Thermocron iButton and iBBat temperature dataloggers emit ultrasound
Tóm tắt
Thermocron iButton dataloggers are widely used to measure thermal microclimates experienced by wild animals. The iBBat is a smaller version of the datalogger, also commercially available, that is used to measure animal skin or core body temperatures when attached externally or surgically implanted. Field observations of bats roosting under a bridge suggested that bats avoided locations with iButtons. A heterodyne bat detector revealed that the dataloggers emitted ultrasound which was detectable from a distance of up to 30 cm. We therefore recorded and quantified the acoustic properties [carrier frequency (Hz) and root mean square sound pressure level (dB SPL)] of iButton and iBBat dataloggers. All units emitted a 32.9 kHz pure tone that was readily picked up with a time expansion bat detector at a distance of 1 cm, and most were detected at a distance of 15 cm. The maximum amplitude of iButton dataloggers was 46.5 dB SPL at 1.0 cm—a level within the range of auditory sensitivity for most small mammals. Wrapping iButtons in plastic insulation severely attenuated the amplitude of ultrasound. Although there was a statistically significant reduction in rates of warming and cooling with insulation, this effect was small and we suggest that insulation may be a viable solution to eliminate unwanted ultrasonic noise in instances when small delays in thermal response dynamics are not a concern. We recommend behavioural studies to assess if the electronic signals emitted by iButtons are disturbing to small mammals.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Blehert DS, Hicks AC, Behr M, Meteyer CU, Berlowski-Zier BM, Buckles EL, Coleman JTH, Darling SR, Gargas A, Niver R, Okoniewski JC, Rudd RJ, Stone WB (2009) Bat white-nose syndrome: an emerging fungal pathogen? Science 323:227
Boyles JG (2007) Describing roosts used by forest bats: the importance of microclimate. Acta Chiropt 9:297–303
Boyles JG, Brack V Jr (2009) Modeling survival rates of hibernating mammals with individual-based models of energy expenditure. J Mammal 90:9–16
Boyles JG, Willis CKR (2009) Could localized warm areas inside cold caves reduce mortality of hibernating bats affected by white-nose syndrome? Front Ecol Environ. doi:10.1890/080187
Boyles JG, Storm JJ, Brack V Jr (2008) Thermal benefits of clustering during hibernation: a field test of competing hypotheses on Myotis sodalis. Funct Ecol 22:632–636
Dalland JI (1965) Hearing sensitivity in bats. Science 150:1185–1186
Davidson AJ, Aujard F, London BMM, Block GD (2003) Thermochron iButtons: an inexpensive method for long-term recording of core body temperature in untethered animals. J Biol Rhythms 18:430–432
Dunbar MB, Tomasi TE (2006) Arousal patterns, metabolic rate and an energy budget of eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis) in winter. J Mammal 87:1096–1102
Fietz J, Schlund W, Dausmann KH, Regelmann M, Heldmaier G (2003) Energetic constraints on sexual activity in the male edible dormouse (Glis glis). Oecologia 138:202–209
Freezer JW (2005) Efficacy of thermocron iButtons in assessment of nest-box occupancy by sciuruds. MSc Thesis. Southeast Missouri State University
Geiser F (2004) Metabolic rate and body temperature reduction during hibernation and daily torpor. Annu Rev Physiol 66:239–274
Gillette RG, Brown R, Herman P, Vernon S, Vernon J (1973) The auditory sensitivity of the lemur. Am J Phys Anthropol 38:365–370
Heffner HE, Heffner RS (1985a) Hearing in two cricetid rodents: wood rat (Neotoma floridana and grasshopper mouse (Onychomys leucogaster). J Comp Psychol 99:275–288
Heffner RS, Heffner HE (1985b) Hearing in mammals: the least weasel. J Mammal 66:745–755
Heffner RS, Heffner HE (1990) Hearing in domestic pig (Sus scrofa) and goat (Capra hircus). Hear Res 48:231–240
Heffner H, Masterton R (1980) Hearing in glires: domestic rabbit, cotton rat, feral house mouse and kangaroo rat. J Acoust Soc Am 68:154–1599
