Time and evidence in the graded tense system of Mvskoke (Creek)
Tóm tắt
In recent years, much attention has been given to the puzzling relationship between tense and evidence type found in languages where a single morpheme appears to encode both reference to time and to the evidential source for the assertion. In natural language, tense has long been understood as serving to locate the time at which the proposition expressed by the sentence holds. The two main theories of evidentials both agree that these morphemes serve to identify the type of evidence the speaker has for their assertion. In languages with evidential-tense morphology, these two categories of meaning are intertwined in ways that are unexpected given our understanding of both phenomena. Specifically, these evidential-tense morphemes appear to encode reference to a time that is linked to the situation in which the speaker gains evidence for their assertion. Two competing approaches have emerged in the literature as to whether these evidential-tense morphemes make crucial reference to the time evidence was acquired (Lee 2013; Smirnova 2013) or to the time and place of the speaker with respect to the event (Faller 2004; Chung 2007). This paper examines the temporal and evidential properties of the Mvskoke (or Creek) graded past tense system and finds novel support for the view in which evidential-tenses encode Evidence Acquisition Time (EAT). Mvskoke is shown to have three evidential-tenses which form part of its graded tense system, comprising recent, middle, and distant past. The main proposal is a formalization of EAT as a moment of belief-state change, i.e., the moment the speaker comes to believe the proposition. It is shown that Mvskoke’s evidential-tenses are compatible with a range of evidence types, and this distribution is explained through interactions with viewpoint aspect.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Altshuler, Daniel. 2014. A typology of partitive aspectual operators. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 32(3): 735–775. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43697738.
Arregi, Karlos, and Peter Klecha. 2015. The morphosemantics of past tense. In Proceedings of the 45th Conference of the North East Linguistics Society, eds. T. Bui and D. Özyıldız. Vol. 1, 53–66. Amherst: GLSA.
Arregui, Ana, María-Luisa Rivero, and Andrés Salanova. 2017. Aspect and tense in evidentials. In Modality across syntactic categories, eds. A. Arregui, M. L. Rivero, and A. Salanova, 211–234. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Booker, Karen M. 1980. Comparative Muskogean: Aspects of Proto-Muskogean verb morphology. PhD thesis, University of Kansas, Kansas.
Brinton, D. G. 1870. Contributions to a grammar of the Muskokee language. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 11: 301–309. https://www.jstor.org/stable/981481.
Buckner, Henry F., and G. Herrod. 1860. A grammar of the Maskwke, or Creek language. Marion, AL: Domestic and Indian Mission Board of the Southern Baptists Convention.
Chung, Kyung-Sook. 2007. Spatial deictic tense and evidentials in Korean. Natural Language Semantics 15(3): 187–219. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23749380.
Condoravdi, Cleo. 2002. Temporal interpretation of modals: Modals for the present and for the past. In The construction of meaning, eds. David Beaver, Stefan Kaufmann, Brady Clark, and Luis Casillas, 1–30. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Faller, Martina. 2002. Semantics and pragmatics of evidentials in Cuzco Quechua, PhD thesis, Stanford University.
Faller, Martina. 2004. The deictic core of “non-experienced past” in Cuzco Quechua. Journal of Semantics 21: 45–85. https://doi.org/10.1093/jos/21.1.45.
von Fintel, Kai, and Anthony S. Gillies. 2008. CIA leaks. Philosophical Review 117(1): 77–98. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/51041.
von Fintel, Kai, and Anthony S. Gillies. 2010. Must... stay .. strong! Natural Language Semantics 18(4): 351–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11050-010-9058-2.
Fitzgerald, Colleen M. 2016. Morphology in the Muskogean languages. Language and Linguistics Compass 10(12): 681–700. https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12227.
Fleck, David W. 2007. Evidentiality and double tense in Matses. Language 83(3): 589–614. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40070903.
