Thrombin generation and fibrin clot structure

Medved, 1983, Structural organization of C-terminal parts of fibrinogen A alpha-chains, FEBS Lett., 160, 291, 10.1016/0014-5793(83)80985-5

Ferry, 1947, Preparation and properties of serum and plasma proteins. VIII. The conversion of human fibrinogen to fibrin under various conditions, J Am Chem Soc, 69, 388, 10.1021/ja01194a066

Betts, 2006, The structure of fibrinogen fragment D with the ’A’ knob peptide GPRVVE, J Thromb Haemost, 4, 1139, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01902.x

Rooney, 1998, Substitution of tyrosine for phenylalanine in fibrinopeptide A results in preferential thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide B from fibrinogen, Biochemistry, 37, 13704, 10.1021/bi981190h

Higgins, 1981, Fibrinogen Petoskey, a dysfibrinogenemia characterized by replacement of Arg-A alpha 16 by a histidyl residue. Evidence for thrombin-catalyzed hydrolysis at a histidyl residue, J Biol Chem, 256, 12013, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)43225-5

Blomback, 1978, A two-step fibrinogen–fibrin transition in blood coagulation, Nature, 275, 501, 10.1038/275501a0

Shen, 1977, Role of fibrinopeptide B release: comparison of fibrins produced by thrombin and Ancrod, Am J Physiol, 232, H629

Torbet, 1987, Fibrin assembly after fibrinopeptide A release in model systems and human plasma studied with magnetic birefringence, Biochem J, 244, 633, 10.1042/bj2440633

Blomback, 1994, Fibrin in human plasma: gel architectures governed by rate and nature of fibrinogen activation, Thromb Res, 75, 521, 10.1016/0049-3848(94)90227-5

Carr, 1978, Size and density of fibrin fibers from turbidity, Macromolecules, 11, 46, 10.1021/ma60061a009

Hantgan, 1979, Assembly of fibrin. A light scattering study, J Biol Chem, 254, 11272, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)86481-5

Carr, 1977, Mass-length ratio of fibrin fibers from gel permeation and light scattering, Biopolymers, 16, 1, 10.1002/bip.1977.360160102

Wolberg, 2002, Analyzing fibrin clot structure using a microplate reader, Blood Coagul Fibrin, 13, 533, 10.1097/00001721-200209000-00008

Blomback, 1989, Native fibrin gel networks observed by 3D microscopy, permeation and turbidity, Biochim Biophys Acta, 997, 96, 10.1016/0167-4838(89)90140-4

Collet, 2000, Influence of fibrin network conformation and fibrin fiber diameter on fibrinolysis speed: dynamic and structural approaches by confocal microscopy, Arterio Thromb Vasc Biol, 20, 1354, 10.1161/01.ATV.20.5.1354

Wolberg, 2003, Elevated prothrombin results in clots with an altered fiber structure: a possible mechanism of the increased thrombotic risk, Blood, 101, 3008, 10.1182/blood-2002-08-2527

Wolberg, 2005, High dose factor VIIa enhances clot stability in a model of hemophilia B, Brit J Haematol, 131, 645, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05820.x

Hartmann, 2006, Confocal reflection imaging of 3D fibrin polymers, Blood Cells Mol Dis, 36, 191, 10.1016/j.bcmd.2005.12.033

Nair, 1986, Effect of temperature, pH and ionic strength and composition on fibrin network structure and its development, Thromb Res, 42, 809, 10.1016/0049-3848(86)90117-9

Carr, 1986, Influence of Ca2+ on the structure of reptilase-derived and thrombin-derived fibrin gels, Biochem J, 239, 513, 10.1042/bj2390513

Glover, 1975, Rheological properties of fibrin clots. Effects of fibrinogen concentration, Factor XIII deficiency, and Factor XIII inhibition, J Lab Clin Med., 86, 644

Carr, 1980, The effect of dextran 70 on the structure of plasma-derived fibrin gels, J Lab Clin Med, 96, 985

