Ticks infesting domestic dogs in the UK: a large-scale surveillance programme
Tóm tắt
Recent changes in the distribution of tick vectors and the incidence of tick-borne disease, driven variously by factors such as climate change, habitat modification, increasing host abundance and the increased movement of people and animals, highlight the importance of ongoing, active surveillance. This paper documents the results of a large-scale survey of tick abundance on dogs presented to veterinary practices in the UK, using a participatory approach that allows relatively cost- and time-effective extensive data collection. Over a period of 16 weeks (April–July 2015), 1094 veterinary practices were recruited to monitor tick attachment to dogs and provided with a tick collection and submission protocol. Recruitment was encouraged through a national publicity and communication initiative. Participating practices were asked to select five dogs at random each week and undertake a thorough, standardized examination of each dog for ticks. The clinical history and any ticks were then sent to the investigators for identification. A total of 12,000 and 96 dogs were examined and 6555 tick samples from infested dogs were received. Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus) was identified on 5265 dogs (89 %), Ixodes hexagonus Leach on 577 (9.8 %) and Ixodes canisuga Johnston on 46 (0.8 %). Ten dogs had Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius), one had Dermacentor variabilis (Say), three had Haemaphysalis punctata Canesteini & Fanzago and 13 had Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latreille. 640 ticks were too damaged for identification. All the R. sanguineus and the single D. variabilis were on dogs with a recent history of travel outside the UK. The overall prevalence of tick attachment was 30 % (range 28–32 %). The relatively high prevalence recorded is likely to have been inflated by the method of participant recruitment. The data presented provide a comprehensive spatial understanding of tick distribution and species abundance in the UK against which future changes can be compared. Relative prevalence maps show the highest rates in Scotland and south west England providing a valuable guide to tick-bite risk in the UK.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Otranto D, Wall R. New strategies for the control of arthropod vectors of disease in dogs and cats. Med Vet Entomol. 2008;22:219–302.
Gray JS. The development and seasonal activity of the tick Ixodes ricinus: a vector of Lyme borreliosis. Rev Med Vet Entomol. 1991;79:323–33.
Korotkov Y, Kozlova T, Kozlovskaya L. Observations on changes in abundance of questing Ixodes ricinus, castor bean tick, over a 35-year period in the eastern part of its range (Russia, Tula region). Med Vet Entomol. 2015;29:129–36.
Daniel M, Danielová V, Kríz B, Jirsa A, Nozicka J. Shift of the tick Ixodes ricinus and tick-borne encephalitis to higher altitudes in central Europe. Eur J Clin Microbiol Inf Dis. 2003;22:327–8.
Kirby AD, Smith AA, Benton TG, Hudson PJ. Rising burden of immature sheep ticks (Ixodes ricinus) on red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) chicks in the Scottish uplands. Med Vet Entomol. 2004;18:67–70.
Pietzsch ME, Medlock JM, Jones L, Avenell D, Abbott J, Harding P, Leach S. Distribution of Ixodes ricinus in the British Isles: investigation of historical records. Med Vet Entomol. 2005;19:306–14.
Jore S, Viljugrein H, Hofshagen M, Brun-Hansen H, Kristoffersen AB, Nygard K, et al. Multi-source analysis reveals latitudinal and altitudinal shifts in range of Ixodes ricinus at its northern distribution limit. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4:84–95.
Danielová V, Rudenko N, Daniel M, Holubová J, Materna J, Golovchenko M, Schwarzová L. Extension of Ixodes ricinus ticks and agents of tick-borne diseases to mountain areas in the Czech Republic. I J Med Microbiol. 2006;296:48–53.
Tälleklint L, Jaenson TGT. Increasing geographical distribution and density of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Central and Northern Sweden. J Med Entomol. 1998;35:521–6.
Lindgren E, Tälleklint L, Polfeldt T. Impact of climatic change on the northern latitude limit and population density of the disease-transmitting European tick Ixodes ricinus. Env Health Persp. 2000;108:119–23.
Scharlemann JPW, Johnson PJ, Smith AA, Macdonald DW, Randolph SE. Trends in ixodid tick abundance and distribution in Great Britain. Med Vet Entomol. 2008;22:238–47.
Zygner W, Górski P, Wedrychowicz H. New localities of Dermacentor reticulatus tick (vector of Babesia canis canis) in central and eastern Poland. Pol J Vet Sci. 2009;12:549–55.
