Thrombocytopenia in Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Myelofibrosis

Layton, 1986, Myelodysplastic syndromes: their history, evolution and relation to acute myeloid leukaemia, Blut, 53, 423, 10.1007/BF00320305 Kantarjian, 2007, The incidence and impact of thrombocytopenia in myelodysplastic syndromes, Cancer, 109, 1705, 10.1002/cncr.22602 Tefferi, 2003, The forgotten myeloproliferative disorder: myeloid metaplasia, Oncologist, 8, 225, 10.1634/theoncologist.8-3-225 Xu, 2005, Constitutive mobilization of CD34+ cells into the peripheral blood in idiopathic myelofibrosis may be due to the action of a number of proteases, Blood, 105, 4508, 10.1182/blood-2004-08-3238 Kimura, 1995, Leukemic transformation of primary myelofibrosis: immunophenotype, genotype and growth characteristics of blast cells, Leuk Lymphoma, 19, 493, 10.3109/10428199509112210 Mesa, 2006, Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: disease overview and non-transplant treatment options, Best Pract Res Clin Haematol, 19, 495, 10.1016/j.beha.2005.07.008 Nolte, 2008, Myelodysplastic syndromes: molecular pathogenesis and genomic changes, Ann Hematol, 87, 777, 10.1007/s00277-008-0502-z Aul, 1998, Pathogenesis, etiology and epidemiology of myelodysplastic syndromes, Haematologica, 83, 71 Greenberg, 1997, International scoring system for evaluating prognosis in myelodysplastic syndromes, Blood, 89, 2079, 10.1182/blood.V89.6.2079 Voulgarelis, 2004, Myelodysplasia-associated autoimmunity: clinical and pathophysiologic concepts, Eur J Clin Invest, 34, 690, 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2004.01417.x Epperson, 2001, Oligoclonal T cell expansion in myelodysplastic syndrome: evidence for an autoimmune process, Leuk Res, 25, 1075, 10.1016/S0145-2126(01)00083-2 Giannouli, 2004, Autoimmune phenomena in myelodysplastic syndromes: a 4-yr prospective study, Rheumatology (Oxford), 43, 626, 10.1093/rheumatology/keh136 Billstrom, 1995, Immune-mediated complications in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes—clinical and cytogenetic features, Eur J Haematol, 55, 42, 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1995.tb00231.x Konstantopoulos, 1989, Survival, hospitalization and cause of death in 99 patients with the myelodysplastic syndrome, Anticancer Res, 9, 893 Girtovitis, 2007, Defective platelet aggregation in myelodysplastic syndromes, Acta Haematol, 118, 117, 10.1159/000107653 Thomas-Kaskel, 2007, Reticulated platelet counts correlate with treatment response in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and help identify the complex causes of thrombocytopenia in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Cytometry B Clin Cytom, 72, 241, 10.1002/cyto.b.20163 Houwerzijl, 2005, Increased peripheral platelet destruction and caspase-3-independent programmed cell death of bone marrow megakaryocytes in myelodysplastic patients, Blood, 105, 3472, 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2108 Gupta, 2007, Myelodysplastic syndrome with isolated deletion of chromosome 20q: an indolent disease with minimal morphological dysplasia and frequent thrombocytopenic presentation, Br J Haematol, 139, 265, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06776.x Menke, 1992, Refractory thrombocytopenia, Am J Clin Pathol, 98, 502, 10.1093/ajcp/98.5.502 Sashida, 2003, Clinico-hematologic features of myelodysplastic syndrome presenting as isolated thrombocytopenia: an entity with a relatively favorable prognosis, Leuk Lymphoma, 44, 653, 10.1080/1042819031000063507 Kuroda, 2002, Unusual myelodysplastic syndrome with the initial presentation mimicking idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Acta Haematol, 108, 139, 10.1159/000064703 Hebbar, 1996, Low incidence of specific anti-platelet antibodies detected by the MAIPA assay in the serum of thrombocytopenic MDS patients and lack of correlation between platelet autoantibodies, platelet lifespan and response to danazol therapy, Br J Haematol, 94, 112, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1996.6322262.x Bowen, 2003, Guidelines for the diagnosis and therapy of adult myelodysplastic syndromes, Br J Haematol, 120, 187, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.03907.x Newland, 2002, Treatment of adults with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, Lancet, 359, 4, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07269-0 Bourgeois, 2001, Role of splenectomy in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes with peripheral thrombocytopenia: a report on six cases, Leukemia, 15, 950, 10.1038/sj.leu.2402129 Uchida, 2006, Is splenectomy a contraindication for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes complicated by splenomegaly?, Ann Hematol, 85, 198, 10.1007/s00277-005-0003-2 Ozyurek, 2007, The role of splenectomy in children with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, Turk J Pediatr, 49, 154 Berman, 2004, Platelet kinetics and decreased transfusion