Thymidine phosphorylase expression is associated with time to progression in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer

Bronckaers A, Gago F, Balzarini J, Liekens S: The dual role of thymidine phosphorylase in cancer development and chemotherapy. Med Res Rev. 2009, 29: 903-953. 10.1002/med.20159.

Miwa M, Ura M, Nishida M, Sawada N, Ishikawa T, Mori K, Shimma N, Umeda I, Ishitsuka H: Design of a novel oral fluoropyrimidine carbamate, capecitabine, which generates 5-fluorouracil selectively in tumours by enzymes concentrated in human liver and cancer tissue. Eur J Cancer. 1998, 34: 1274-1281. 10.1016/S0959-8049(98)00058-6.

Takebayashi Y, Yamada K, Miyadera K, Sumizawa T, Furukawa T, Kinoshita F, Aoki D, Okumura H, Yamada Y, Akiyama S, Aikou T: The activity and expression of thymidine phosphorylase in human solid tumours. Eur J Cancer. 1996, 32A: 1227-1232.

Nozawa T, Enomoto T, Koshida Y, Sato Y, Kuranami M: Specific enhanced expression of platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor in submucosa of human colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004, 47: 2093-2100. 10.1007/s10350-004-0712-y.

Amatori F, Di Paolo A, Del Tacca M, Fontanini G, Vannozzi F, Boldrini L, Bocci G, Lastella M, Danesi R: Thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and thymidine phosphorylase expression in colorectal cancer and normal mucosa in patients. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2006, 16: 809-816. 10.1097/01.fpc.0000230410.07899.bc.

Matsuura T, Kuratate I, Teramachi K, Osaki M, Fukuda Y, Ito H: Thymidine phosphorylase expression is associated with both increase of intratumoral microvessels and decrease of apoptosis in human colorectal carcinomas. Cancer Res. 1999, 59: 5037-5040.

Sengupta S, Sellers LA, Matheson HB, Fan TP: Thymidine phosphorylase induces angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro: an evaluation of possible mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol. 2003, 139: 219-231. 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705216.

Matsumura M, Chiba Y, Lu C, Amaya H, Shimomatsuya T, Horiuchi T, Muraoka R, Tanigawa N: Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase expression correlated with tumor angiogenesis and macrophage infiltration in colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett. 1998, 128: 55-63. 10.1016/S0304-3835(98)00051-2.

Takebayashi Y, Akiyama S, Akiba S, Yamada K, Miyadera K, Sumizawa T, Yamada Y, Murata F, Aikou T: Clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of an angiogenic factor, thymidine phosphorylase, in human colorectal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996, 88: 1110-1117. 10.1093/jnci/88.16.1110.

Kitazono M, Takebayashi Y, Ishitsuka K, Takao S, Tani A, Furukawa T, Miyadera K, Yamada Y, Aikou T, Akiyama S: Prevention of hypoxia-induced apoptosis by the angiogenic factor thymidine phosphorylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998, 253: 797-803. 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9852.

Mimori K, Matsuyama A, Yoshinaga K, Yamashita K, Masuda T, Inoue H, Ueo H, Mori M: Localization of thymidine phosphorylase expression in colorectal carcinoma tissues by in situ RT-PCR assay. Oncology. 2002, 62: 327-332. 10.1159/000065064.

Gustavsson B, Kaiser C, Carlsson G, Wettergren Y, Odin E, Lindskog EB, Niyikiza C, Ma D: Molecular determinants of efficacy for 5-FU-based treatments in advanced colorectal cancer: mRNA expression for 18 chemotherapy-related genes. Int J Cancer. 2009, 124: 1220-1226. 10.1002/ijc.23852.

Kumamoto K, Kuwabara K, Tajima Y, Amano K, Hatano S, Ohsawa T, Okada N, Ishibashi K, Haga N, Ishida H: Thymidylate synthase and thymidine phosphorylase mRNA expression in primary lesions using laser capture microdissection is useful for prediction of the efficacy of FOLFOX treatment in colorectal cancer patients with liver metastasis. Oncol Lett. 2012, 3: 983-989.

Metzger R, Danenberg K, Leichman CG, Salonga D, Schwartz EL, Wadler S, Lenz HJ, Groshen S, Leichman L, Danenberg PV: High basal level gene expression of thymidine phosphorylase (platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor) in colorectal tumors is associated with nonresponse to 5-fluorouracil. Clin Cancer Res. 1998, 4: 2371-2376.

Sadahiro S, Suzuki T, Tanaka A, Okada K, Nagase H, Uchida J: Association of right-sided tumors with high thymidine phosphorylase gene expression levels and the response to oral uracil and tegafur/leucovorin chemotherapy among patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2012, 70: 285-291. 10.1007/s00280-012-1909-8.

Tang X, Mo C, Wang Y, Wei D, Xiao H: Anti-tumour strategies aiming to target tumour-associated macrophages. Immunology. 2013, 138: 93-104. 10.1111/imm.12023.