Marchi, 2000, Fibrinogen Caracas V, an abnormal fibrinogen with an Aalpha 532 Ser–>Cys substitution associated with thrombosis, Thromb Haemost, 84, 263, 10.1055/s-0037-1614006

Collet, 1993, Dusart syndrome: a new concept of the relationship between fibrin clot architecture and fibrin clot degradability: hypofibrinolysis related to an abnormal clot structure, Blood, 82, 2462, 10.1182/blood.V82.8.2462.2462

Collet, 1996, Fibrinogen Dusart: electron microscopy of molecules, fibers and clots, and viscoelastic properties of clots, Biophysical J, 70, 500, 10.1016/S0006-3495(96)79596-6

Gabriel, 1992, The effect of fibrin structure on fibrinolysis, J Biol Chem, 267, 24259, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)35759-4

Carr, 1995, Effect of fibrin structure on plasmin-mediated dissolution of plasma clots, Blood Coag Fibrinol, 6, 567, 10.1097/00001721-199509000-00011

Tracy, 1979, Interaction of coagulation factor V and factor Va with platelets, J Biol Chem, 254, 10354, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)86716-9

Nesheim, 1988, The binding of 35S-labeled recombinant factor VIII to activated and unactivated human platelets, J Biol Chem, 263, 16467, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)37615-4

Ahmad, 1989, Comparative interactions of factor IX and factor IXa with human platelets, J Biol Chem, 264, 3244, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)94058-5

Rawala-Sheikh, 1990, Kinetics of coagulation factor X activation by platelet-bound factor IXa, Biochemistry, 29, 2606, 10.1021/bi00462a025

Monroe, 1996, Transmission of a procoagulant signal from tissue factor-bearing cells to platelets, Blood Coag Fibrinol, 7, 459, 10.1097/00001721-199606000-00005

Hoffman, 1995, Factors IXa and Xa play distinct roles in tissue factor-dependent initiation of coagulation, Blood, 86, 1794, 10.1182/blood.V86.5.1794.bloodjournal8651794

Liu, 2006, Fibrin fibers have extraordinary extensibillity and elasticity, Science, 313, 634, 10.1126/science.1127317

van ’t Veer, 1997, An in vitro analysis of the combination of hemophilia A and factor V(LEIDEN), Blood, 90, 3067, 10.1182/blood.V90.8.3067

Al Dieri, 2002, The thrombogram in rare inherited coagulation disorders: its relation to clinical bleeding, Thromb Haemost, 88, 576, 10.1055/s-0037-1613258

Allen, 2004, Impact of procoagulant concentration on rate, peak and total thrombin generation in a model system, J Thromb Haemost, 2, 402, 10.1111/j.1538-7933.2003.00617.x

Dargaud, 2005, Evaluation of thrombin generating capacity in plasma from patients with haemophilia A and B, Thromb Haemost, 93, 475, 10.1160/TH04-10-0706

Wolberg AS. Thrombin Generation Assays: Understanding how the method influences the results. Thromb Res 2006;in press.

Shah, 1987, Comparison of fibrin networks in plasma and fibrinogen solution, Thromb Res, 45, 257, 10.1016/0049-3848(87)90193-9

Carr, 1988, Fibrin formed in plasma is composed of fibers more massive than those formed from purified fibrinogen, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 59, 535, 10.1055/s-0038-1647529

Torbet, 1986, Fibrin assembly in human plasma and fibrinogen/albumin mixtures, Biochemistry, 25, 5309, 10.1021/bi00366a048

Naski, 1991, A kinetic model for the alpha-thrombin-catalyzed conversion of plasma levels of fibrinogen to fibrin in the presence of antithrombin III, J Biol Chem, 266, 13003, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98795-8

Elgue, 1994, The effect of plasma antithrombin concentration on thrombin generation and fibrin gel structure, Thromb Res, 75, 203, 10.1016/0049-3848(94)90069-8

Wilf, 1985, Acceleration of fibrin gel formation by unrelated proteins, Thromb Res, 37, 681, 10.1016/0049-3848(85)90197-5