requirements after splenectomy for hematologic malignancy, Ann Surg, 240, 852, 10.1097/01.sla.0000143303.10884.58 Kraemer, 2002, Splenectomy in patients with mixed myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disease, Ann Hematol, 81, 308, 10.1007/s00277-002-0474-3 Molldrem, 1997, Cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for a nonpolymorphic proteinase 3 peptide preferentially inhibit chronic myeloid leukemia colony-forming units, Blood, 90, 2529, 10.1182/blood.V90.7.2529 Cermak, 2005, Combined immunosuppressive treatment in patients with early myelodysplasia [abstract 903], Haematologica, 90, 357 Deeg, 2004, Hematologic responses of patients with MDS to antithymocyte globulin plus etanercept correlate with improved flow scores of marrow cells, Leuk Res, 28, 1177, 10.1016/j.leukres.2004.03.016 Arber, 2006, Cyclosporine-responsive thrombocytopenia in a patient with chloramphenicol-associated myelodysplastic syndrome, Eur J Haematol, 76, 255, 10.1111/j.0902-4441.2005.00593.x Park, 2003, Cyclosporine A in the treatment of a patient with immune thrombocytopenia accompanied by myelodysplastic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome, Acta Haematol, 110, 36, 10.1159/000072413 Larsen, 2003, [Immunosuppressive treatment of the myelodysplastic syndrome], Ugeskr Laeger, 165, 2654 Crane, 2005, Immunomodulatory drugs, Cancer Invest, 23, 625, 10.1080/07357900500283101 Knight, 2005, IMiDs: a novel class of immunomodulators, Semin Oncol, 32, S24, 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2005.06.018 Raza, 2008, Phase 2 study of lenalidomide in transfusion-dependent, low-risk, and intermediate-1 risk myelodysplastic syndromes with karyotypes other than deletion 5q, Blood, 111, 86, 10.1182/blood-2007-01-068833 Muller-Thomas, 2008, A limited number of 5-azacitidine cycles can be effective treatment in MDS, Ann Hematol Kantarjian, 2006, Decitabine improves patient outcomes in myelodysplastic syndromes: results of a phase III randomized study, Cancer, 106, 1794, 10.1002/cncr.21792 Kaminskas, 2005, Approval summary: azacitidine for treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome subtypes, Clin Cancer Res, 11, 3604, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2135 Silverman, 2006, Further analysis of trials with azacitidine in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome: studies 8421, 8921, and 9221 by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B, J Clin Oncol, 24, 3895, 10.1200/JCO.2005.05.4346 Tsimberidou, 2005, Low-dose interleukin-11 in patients with bone marrow failure: update of the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center experience, Ann Oncol, 16, 139, 10.1093/annonc/mdi007 Montero, 2006, Phase II study of low-dose interleukin-11 in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome, Leuk Lymphoma, 47, 2049, 10.1080/10428190600758058 Nimer, 1994, A phase I/II study of interleukin-3 in patients with aplastic anemia and myelodysplasia, Exp Hematol, 22, 875 Gordon, 1995, A phase I trial of recombinant human interleukin-6 in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and thrombocytopenia, Blood, 85, 3066, 10.1182/blood.V85.11.3066.bloodjournal85113066 Liu Yin, 2000, Megakaryopoiesis in vitro in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukaemia: effect of pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor in combination with other growth factors, Br J Haematol, 108, 743, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.01916.x Fontenay-Roupie, 1998, Analysis of megakaryocyte growth and development factor (thrombopoietin) effects on blast cell and megakaryocyte growth in myelodysplasia, Leuk Res, 22, 527, 10.1016/S0145-2126(98)00028-9 Kuter, 2002, Recombinant human thrombopoietin: basic biology and evaluation of clinical studies, Blood, 100, 3457, 10.1182/blood.V100.10.3457 Li, 2001, Thrombocytopenia caused by the development of antibodies to thrombopoietin, Blood, 98, 3241, 10.1182/blood.V98.12.3241 Basser, 2002, Development of pancytopenia with neutralizing antibodies to thrombopoietin after multicycle chemotherapy supported by megakaryocyte growth and development factor, Blood, 99, 2599, 10.1182/blood.V99.7.2599 Andemariam, 2007, Novel thrombopoietic agents, Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program, 106, 10.1182/asheducation-2007.1.106 Kuter, 2007, New thrombopoietic growth factors, Blood, 109, 4607, 10.1182/blood-2006-10-019315 Broudy, 2004, AMG531 stimulates megakaryopoiesis in vitro by binding to Mpl, Cytokine, 25, 52, 10.1016/j.cyto.2003.05.001 Alessandrino, 2002, Evidence- and consensus-based practice guidelines for the therapy of primary myelodysplastic syndromes, Haematologica, 87, 1286 Kantarjian, 2007, Phase 1/2 study of AMG 531 in thrombocytopenic patients (pts) with low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): update including extended treatment [abstract 250], Blood, 110, 81a, 10.1182/blood.V110.11.250.250 Hoffman, 2007, Biology and