse N, Selz F, Guy GD (1990) Subsets of CD3+ (T cell receptor αβ or γδ) and CD3 lymphocytes isolated from normal human gut epithelium display phenotypical features different from their counterparts in peripheral blood. Eur J Immunol 20:1097 Liu CP, Ueda R, She J, Sancho J, Wang B, Weddell G, Loring J, Kurahara C, Dudley EC, Hayday A, Terhorst C, Huang M (1993) Abnormal T cell development in CD3-φ-/- mutant mice and identification of a novel T cell population in the intestine. EMBO J 12:4863 Page ST, Bogatzki LY, Hamerman JA, Sweenie CH, Hogarth PJ, Malissen M, Perlmutter RM, Pullen AM (1998) Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes include precursors committed to the T cell receptor αβ lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 95:9459 Laky K, Lefrancois L, Freeden-Jeffry U von, Murray R, Puddington L (1998) The role of IL-7 in thymic and extrathymic development of TCR αδ cells. J Immunol 161:707 Yada S, Kishihara K, Kong YY, Nomoto K (1998) Differential requirements of CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase for cytolytic activities and intrathymic and extrathymic development of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. J Immunol 161:2208 Lefrancois L, Goodman T (1989) In vivo modulation of cytolytic activity and Thy-1 expression in TCR-αδ+ intraepithelial lymphocytes. Science 243:1716 Van Kerckhove C, Rüssel GJ, Deusch K, Reich K, Bahn AK, DerSimonian H, Brenner MB (1992) Oligoclonality of human intestinal intraepithelial T cells. J Exp Med 175:57 Sim GK, Augustin A (1991) Extrathymic positive selection of αδ T cells Vγ4Jγ1 rearrangements with “GxYS” junctions. J Immunol 146:2439 Hayes SM, Sirr A, Jacob S, Sim GK, Augustin A (1996) Role of IL-7 in the shaping of the pulmonary γδ T cell repertoire. J Immunol 156:2723 Hayakawa S, Shiraishi H, Saitoh S, Satoh K (1996) Decidua as a site of extrathymic VγI T-cell differentiation. Am J Reprod Immunol 35:233 Graeme CE, Bhan AK, Harris NL (1993) Immunohistochemical characterization of intraepithelial and subepithelial mononuclear cells of the upper airways. Am J Pathol 143:1416 Falini B, Flenghi L, Pileri S, Pelicci P, Fagioli M, Martelli MF, Moretta L, Ciccone E (1989) Distribution of T cells bearing different forms of the T cell receptor γδ in normal and pathological human tissues. J Immunol 143:2480 Richmond I, Pritchard GE, Ashcroft T, Corris PA, Walters EH (1993) Distribution of αδ T cells in the bronchial tree of smokers and non-smokers. J Clin Pathol 46:926 De Libero G, Rocci MP, Casorati G, Giachino C, Oderda G, Tavassoli K, Migone N (1993) T cell receptor heterogeneity in γδ T cell clones from intestinal biopsies of patients with celiac disease. Eur J Immunol 23:499 Tnebel F, Faure F, Mami-Chouaib F, Jitsukawa S, Griscelli A, Genevee C, Roman RS, Hercend T (1988) A novel human Vδ gene expressed predominantly in the TiδA fraction of αδ+ peripheral lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 18:2021 Parker CM, Groh V, Band H, Porcelli SA, Morita C, Fabbi M, Glass D, Strominger JL, Brenner MB (1990) Evidence for extrathymic changes in the T cell receptor γδ repertoire. J Exp Med 171:1597 De Libero G (1997) Sentinel function of broadly reactive human γδ T cells. Immunol Today 18:22 Pfeffer K, Schoel B, Guile H, Kaufmann SH, Wagner H (1990) Primary responses of human T cells to mycobacteria: a frequent set of αδ T cells are stimulated by protease-resistant ligands. Eur J Immunol 20:1175 Constant P, Davodeau F, Peyrat MA, Poquet Y, Puzo G, Bonneville M, Fournie JJ (1994) Stimulation of human γδ T cells by nonpeptidic mycobacterial ligands. Science 264:267 Tanaka Y, Sano S, Nieves E, De Libero G, Rosa D, Modlin RL, Brenner MB, Bloom BR, Morita CT (1994) Nonpeptide