Braaten, 1994, Uncoupling fibrin from integrin receptors hastens fibrinolysis at the platelet-fibrin interface, Blood, 83, 982, 10.1182/blood.V83.4.982.982

Jerome, 2005, Endothelial cells organize fibrin clots into structures that are more resistant to lysis, Microsc Microanal, 11, 268, 10.1017/S143192760505052X

Handt, 1996, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 secretion of endothelial cells increases fibrinolytic resistance of an in vitro fibrin clot: evidence for a key role of endothelial cells in thrombolytic resistance, Blood, 87, 4204, 10.1182/blood.V87.10.4204.bloodjournal87104204

Reed, 1992, Platelet factor XIII increases the fibrinolytic resistance of platelet-rich clots by accelerating the crosslinking of alpha 2-antiplasmin to fibrin, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 68, 315, 10.1055/s-0038-1656372

Mosnier, 2003, Identification of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) in human platelets, Blood, 101, 4844, 10.1182/blood-2002-09-2944

Pham, 1983, Immunoelectron microscopic localization of platelet factor 4 and fibrinogen in the granules of human platelets, J Histochem Cytochem, 31, 905, 10.1177/31.7.6343481

Xi, 1989, The relative importance of the factors II, VII, IX and X for the prothrombinase activity in plasma of orally anticoagulated patients, Thromb Haemost, 62, 788, 10.1055/s-0038-1646904

Xi, 1989, Importance of factor-IX-dependent prothrombinase formation–the Josso pathway–in clotting plasma, Haemostasis, 19, 301

Sumner, 1996, Variability in platelet procoagulant activity in healthy volunteers, Thromb Res, 81, 533, 10.1016/0049-3848(96)00028-X

Butenas, 1999, “Normal” thrombin generation, Blood, 94, 2169, 10.1182/blood.V94.7.2169.419k22_2169_2178

Kempton, 2005, Platelet heterogeneity: variation in coagulation complexes on platelet subpopulations, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 25, 861, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000155987.26583.9b

Aird, 2005, Spatial and temporal dynamics of the endothelium, J Thromb Haemost, 3, 1392, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01328.x

Kumar, 1995, The effect of fibrin clots and clot-bound thrombin on the development of platelet procoagulant activity, Thromb Haemost, 74, 962, 10.1055/s-0038-1649856

Weitz, 1990, Clot-bound thrombin is protected from inhibition by heparin-antithrombin III but is susceptible to inactivation by antithrombin III-independent inhibitors, J Clin Invest, 86, 385, 10.1172/JCI114723

Weitz, 1998, Thrombin binds to soluble fibrin degradation products where it is protected from inhibition by heparin-antithrombin but susceptible to inactivation by antithrombin-independent inhibitors, Circulation, 97, 544, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.6.544

Torbet, 1995, The thrombin activation pathway modulates the assembly, structure and lysis of human plasma clots in vitro, Thromb Haemost, 73, 785, 10.1055/s-0038-1653869

von dem Borne, 1995, Feedback activation of factor XI by thrombin in plasma results in additional formation of thrombin that protects fibrin clots from fibrinolysis, Blood, 86, 3035, 10.1182/blood.V86.8.3035.3035

Panteleev, 2006, Spatial propagation and localization of blood coagulation are regulated by intrinsic and protein C pathways, respectively, Biophys J, 90, 1489, 10.1529/biophysj.105.069062

Rodgers, 1983, Characterization of the effects of cultured vascular cells on the activation of blood coagulation, Blood, 61, 1155, 10.1182/blood.V61.6.1155.1155

Rodgers, 1984, The number of receptors for factor VII correlates with the ability of cultured cells to initiate coagulation, Blood, 63, 434, 10.1182/blood.V63.2.434.434

Zwaginga, 1990, Thrombogenicity of vascular cells. Comparison between endothelial cells isolated from different sources and smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, Arteriosclerosis, 10, 437, 10.1161/01.ATV.10.3.437