Pauly JL, Schuller MG, Zelcer AA, Kirss TA, Gore SS, Germain MJ: Identification and comparative analysis of thymidine phosphorylase in the plasma of healthy subjects and cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1977, 58: 1587-1590.

Shimada H, Takeda A, Shiratori T, Nabeya Y, Okazumi S, Matsubara H, Funami Y, Hayashi H, Gunji Y, Kobayashi S, Suzuki T, Ochiai T: Prognostic significance of serum thymidine phosphorylase concentration in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2002, 94: 1947-1954. 10.1002/cncr.10418.

Fujimoto J, Sakaguchi H, Aoki I, Tamaya T: The value of platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor as a novel predictor of advancement of uterine cervical cancers. Cancer Res. 2000, 60: 3662-3665.

Haraguchi M, Komuta K, Ueda T, Akashi A, Minami S, Furui J, Kanematsu T: Prognostic significance of the serum thymidine phosphorylase levels in venous blood drainage specimens in patients with colorectal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 2008, 55: 418-421.

Miller AB, Hoogstraten B, Staquet M, Winkler A: Reporting results of cancer treatment. Cancer. 1981, 47: 207-214. 10.1002/1097-0142(19810101)47:1<207::AID-CNCR2820470134>3.0.CO;2-6.

Derwinger K, Lindskog EB, Palmqvist E, Wettergren Y: Changes in thymidine phosphorylase gene expression related to treatment of rectal cancer. Anticancer Res. 2013, 33: 2447-2451.

Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ: Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951, 193: 265-275.

van Halteren HK, Peters HM, van Krieken JH, Coebergh JW, Roumen RM, van der Worp E, Wagener JT, Vreugdenhil G: Tumor growth pattern and thymidine phosphorylase expression are related with the risk of hematogenous metastasis in patients with Astler Coller B1/B2 colorectal carcinoma. Cancer. 2001, 91: 1752-1757. 10.1002/1097-0142(20010501)91:9<1752::AID-CNCR1194>3.0.CO;2-M.

Lindskog EB, Wettergren Y, Odin E, Gustavsson B, Derwinger K: Thymidine phosphorylase gene expression in stage III colorectal cancer. Clin Med Insights Oncol. 2012, 6: 347-353.

Ciaparrone M, Quirino M, Schinzari G, Zannoni G, Corsi DC, Vecchio FM, Cassano A, La Torre G, Barone C: Predictive role of thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and thymidine phosphorylase expression in colorectal cancer patients receiving adjuvant 5-fluorouracil. Oncology. 2006, 70: 366-377. 10.1159/000098110.

Tsuji T, Sawai T, Yamashita H, Takeshita H, Nakagoe T, Shindou H, Fukuoka H, Yoshinaga M, Hidaka S, Yasutake T, Nagayasu T, Tagawa Y: Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor expression is an independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer patients after curative surgery. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004, 30: 296-302. 10.1016/j.ejso.2003.11.019.

Shabo I, Svanvik J: Expression of macrophage antigens by tumor cells. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2011, 714: 141-150.

Schwartz EL, Baptiste N, Wadler S, Makower D: Thymidine phosphorylase mediates the sensitivity of human colon carcinoma cells to 5-fluorouracil. J Biol Chem. 1995, 270: 19073-19077. 10.1074/jbc.270.32.19073.

Matsushita S, Ikeda R, Nishizawa Y, Che XF, Furukawa T, Miyadera K, Tabata S, Ushiyama M, Tajitsu Y, Yamamoto M, Takeda Y, Mihami K, Mataki H, Kanzaki T, Yamada K, Kanekura T, Akiyama S: The role of thymidine phosphorylase in the induction of early growth response protein-1 and thrombospondin-1 by 5-fluorouracil in human cancer carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol. 2010, 36: 1193-1200.

Kato Y, Matsukawa S, Muraoka R, Tanigawa N: Enhancement of drug sensitivity and a bystander effect in PC-9 cells transfected with a platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor thymidine phosphorylase cDNA. Br J Cancer. 1997, 75: 506-511. 10.1038/bjc.1997.88.

Yanagisawa Y, Maruta F, Iinuma N, Ishizone S, Koide N, Nakayama J, Miyagawa S: Modified irinotecan/5FU/leucovorin therapy in advanced colorectal cancer and predicting therapeutic efficacy by expression of tumor-related enzymes. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007, 42: 477-484. 10.1080/00365520600994418.

Kuramochi H, Hayashi K, Uchida K, Miyakura S, Shimizu D, Vallbohmer D, Park S, Danenberg KD, Takasaki K, Danenberg PV: 5-fluorouracil-related gene expression levels in primary colorectal cancer and corresponding liver metastasis. Int J Cancer. 2006, 119: 522-526. 10.1002/ijc.21692.

Uchida K, Danenberg PV, Danenberg KD, Grem JL: Thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, ERCC1, and thymidine phosphorylase gene expression in primary and metastatic gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma tissue in patients treated on a phase I trial of oxaliplatin and capecitabine. BMC Cancer. 2008, 8: 386-10.1186/1471-2407-8-386.