treatment of primary myelofibrosis, Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program, 346, 10.1182/asheducation-2007.1.346 Thiele, 2006, Myelofibrosis in chronic myeloproliferative disorders—dynamics and clinical impact, Histol Histopathol, 21, 1367 Thiele, 2006, Grade of bone marrow fibrosis is associated with relevant hematological findings—a clinicopathological study on 865 patients with chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, Ann Hematol, 85, 226, 10.1007/s00277-005-0042-8 Tefferi, 2000, Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, N Engl J Med, 342, 1255, 10.1056/NEJM200004273421706 Koppikar, 2008, JAK2 and MPL mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms, Acta Haematol, 119, 218, 10.1159/000140634 Cappio, 1981, Idiopathic myelofibrosis: a possible role for immune-complexes in the pathogenesis of bone marrow fibrosis, Br J Haematol, 49, 17, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1981.tb07192.x Hasselbalch, 1984, Platelet-associated IgG and IgM in myelofibrosis, Scand J Haematol, 32, 488, 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1984.tb02189.x Hasselbalch, 1985, Circulating immune complexes in myelofibrosis, Scand J Haematol, 34, 177, 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1985.tb02252.x Le Bousse-Kerdiles, 2008, Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying bone marrow and liver fibrosis: a review, Eur Cytokine Netw, 19, 69 Kuter, 2007, Bone marrow fibrosis: pathophysiology and clinical significance of increased bone marrow stromal fibres, Br J Haematol, 139, 351, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06807.x Tefferi, 2008, JAK and MPL mutations in myeloid malignancies, Leuk Lymphoma, 49, 388, 10.1080/10428190801895360 Hasselbalch, 1990, Prognostic factors in idiopathic myelofibrosis: a simple scoring system with prognostic significance, Eur J Haematol, 44, 172, 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1990.tb00372.x Varki, 1983, The syndrome of idiopathic myelofibrosis, Medicine (Baltimore), 62, 353, 10.1097/00005792-198311000-00002 Reilly, 1997, Cytogenetic abnormalities and their prognostic significance in idiopathic myelofibrosis: a study of 106 cases, Br J Haematol, 98, 96, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1997.1722990.x Huang, 2008, Risk factors for leukemic transformation in patients with primary myelofibrosis, Cancer, 112, 2726, 10.1002/cncr.23505 Mesa, 2001, Palliative splenectomy in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, Leuk Lymphoma, 42, 901, 10.3109/10428190109097709 Akiyama, 2005, Involvement of transforming growth factor-beta and thrombopoietin in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndrome with myelofibrosis, Leukemia, 19, 1558, 10.1038/sj.leu.2403875 Weinkove, 2008, Low-dose thalidomide in myelofibrosis, Haematologica, 93, 1100, 10.3324/haematol.12416 Marchetti, 2004, Low-dose thalidomide ameliorates cytopenias and splenomegaly in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: a phase II trial, J Clin Oncol, 22, 424, 10.1200/JCO.2004.08.160 Mesa, 2003, A phase 2 trial of combination low-dose thalidomide and prednisone for the treatment of myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, Blood, 101, 2534, 10.1182/blood-2002-09-2928 Tefferi, 2006, Lenalidomide therapy in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, Blood, 108, 1158, 10.1182/blood-2006-02-004572 Levine, 2006, Role of JAK-STAT signaling in the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative disorders, Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program, 510, 233, 10.1182/asheducation-2006.1.233 Pardanani, 2007, TG101209, a small molecule JAK2-selective kinase inhibitor potently inhibits myeloproliferative disorder-associated JAK2V617F and MPLW515L/K mutations, Leukemia, 21, 1658, 10.1038/sj.leu.2404750 Pikman, 2006, MPLW515L is a novel somatic activating mutation in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, PLoS Med, 3, e270, 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030270 Lipka, 2008, LS104, a non-ATP-competitive small-molecule inhibitor of JAK2, is potently inducing apoptosis in JAK2V617F-positive cells, Mol Cancer Ther, 7, 1176, 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-07-2215 Hexner, 2008, Lestaurtinib (CEP701) is a JAK2 inhibitor that suppresses JAK2/STAT5 signaling and the proliferation of primary erythroid cells from patients with myeloproliferative disorders, Blood, 111, 5663, 10.1182/blood-2007-04-083402 Verstovsek, 2007, Phase II study of CEP701, an orally available JAK2 inhibitor, in patients with primary myelofibrosis and post polycythemia vera/essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis [abstract 3543], Blood, 110, 1037a Wernig, 2008, Efficacy of TG101348, a selective JAK2 inhibitor, in treatment of a murine model of JAK2V617F-induced polycythemia vera, Cancer Cell, 13, 311, 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.02.009 Silver, 2008