Grayson, George Washington. 1885. Creek vocabulary and verb paradigms with occasional ethnographic notes. National Anthropological Archives No. 568a. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
Haas, Mary R. 1940. Ablaut and its function in Muskogee. Language 16(2): 141. https://doi.org/10.2307/408948.
Hayashi, Midori. 2011. The structure of multiple tenses in Inuktitut, PhD thesis, University of Toronto.
Innes, Pamela, Linda Alexander, and Bertha Tilkens. 2004. Beginning Creek: Mvskoke emponvkv. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Innes, Pamela, Linda Alexander, and Bertha Tilkens. 2009. Intermediate Creek: Mvskoke emponvkv hokkolat. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Izvorski, Roumyana. 1997. The present perfect as an epistemic modal. In SALT VII, ed. A. Lawson, 222–239. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
Johnson, Kimberly. 2019. Evidence acquisition time as belief-state change: A view from Mvskoke (Creek). In Proceedings of the 22nd Amsterdam colloquium, eds. J. Schlöder, D. McHugh, and F. Roelofsen, 191–200.
Kalsang, Jay Garfield, Margaret Speas, and Jill de Villiers. 2013. Direct evidentials, case, tense and aspect in Tibetan: Evidence for a general theory of the semantics of evidential. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 31(2): 517–561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-013-9193-9.
Klein, Wolfgang. 1994. Time in language. Kiribati: Routledge.
Koev, Todor. 2017. Evidentiality, learning events and spatiotemporal distance: The view from Bulgarian. Journal of Semantics 34(1): 1–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffv014.
Kusumoto, Kiyomi. 2005. On the quantification over times in natural language. Natural Language Semantics 13(4): 317–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11050-005-4537-6.
Lee, Jungmee. 2011. Evidentiality and its interaction with tense: evidence from Korean, PhD thesis, Ohio State University.
Lee, Jungmee. 2013. Temporal constraints on the meaning of evidentiality. Natural Language Semantics 21(1): 1–41. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23748630.
Loughridge, R. M., and David M. Hodge. 1890. English and Muskokee dictionary. St. Louis: Printing House of J.T. Smith.
Martin, Jack B. 2010. How to tell a Creek story in five past tenses. International Journal of American Linguistics 76(1): 43–70. https://doi.org/10.1086/652754.
Martin, Jack B. 2011. A grammar of Creek (Muskogee). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Matthewson, Lisa, Henry Davis, and Hotze Rullmann. 2007. Evidentials as epistemic modals: Evidence from St’át’imcets. Linguistic Variation Yearbook 7(1): 201–254. https://doi.org/10.1075/livy.7.07mat.
Murray, Sarah E. 2010. Evidentiality and the structure of speech acts, PhD thesis, Rutgers.
Nathan, Michele. 1977. Grammatical description of the Florida Seminole dialect of Creek, PhD thesis, Tulane University.
Pulte, William. 1985. The experienced and nonexperienced past in Cherokee. International Journal of American Linguistics 51(4): 543–544. https://doi.org/10.1086/465966.
Silva, Wilson, and Scott AnderBois. 2016. Fieldwork game play: Masterminding evidentiality in Desano. Language Documentation & Conservation 10: 58–76. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24687.
Smirnova, Anastasia. 2013. Evidentiality in Bulgarian: temporality, epistemic modality, and information source. Journal of Semantics 30(4): 479–532. https://doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffs017.
Speas, Peggy. 2010. Evidentials as generalized functional heads. In Linguistik Aktuell/linguistics today, eds. A. M. Di Sciullo and V. Hill. Vol. 156, 127–150. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/la.156.10spe.
Tanyan, Waksuce. 1883. Letter to A.E.W. Robertson, November 20, 1883, trans. Margaret McKane Mauldin, ed. Jack B. Martin. McFarlin Library, The University of Tulsa. Alice Robertson Collection, Series 1, Box 7, folder 27, Creek ms. 8.
Willett, Thomas. 1988. A cross-linguistic survey of the grammaticalization of evidentiality. Studies in Languages 12(1): 51–97. https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.12.1.04wil.