Beugnet F, Marié JL. Emerging arthropod-borne diseases of companion animals in Europe. Vet Parasitol. 2009;163:298–305.
Dautel H, Dippel C, Kämmer D, Werkhausen A, Kahl O. Winter activity of Ixodes ricinus in a Berlin forest. I J Med Microbiol. 2008;298:50–4.
Matjila TP, Nijhof AM, Taoufik A, Houwers D, Teske E, Penzhorn BL, et al. Autochthonous canine babesiosis in The Netherlands. Vet Parasitol. 2005;131:23–9.
Jameson LJ, Medlock JM. Tick surveillance in Great Britain. Vector-borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011;11:403–12.
Smith F, Ballantyne R, Morgan E, Wall R. The incidence of tick infestation on domestic dogs in the UK. Med Vet Entomol. 2011;25:377–84.
Lindgren E, Gustafson R. Tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden and climate change. Lancet. 2001;358:16–8.
Daniel M, Kříž B, Danielová V, Beneš Č. Sudden increase in tick-borne encephalitis cases in the Czech Republic, 2006. I J Med Microbiol. 2008;298:81–7.
Parmesan C, Yohe G. A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature. 2003;21:37–42.
IPCC Annex I. Atlas of global and regional climate projections. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. In: van Oldenborgh GJ, Collins M, Arblaster J, Christensen JH, Marotzke J, Power SB, et al., editors. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2013.
Carpenter S, Wilson A, Barber J, Veronesi E, Mellor P, Venter G, Gubbins S. Temperature dependence of the extrinsic incubation period of orbiviruses in Culicoides biting midges. PLoS One. 2011;6:e27987.
Randolph SE. Evidence that climate change has caused “emergence” of tick-borne diseases in Europe? I J Med Microbiol. 2004;293:5–15.
Wall R. Ectoparasites: future challenges in a changing world. Vet Parasitol. 2007;148:62–74.
Randolph SE, Rogers DJ. The arrival, establishment and spread of exotic diseases: patterns and predictions. Nature Rev Microbiol. 2010;8:361–71.
Hansford KM, Pietzsch ME, Cull B, Medlock JM, Wall R. Overwintering of the brown dog tick in residential properties in England – raising awareness. Vet Rec. 2015;177:156.
Arthur DR. British ticks. Wallingford: CABI; 1963. p. 218.
Hillyard, PD, Ticks of North-west Europe. Synopses of the British Fauna 52;1996. Field Studies Council, Shrewsbury.
Walker A, Bouattour A, Camicas J-L, Estrada-Peña A, Horak IG, Latif AA, et al. Ticks of domestic animals in Africa: a guide to identification of species. UK: Bioscience Reports Edinburgh; 2014.
Smith FD, Ellse L, Wall R. Prevalence of Babesia and Anaplasma in ticks infesting dogs in Great Britain. Vet Parasitol. 2013;198:18–23.
Wilson HE, Mugford AR, Humm KR, Kellett-Gregory LM. Ehrlichia canis infection in a dog with no history of travel outside the United Kingdom. J Small Anim Pract. 2013;54:425–7.
Ogden NH, Cripps P, Davison CC, Owen G, Parry JM, Timms BJ, Forbes AB. The ixodid tick species attaching to domestic dogs and cats in Great Britain and Ireland. Med Vet Entomol. 2000;14:332–8.
Nelson C, Banks S, Jeffries CL, Walker T, Logan JG. Tick abundances in South London parks and the potential risk for Lyme borreliosis to the general public. Med Vet Entomol. 2015;29:448–52.
Jennett AL, Smith FD, Wall R. Tick infestation risk for dogs in a peri-urban park. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:358.
Sréter T, Széll Z, Varga I. Spatial distribution of Dermacentor reticulatus and Ixodes ricinus in Hungary: evidence for change? Vet Parasitol. 2005;128:347–51.
Medlock JM, Jameson LJ, Phipps LP. Status of Dermacentor reticulatus in the UK. Vet Rec. 2011;168:386–7.
Holm LP, Kerr MG, Trees AJ, McGarry JW, Munro ER, Shaw SE. Fatal babesiosis in an untravelled British dog. Vet Rec. 2006;159:179–80.
Tasker S. Exotic diseases - a growing concern? J Small Anim Pract. 2013;54:393–4.
Phipps LP, Fernandez De Marco MDM, Hernández-Triana LM, Johnson N, et al. Babesia canis detected in dogs and associated ticks from Essex. Vet Rec. 2016;178:243–4.