Ovanesov, 2005, Initiation and propagation of coagulation from tissue factor-bearing cell monolayers to plasma: initiator cells do not regulate spatial growth rate, J Thromb Haemost, 3, 321, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01128.x

Carr, 1996, Abnormal fibrin structure and inhibition of fibrinolysis in patients with multiple myeloma, J Lab Clin Med, 128, 83, 10.1016/S0022-2143(96)90116-X

Collet, 1999, Abnormal fibrin clot architecture in nephrotic patients is related to hypofibrinolysis: influence of plasma biochemical modifications: a possible mechanism for the high thrombotic tendency?, Thromb Haemost, 82, 1482, 10.1055/s-0037-1614859

Sugo, 2000, End-linked homodimers in fibrinogen Osaka VI with a B beta-chain extension lead to fragile clot structure, Blood, 96, 3779, 10.1182/blood.V96.12.3779

Dunn, 2005, The influence of type 2 diabetes on fibrin structure and function, Diabetologia, 48, 1198, 10.1007/s00125-005-1742-2

Dunn, 2006, Molecular mechanisms involved in the resistance of fibrin to clot lysis by plasmin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetologia, 49, 1071, 10.1007/s00125-006-0197-4

Sixma, 1984, The haemostatic plug in haemophilia A: a morphological study of haemostatic plug formation in bleeding time skin wounds of patients with severe haemophilia A, Br J Haematol, 58, 741, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1984.tb06121.x

Cawthern, 1998, Blood coagulation in hemophilia A and hemophilia C, Blood, 91, 4581, 10.1182/blood.V91.12.4581

Englert JM, Moen JL, Wolberg AS. Altered fibrinopeptide release produces thicker fibrin fibers and an abnormal fibrin clot structure in an in vitro model of hemophilia B. International Fibrinogen Workshop. 2004.

Bettigole, 1964, Abnormal plasma clots in hemophilia, Thromb Diath Haemorrh, 12, 331, 10.1055/s-0038-1655617

He, 2003, The role of recombinant factor VIIa (FVIIa) in fibrin structure in the absence of FVIII/FIX, J Thromb Haemost, 1, 1215, 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00242.x

Broze, 1996, Coagulation-dependent inhibition of fibrinolysis: role of carboxypeptidase-U and the premature lysis of clots from hemophilic plasma, Blood, 88, 3815, 10.1182/blood.V88.10.3815.bloodjournal88103815

Mosnier, 2001, The defective down regulation of fibrinolysis in haemophilia A can be restored by increasing the TAFI plasma concentration, Thromb Haemost, 86, 1035, 10.1055/s-0037-1616530

Lisman, 2002, Inhibition of fibrinolysis by recombinant factor VIIa in plasma from patients with severe hemophilia A, Blood, 99, 175, 10.1182/blood.V99.1.175

Negrier, 2000, The treatment of bleeding in hemophilic patients with inhibitors with recombinant factor VIIa, Semin Thromb Hemost, 26, 407, 10.1055/s-2000-8460

Monroe, 1997, Platelet activity of high-dose factor VIIa is independent of tissue factor, Brit J Haematol, 99, 542, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1997.4463256.x

Poort, 1996, A common genetic variation in the 3′-untranslated region of the prothrombin gene is associated with elevated plasma prothrombin levels and an increase in venous thrombosis, Blood, 88, 3698, 10.1182/blood.V88.10.3698.bloodjournal88103698

Rosendaal, 1997, A common prothrombin variant (20210 G to A) increases the risk of myocardial infarction in young women, Blood, 90, 1747, 10.1182/blood.V90.5.1747

Giordano, 1999, Homozygous prothrombin gene mutation and ischemic cerebrovascular disease: a case report, Acta Haematologica, 102, 101, 10.1159/000040979

Kyrle, 1998, Clinical studies and thrombin generation in patients homozygous or heterozygous for the G20210A mutation in the prothrombin gene, Arterio Thromb Vasc Biol, 18, 1287, 10.1161/01.ATV.18.8.1287