ligands for human αδ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 91:8175 Schoel B, Sprenger S, Kaufmann SHE (1994) Phosphate is essential for stimulation of Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes by mycobacterial low molecular weight ligand. Eur J Immunol 24:1886 Tanaka Y, Morita CT, Tanaka Y, Nieves E, Brenner MB, Bloom BR (1995) Natural and synthetic nonpeptide antigens recognized by human αδ T cells. Nature 375:155 Biirk MR, Mori L, De Libero G (1995) Human Vγ9-Vδ2 cells are stimulated in a cross-reactive fashion by a variety of phosphorylated metabolites. Eur J Immunol 25:2052 Bukowski JF, Morita CT, Brenner MB (1999) Human γδ T cells recognize alkylamines derived from microbes, edible plants, and tea: implications for innate immunity. Immunity 11:57 aiKunzmann V, Bauer E, Wilhelm M (1999) γδ T-cell stimulation by Pamidronate. N Engl J Med 340:737 Fisher JE, Rogers MJ, Halasy JM, Luckman SP, Hughes DE, Masarachia PJ, Wesolowski G, Russell RG, Rodan GA, Reszka AA (1999) Alendronate mechanism of action: geranylgeraniol, an intermediate in the mevalonate pathway, prevents inhibition of osteoclast formation, bone resorption, and kinase activation in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 96:133 Bukowski JF, Morita CT, Band H, Brenner MB (1998) Crucial role of TCR γ chain junctional region in prenyl pyrophosphate antigen recognition by γδ T cells. J Immunol 161:286 De Libero G, Casorati G, Giachino C, Carbonara C, Migone N, Matzinger P, Lanzavecchia A (1991) Selection by two powerful antigens may account for the presence of the major population of human peripheral γδ T cells. J Exp Med 173:1311 Kabelitz D, Bender A, Prospero T, Wesselborg S, Janssen O, Pechhold K (1991) The primary response of human γδ+ T cells to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is restricted to Vγ9-bearing cells. J Exp Med 173:1331 Morita CT, Beckman EM, Bukowski JF, Tanaka Y, Band H, Bloom BR, Golan DE, Brenner MB (1995) Direct presentation of nonpeptide prenyl pyrophosphate antigens to human γδ T cells. Immunity 3:495 Lang F, Peyrat MA, Constant P, Davodeau F, David AJ, Poquet Y, Vie H, Fournie JJ, Bonneville M (1995) Early activation of human Vγ9 Vδ2 T cell broad cytotoxicity and TNF production by nonpepti-dic mycobacterial ligands. J Immunol 154:5986 Ciccone E, Viale O, Pende D, Malnati M, Battista FG, Barocci S, Moretta A, Moretta L (1989) Specificity of human T lymphocytes expressing a γδ T cell antigen receptor. Recognition of a polymorphic determinant of HLA class I molecules by a γδ clone. Eur J Immunol 19:1267 Spits H, Paliard X, Engelhard VH, de Vries J (1990) Cytotoxic activity and lymphokine production of T cell receptor (TCR)-cell receptor (TCR)-αβ+ and TCR-γδ+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones recognizing HLA-A2 and HLA-A2 mutants. Recognition of TCR-γδ+ CTL clones is affected by mutations at positions 152 and 156. J Immunol 144:4156 Rivas A, Koide J, Cleary ML, Engleman EG (1989) Evidence for involvement of the γ, δ T cell antigen receptor in cytotoxicity mediated by human alloantigen-specific T cell clones. J Immunol 142:1840 Porcelli S, Brenner MB, Greenstein JL, Balk SP, Terhorst C, Bleicher PA (1989) Recognition of cluster of differentiation 1 antigens by human CD4−CD8− cytolytic T lymphocytes. Nature 341:447 Faure F, Jitsukawa S, Miossec C, Hercend T (1990) CDlc as a target recognition structure for human T lymphocytes: analysis with peripheral blood γδ cells. Eur J Immunol 20:703 Del Porto P, Mami Chouaib F, Bruneau JM, Jitsukawa S, Dumas J, Harnois M, Hercend T (1991) TCT 1, a target molecule for γδ T cells, is encoded by an immunoglobulin superfamily gene (Blast-1) located in the CD1 region of human chromosome 1. J Exp Med 173:1339 Van Kaer L, Wu M, Ichikawa Y, Ito K, Bonneville M, Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Murphy DB, Tonegawa S (1991) Recognition of MHC TL gene products by γδ T cells. Immunol Rev 120:89 Bluestone JA, Cron RQ, Cotterman M, Houlden BA, Matis LA (1988) Structure and specificity of T cell receptor γδ on major histocompatibility complex antigen-specific CD3+, CD4−, CD8− T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 168:1899 Matis LA, Fry AM, Cron RQ, Cotterman MM, Dick RF, Bluestone JA (1989) Structure and specificity of a class II MFIC alloreactive γδ T cell receptor heterodimer. Science 245:746 Schild H, Mavaddat N, Litzenberger C, Ehrich EW, Davis MM, Bluestone JA, Matis L, Draper RK, Chien YH (1994) The nature of major histocompatibility complex recognition by γδ T cells. Cell 76:29 Heyborne KD, Cranfill RL, Carding SR, Born WK, O’Brien RL (1992) Characterization of γδ T lymphocytes at the maternal-fetal interface. J Immunol 149:2872 Mincheva-Nilsson L, Baranov V, Yeung MM, Hammarstrom S, Hammarstrom ML (1994) Immuno-morphologic studies of human decidua-associated lymphoid cells in normal early pregnancy. J Immunol 152:2020 Heyborne K, Fu YX, Nelson A, Farr A, O’Brien R, Born W (1994) Recognition of trophoblasts by γδ T cells. J Immunol 153:2918 Kozbor D, Trinchieri G, Monos DS, Isobe M, Russo G, Haney JA, Zmijewski C, Croce CM (1989) Human TCR-γ+/δ+, CD8+ T lymphocytes recognize tetanus toxoid in an MHC-restricted fashion. J Exp Med 169:1847 Holoshitz J, Vila LM, Keroack BJ, McKinley DR, Bayne NK (1992) Dual antigenic recognition by cloned human γδ T cells. J Clin Invest 89:308 Del Porto P, D’Amato M, Fiorillo MT, Tuosto L, Piccolella E, Sorrentino R (1994) Identification of a novel HLA-B27 subtype by restriction analysis of a cytotoxic γδ T cell clone. J Immunol 153:3093 McMenamin C, Pimm C, McKersey M, Holt PG (1994) Regulation of IgE responses to inhaled antigen in mice by antigen-specific γδ T cells. Science 265:1869 Born W, Hall L, Dallas A, Boymel J, Shinnick T, Young D, Brennan P, O’Brien R (1990) Recognition of a peptide antigen by heat shock-reactive γδ T lymphocytes. Science 249:67 Abdel-Motal UM, Berg L, Rosen A, Bengtsson M, Thorpe CJ, Kihlberg J, Dahmen J, Magnusson G, Karlsson KA, Jondal M (1996) Immunization with glycosylated Kb-binding peptides generates carbohydrate-specific, unrestricted cytotoxic T cells. Eur J Immunol 26:544 Speir JA, Abdel-Motal UM, Jondal M, Wilson IA (1999) Crystal structure of an MHC class I presented glycopeptide that generates carbohydrate-specific CTL. Immunity 10:51 Haregewoin A, Soman G, Horn RC, Finberg RW (1989) Human γδ+ T cells respond to mycobacterial heat-shock protein. Nature 340:309 Fisch P, Malkovsky M, Kovats S, Sturm E, Braakman E, Klein BS, Voss SD, Morrissey LW, DeMars R, Welch WJ, Bolhius RLH, Sondel PM (1990) Recognition by human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells of a GroEL homolog on Daudi Burkitt’s lymphoma cells. Science 250:1269 Kaur I, Voss SD, Gupta RS, Schell K, Fisch P, Sondel PM (1993) Human peripheral γδ T cells recognize hsp60 molecules on Daudi Burkitt’s lymphoma cells. J Immunol 150:2046 Rock EP, Sibbald PR, Davis MM, Chien YH (1994) CDR3 length in antigen-specific immune receptors. J Exp Med 179:323 Davis MM, Chien Y (1995) Issues concerning the nature of antigen recognition by αβ and γδ T-cell receptors. Immunol Today 16:316 Modlin RL, Pirmez C, Hofman FM, Torigian V, Uyemura K, Rea TH, Bloom BR, Brenner MB (1989) Lymphocytes bearing antigen-specific γδ T-cell receptors accumulate in human infectious disease lesions. Nature 339:544 Mombaerts P, Arnoldi J, Russ F, Tonegawa S, Kaufmann SH (1993) Different roles of αβ and γδ T