Colucci, 2004, Hyperprothrombinemia associated with prothrombin G20210A mutation inhibits plasma fibrinolysis through a TAFI-mediated mechanism, Blood, 103, 2157, 10.1182/blood-2003-06-2169

Fatah, 1992, Fibrin gel network characteristics and coronary heart disease: relations to plasma fibrinogen concentration, acute phase protein, serum lipoproteins and coronary atherosclerosis, Thromb Haemost, 68, 130, 10.1055/s-0038-1656337

Fatah, 1996, Proneness to formation of tight and rigid fibrin gel structures in men with myocardial infarction at a young age, Thromb Haemost, 76, 535, 10.1055/s-0038-1650618

Mills, 2002, Elevated fibrinogen in the healthy male relatives of patients with severe, premature coronary artery disease, Eur Heart J, 23, 1276, 10.1053/euhj.2001.3117

Collet, 2006, Altered fibrin architecture is associated with hypofibrinolysis and premature coronary atherothrombosis, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 26, 2567, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000241589.52950.4c

Greilich, 1994, Quantitative assessment of platelet function and clot structure in patients with severe coronary artery disease, American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 307, 15, 10.1097/00000441-199401000-00003

Mills, 2002, Altered fibrin clot structure in the healthy relatives of patients with premature coronary artery disease, Circulation, 106, 1938, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000033221.73082.06

Aoki, 1996, Platelet-dependent thrombin generation in patients with diabetes mellitus: effects of glycemic control on coagulability in diabetes, J Am Coll Cardiol, 27, 560, 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00518-8

Nair, 1991, Studies on fibrin network structure in human plasma. Part II–Clinical application: diabetes and antidiabetic drugs, Thromb Res, 64, 477, 10.1016/0049-3848(91)90347-Y

Jorneskog, 1996, Altered properties of the fibrin gel structure in patients with IDDM, Diabetologia, 39, 1519, 10.1007/s001250050607

Meh, 1996, Identification and characterization of the thrombin binding sites on fibrin, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271, 23121, 10.1074/jbc.271.38.23121

Mutch, 2001, Human thrombi contain an abundance of active thrombin, Thromb Haemost, 86, 1028, 10.1055/s-0037-1616529

Hogg, 1989, Fibrin monomer protects thrombin from inactivation by heparin-antithrombin III: implications for heparin efficacy, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 86, 3619, 10.1073/pnas.86.10.3619

Kumar, 1994, The influence of fibrinogen and fibrin on thrombin generation–evidence for feedback activation of the clotting system by clot bound thrombin, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 72, 713, 10.1055/s-0038-1648947

de Bosch, 2002, Inhibition of thrombin generation in plasma by fibrin formation (antithrombin 1), Thromb Haemost, 88, 253, 10.1055/s-0037-1613195

Owen, 1988, Thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator or streptokinase induces transient thrombin activity, Blood, 72, 616, 10.1182/blood.V72.2.616.616

Badimon, 1992, Thrombus formation on ruptured atherosclerotic plaques and rethrombosis on evolving thrombi, Circulation, 86, III74

Banninger, 1994, Binding of alpha-thrombin to fibrin depends on the quality of the fibrin network, Biochem J, 298, 157, 10.1042/bj2980157

Nehls, 1996, The configuration of fibrin clots determines capillary morphogenesis and endothelial cell migration, Microvasc Res, 51, 347, 10.1006/mvre.1996.0032

Shats, 1997, Interaction of endothelial cells and fibroblasts with modified fibrin networks: role in atherosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, 129, 9, 10.1016/S0021-9150(96)06003-0

Collen, 1998, Influence of fibrin structure on the formation and maintenance of capillary-like tubules by human microvascular endothelial cells, Angiogenesis, 2, 153, 10.1023/A:1009240522808

Weisel, 1992, Computer modeling of fibrin polymerization kinetics correlated with electron microscope and turbidity observations: clot structure and assembly are kinetically controlled, Biophys J, 63, 111, 10.1016/S0006-3495(92)81594-1