cells in immunity against an intracellular bacterial pathogen. Nature 365:53 Fu Y-X, Roark CE, Kelly K, Drevets D, Campbell P, O’Brien R, Born W (1994) Immune protection and control of inflammatory tissue necrosis by αδ T cells. J Immunol 153:3101 Jones-Carson J, Vazquez-Torres A, van der Heyde HC, Warner T, Wagner RD, Balish E (1995) αδ T cell induced nitric oxide production enhances resistance to mucosal candidiasis. Nat Med 1:552 De Libero G, Flesch I, Kaufmann SH (1988) Mycobacteria-reactive Lyt-2+ T cell lines. Eur J Immunol 18:59 Flynn JL, Goldstein M, Triebold KJ, Koller B, Bloom BR (1992) MHC class I restricted T cells are required for resistance to M tuberculosis infection. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 89:12013 Kägi D, Lederman B, Biirki K, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel R M (1994) CD8+ T cell-mediated protection against an intracellular bacterium by perforin-dependent cytotoxicity Eur J Immunol 24:3068 Stenger S, Mazzaccaro RJ, Uyemura K, Cho S, Barnes PF, Rosat JP, Sette A, Brenner MB, Porcelli SA, Bloom BR, Modlin RL (1997) Differential effects of cytolytic T cell subsets on intracellular infection. Science 276:1684 Stenger S, Hanson DA, Teitelbaum R, Devvan P, Niazi KR, Froelich CJ, Ganz T, Thoma-Uszynski S, Melian A, Boγδan C, Porcelli SA, Bloom BR, Krensky AM, Modlin RL (1998) An antimicrobial activity of cytolytic T cells mediated by granulysin. Science 282:121 Ferrick DA, Schrenzel MD, Mulvania T, Hsieh B, Ferlin WG, Lepper H (1995) Differential production of interferon-y and interleukin-4 in response to Thl- and Th2-stimulating pathogens by γδ T cells in vivo. Nature 373:255 Bukowski JF, Morita CT, Brenner MB (1994) Recognition and destruction of virus-infected cells by human γδ CTL. J Immunol 153:5133 Horner AA, Jabara H, Ramesh N, Geha RS (1995) γδ T lymphocytes express CD40 ligand and induce isotype switching in B lymphocytes. J Exp Med 181:1239 Shammas R, Kodukula P, Tang Q, Hendricks RL, Bluestone JA (1997) T cell γδ cells protect mice from herpes simplex virus type 1-induced lethal encephalitis. J Exp Med 1 85:1969 Tsuji M, Mombaerts P, Lefrancois L, Nussenzweig RS, Zavala F, Tonegawa S (1994) γδ T cells contribute to immunity against the liver stages of malaria in αβ T-cell-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 91:345 Hiromatsu K, Yoshikai Y, Matsuzaki G, Ohga S, Muramori K, Matsumoto K, Bluestone JA, Nomoto K (1992) A protective role of γδ T cells in primary infection with Listeria monocytogenes in mice. J Exp Med 175:49 Ladel CH, Hess J, Daugelat S, Mombaerts P, Tonegawa S, Kaufmann SH (1995) Contribution of αβ and γδ T lymphocytes to immunity against Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette Guerin: studies with T cell receptor-deficient mutant mice. Eur J Immunol 25:838 D’Souza CD, Cooper AM, Frank AA, Mazzaccaro RJ, Bloom BR, Orme IM (1997) An anti-inflammatory role for γβ T lymphocytes in acquired immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol 158:1217 King DP, Hyde DM, Jackson KA, Novosad DM, Ellis TN, Putney L, Stovall MY, Van Winkle LS, Beaman BL, Ferrick DA (1999) Cutting edge: protective response to pulmonary injury requires γδ T lymphocytes. J Immunol 162:5033 Pelegri C, Kuhnlein P, Büchner E, Schmidt CB, Franch A, Castell M, Hunig T, Emmrich F, Kinne RW (1996) Depletion of γδ T cells does not prevent or ameliorate, but rather aggravates, rat adjuvant arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 39:204 Peng SL, Madaio MP, Hayday AC, Craft J (1996) Propagation and regulation of systemic autoimmunity by γδ T cells. J Immunol 157:5689 Kobayashi Y, Kawai K, Ito K, Honda H, Sobue G, Yoshikai Y (1997) Aggravation of murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by administration of T-cell receptor γδ-specific antibody. J Neuro-immunol 73:169 Harrison LC, Dempsey-Collier M, Kramer DR, Takahashi K (1996) Aerosol insulin induces regulatory CD8 γδ T cells that prevent murine insulin-dependent diabetes. J Exp Med 184:2167 Bertotto A, Gerli R, Spinozzi F, Muscat C, Scalise F, Castellucci G, Sposito M, Candio F, Vaccaro R (1993) Lymphocytes bearing the γδ T cell receptor in acute Brucella melitensis infection. Eur J Immunol 23:1177 Hara T, Mizuno Y, Takaki K, Takada H, Akeda H, Aoki T, Nagata M, Ueda K, Matsuzaki G, Yoshikai Y, Nomoto K (1992) Predominant activation and expansion of Vγ9-bearing γδ T cells in vivo as well as in vitro in Salmonella infection. J Clin Invest 90:204 Balbi B, Valle MT, Oddera S, Giunti D, Manca F, Rossi GA, Allegra L (1993) T-lymphocytes with γδ+ Vδ2+ antigen receptors are present in increased proportions in a fraction of patients with tuberculosis or with sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 148:1685 Sumida T, Maeda T, Takahashi H, Yoshida S, Yonaka F, Sakamoto A, Tomioka H, Koike T, Yoshida S (1992) Predominant expansion of Vγ9/Vδ2 cells in a tularemia patient. Infect Immun 60:2554 Ueta C, Tsuyuguchi I, Kawasumi H, Takashima T, Toba H, Kishimoto S (1994) Increase of γδ T cells in hospital workers who are in close contact with tuberculosis patients. Infect Immun 62:5434 Ho M, Webster HK, Tongtawe P, Pattanapanyasat K, Weidanz WP (1990) Increased γδ T cells in acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Immunol Lett 25:139 Nakazawa S, Brown AE, Maeno Y, Smith CD, Aikawa M (1994) Malaria-induced increase of splenic γδ T cells in humans, monkeys, and mice. Exp Parasitol 79:391 Caldwell CW, Everett ED, McDonald G, Yesus YW, Roland WE (1995) Lymphocytosis of γδ T cells in human ehrlichiosis. Am J Clin Pathol 103:761 Raziuddin S, Telmasani AW, El-Awad E, Al-Amari O, Al-Yanadi M (1992) γδ T cells and the immune response in visceral leishmaniasis. Eur J Immunol 22:1143 Alaibac M, Daga A, Harms G, Morris J, Yu RC, Zwingerberger K, Chu AC (1993) Molecular analysis of the γδ T-cell receptor repertoire in normal human skin and in Oriental cutaneous leishmaniasis. Exp Dermatol 2:106 Scalise F, Gerli R, Castellucci G, Spinozzi F, Fabietti G M, Crupi S, Sensi L, Britta R, Vaccaro R, Bertotto A (1992) Lymphocytes bearing the γδ T-cell receptor in acute toxoplasmosis. Immunology 76:668 Flynn JN, Sileghem M (1994) Involvement of γδ T cells in immunity to trypanosomiasis. Immunology 83:86 Hinz T, Wesch D, Friese K, Reckziegel A, Arden B, Kabelitz D (1994) T cell receptor γδ repertoire in HIV-1-infected individuals. Eur J Immunol 24:3044 Agostini C, Zambello R, Trentin L, Cerutti A, Bulian P, Crivellaro C, Cipriani A, Semenzato G (1994) γδ T cell receptor subsets in the lung of patients with HIV-1 infection. Cell Immunol 153:194 Dechanet J, Merville P, Berge F, Bone-Mane G, Taupin JL, Michel P, Joly P, Bonneville M, Potaux L, Moreau JF (1999) Major expansion of γδ T lymphocytes following cytomegalovirus infection in kidney allograft recipients. J Infect Dis 179:1 Fisch P, Malkovsky M, Braakman E, Sturm E, Bolhuis RL, Prieve A, Sosman JA, Lam VA, Sondel PM (1990) γδ T cell clones and natural killer cell clones mediate distinct patterns of non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytolysis. J Exp Med 171:1567 Di Fabrizio L, Kimura Y, Ware R, Rogozinski L, Chess L (1991) Specific triggering of γδ receptors by K562 cells activates the γδ TCR and may regulate natural killer-like function. J Immunol 146:2495 Orsini DL, van Gils M, Kooy YM, Struyk L, Klein G, van den Elsen P, Koning F (1994) Functional and molecular characterization of B cell-responsive Vδl+ γδ T cells. Eur J Immunol 24: 3199 Kim HT, Nelson EL, Clayberger C, Sanjanwala M, Sklar J, Krensky AM (1995) γδ T cell recognition of tumor Ig peptide. J Immunol 154:1614 Meiio A, Filgueira L, Zuber M, Juretic A, Harder F, Gratzl O, De Libero G, Heberer M, Spagnoli GC (1993) T-cell receptor V-gene usage in neoplasms of the central nervous system. A comparative analysis in cultured tumor infiltrating and peripheral blood T cells. J Neurosurg 78:630 Flageul B, Bachelez H, Boumsell L, Degos L, Bensussan A (1990) Infiltrating lymphocytes in benign and malignant naevomelanocytic lesions. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 32:9 Maeurer MJ, Martin D, Walter W, Liu K, Zitvogel L, Halusczcak K, Rabinowich H, Duquesnoy R, Storkus W, Lotze MT (1996) Human intestinal V5l+ lymphocytes recognize tumor cells of epithelial origin. J Exp Med 183:1681 Choudhary A, Davodeau F, Moreau A, Peyrat MA, Bonneville M, Jotereau F (1995) Selective lysis of autologous tumor cells by recurrent γδ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from renal carcinoma. J Immunol 154:3932 Zocchi MR, Ferrarini M, Migone N, Casorati G (1994) T-cell receptor Vδ gene usage by tumour reactive γδ T lymphocytes infiltrating human lung cancer. Immunology 81:234 Groh V, Rhinehart R, Secrist H, Bauer S, Grabstein KH, Spies T (1999) Broad tumor-associated expression and recognition by tumor-derived γδ T cells of MICA and MICB. Proc Natl Acad Sei U S A 96:6879 Groh V, Steinle A, Bauer S, Spies T (1998) Recognition of stress-induced MHC molecules by intestinal epithelial γδ T cells. Science 279:1737 Brennan FM, Londei M, Jackson AM. Hercend T, Brenner MB, Maini RN, Feldmann M (1988) T cells expressing γδ chain receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun 1:319 Jacobs MR, Haynes BF (1992) Increase in TCR γδ T lymphocytes in synovia from rheumatoid arthritis patients with active synovitis. J Clin Immunol 12:130 Wucherpfennig KW, Newcombe J, Li H, Keddy C, Cuzner ML, Hafler DA (1992) γδ T-cell receptor repertoire in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sei U S A 89:4588 Shimonkevitz R, Colburn C, Burnham JA, Murray RS, Kotzin BL (1993) Clonal expansions of activated γδ T cells in recent-onset multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 90:923 Nick S, Piled P, Tongiani S, Uematsu Y, Kappos L, De Libero G (1995) T cell receptor γδ repertoire is skewed in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients: molecular and functional analyses of antigen-reactive γδ clones. Eur J Immunol 25:355 Ashihara E, Shimazaki C, Hirata T, Okawa K, Oku N, Goto H, Inaba T, Fujita N, Nakagawa M (1993) Autoimmune thrombocytopenia following peripheral blood stem cell autografting. Bone Marrow Transplant 12:297 Scott CS, Richards SJ, Sivakumaran M, Steed AJ, Norfolk DR, Milligan DW, Short M (1994) Persistent clonal expansions of CD3+ TCR γδ+ and CD3+ TCR αβ+ CD4−CD8− lymphocytes associated with neutropenia. Leuk Lymphoma 14:429 Horiuchi T, Hirokawa M, Satoh K, Kitabayashi A, Muira AB (1999) Clonal expansion of γδ T lymphocytes in an HTLV-I carrier, associated with chronic neutropenia and rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Hematol 78:101 Halstensen TS, Scott H, Brandtzaeg P (1989) Intraepithelial T cells of the TCR γδ+ CD8− and Vγl/Jδl+ phenotypes are increased in coeliac disease. Scand J Immunol 30:665 Spencer J, Isaacson PG, Diss TC, MacDonald TT (1989) Expression of disulfide-linked and non-di-sulfide-linked forms of the T cell receptor γδ heterodimer in human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 19:1335 Maki M, Holm K, Collin P, Savilahti E (1991) Increase in γδ T cell receptor bearing lymphocytes in normal small bowel mucosa in latent coeliac disease. Gut 32:1412 Kutlu T, Brousse N, Rambaud C, Le DF, Schmitz J, Cerf Bensussan N (1993) Numbers of T cell receptor (TCR) αβ+ but not of TCR γδ+ intraepithelial lymphocytes correlate with the grade of villous atrophy in coeliac patients on a long term normal diet. Gut 34:208 Landau SB, Probert CS, Stevens CA, Balk SP, Blumberg RS (1996) Over-utilization of the Jδ3 gene-segment in Crohn’s disease. J Clin Lab Immunol 48:33 Boismenu R. Havran WL (1994) Modulation of epithelial cell growth by intraepithelial γδ T cells. Science 266:1253 Soderstrom K, Bucht A, Halapi E, Gronberg A, Magnusson I, Kiessling R (1996) Increased frequency of abnormal γδ T cells in blood of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. J Immunol 156:2331 McVay LD, Li B, Biancaniello R, Creighton MA, Bachwich D, Lichtenstein G, Rombeau JL, Carding SR (1997) Changes in human mucosal γδ T cell repertoire and function associated with the disease process in inflammatory bowel disease. Mol Med 3:183 Hoshino T, Ohta A, Nakao M, Ota T, Inokuchi T, Matsueda S, Gouhara R, Yamada A, Itoh K, Oizumi K (1996) TCR γδ+ T cells in peripheral blood of patients with adult Still’s disease. J Rheumatol 23:124 Olofsson K, Hellstrom S, Hammarstrom ML (1996) Abundance of intraepithelial γδ T cells in hypertrophic obstructive but not in chronically infected adenoids. Clin Exp Immunol 106:396 Vincent MS, Roessner K, Lynch D, Wilson D, Cooper SM, Tschopp J, Sigal LH, Budd RC (1996) Apoptosis of Fashigh CD4+ synovial T cells by borrelia-reactive Fas-ligand(high) γδ T cells in Lyme arthritis. J Exp Med 184:2109 Vecchi M, Crosti L, Berti E, Agape D, Cerri A, De Franchis R (1992) Increased jejunal intraepithelial lymphocytes bearing y8 T-cell receptor in dermatitis herpetiformis. Gastroenterology 102:1499 Gerli R, Agea E, Bertotto A, Tognellini R, Flenghi L, Spinozzi F, Velardi A, Grignani F (1991) Analysis of T cells bearing different isotypic forms of the γδ T cell receptor in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. J Rheumatol 18:1504 Volc-Platzer B, Anegg B, Milota S, Pickl W, Fischer G (1993) Accumulation of γδ T cells in chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Invest Dermatol 100:84S Rajagopalan S, Zordan T, Tsokos GC, Datta SK (1990) Pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibody-inducing T helper cell lines from patients with active lupus nephritis: isolation of CD4−8− T helper cell lines that express the γδ T-cell antigen receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 87:7020 Heng MK, Heng MC (1994) Heat-shock protein 65 and activated γδ T cells in injured arteries. Lancet 344:921 Kleindienst R, Xu Q, Willeit J, Waldenberger FR, Weimann S, Wick G (1993) Immunology of atherosclerosis. Demonstration of heat shock protein 60 expression and T lymphocytes bearing αβ or γδ receptor in human atherosclerotic lesions. Am J Pathol 142:1927 Burk MR, Carena I, Donda A, Mariani F, Mori L, De Libero G (1997) Functional inactivation in the whole population of human Vδ9/Vδ2 T lymphocytes induced by a nonpeptidic antagonist. J Exp Med 185:91 Goodier M, Krause JM, Sanni A, Massougbodji A, Sadeler BC, Mitchell GH, Modolell M, Eich-mann K, Langhorne J (1993) γδ T cells in the peripheral blood of individuals from an area of holoen-demic Plasmodium falciparum transmission. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87:692 Carena I, Shamshiev A, Donda A, Colonna M, Libero GD (1997) Major histocompatibility complex class I molecules modulate activation threshold and early signaling of T cell antigen receptor-γδ stimulated by nonpeptidic ligands. J Exp Med 186:1769 Janeway CA, Jr, Jones B, Hayday A (1988) Specificity and function of T cells bearing γδ receptors. Immunol Today 9:73