Heffner RS, Koay G, Heffner HE (2001) Audiograms of five species of rodents: implications for the evolution of hearing and the encoding of pitch. Hear Res 157:138–152
Heffner RS, Koay G, Heffner HE (2006) Hearing in large (Eidolon helvum) and small (Cynopterus brachyotis) non-echolocating fruit bats. Hear Res 221:17–25
Hienz RD, Turkkan JS, Harris AH (1982) Pure tone thresholds in the yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus) Hear Res 8:71–75
Hill RW, Wyse GA, Anderson M (2008) Animal physiology, 2nd edn. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland
Jackson LL, Heffner HE, Heffner RS (1997) Audiogram of the fox squirrel (Sciurus niger). J Comp Psychol 111:100–104
Kalcounis-Rüppell MC, Metheny JD, Vonhof MJ (2006) Production of ultrasonic vocalizations by Peromyscus mice in the wild. Front Zool 3:3
Koay G, Heffner HE, Heffner RS (1997) Audiogram of the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus). Hear Res 105:202–210
Kojima S (1990) Comparison of auditory functions in the chimpanzee and human. Folia Primatol 55:62–72
Landry-Cuerrier M, Munro D, Thomas DW, Humphries MM (2008) Climate and resource dependence of fundamental and realized metabolic niches of hibernating chipmunks. Ecology 89:3306–3316
Lausen CL, Barclay RMR (2006) Benefits of living in a building: big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in rocks versus buildings. J Mammal 87:362–370
Lovegrove BG (2009) Modification and miniaturization of thermochron iButtons for surgical implantation into small animals. J Comp Physiol. doi:10.1007/s00360-008-0329-x
Munro D, Thomas DW, Humphries MM (2005) Torpor patterns of hibernating eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) vary in response to the size and fatty acid composition of food hoards. J Anim Ecol 74:692–700
Mzilikazi N, Lovegrove BG (2004) Daily torpor in free-ranging rock elephant shrews, Elephantulus myurus: a year-long study. Physiol Biochem Zool 77:285–296
Mzilikazi N, Lovegrove B (2005) Daily torpor during the active phase in free-ranging rock elephant shrews (Elephantulus myurus). J Zool 267:103–111
Neubaum DJ, O’Shea TJ, Wilson KR (2006) Autumn migration and selection of rock crevice as hibernacula by big brown bats in Colorado. J Mammal 87:470–479
Popper AN, Fay RR (eds) (1995) Hearing by bats. Springer, New York
Pytte CL, Ficken MS, Moiseff A (2004) Ultrasonic singing by the blue-throated hummingbird: a comparison between production and perception. J Comp Physiol A 190:665–673
Robert KA, Thompson MB (2003) Reconstructing thermochron iButtons to reduce size and weight as a new technique in the study of small animal thermal biology. Herpetol Rev 34:130–132
Ryan A (1976) Hearing sensitivity of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatis. J Acoust Soc Am 59:1222–1226
Sales G, Pye D (1974) Ultrasonic communication by animals. Chapman & Hall, London
Schaub A, Ostwald J, Siemers BM (2008) Foraging bats avoid noise. J Exp Biol 211:3174–3180
Schiek B, Rolfes I, Siweris H-J (2006) Noise in high-frequency circuits and oscillators. Wiley, Hoboken
Seebacher F, Guderley H, Elsey RM, Trosclair PL (2003) Seasonal acclimatisation of muscle enzymes in a reptile (Alligator mississippiensis). J Exp Biol 206:1193–1200
Sewell GD (1970) Ultrasonic communication in rodents. Nature 227:410
Solick DI, Barclay RMR (2006) Thermoregulation and roosting behaviour of reproductive and nonreproductive female western long-eared bats (Myotis evotis) in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta. Can J Zool 84:589–599
Solick DI, Barclay RMR (2007) Geographic variation in the use of torpor and roosting behaviour of female western long-eared bats. J Zool 272:358–366
Warnecke L, Withers PC, Schleucher E, Maloney SK (2007) Body temperature variation of free-ranging and captive southern bandicoots Isoodon obesulus (Marsupialia: Peramelidae). J Therm Biol 43:72–77
Warner DA, Shine R (2007) Maternal nest-site choice in a lizard with temperature-dependent sex determination. Anim Behav 75:861–870
Wenstrup JJ (1984) Auditory sensitivity in the fish-catching bat, Noctilio leporinus. J Comp Physiol 155:91–101
Willis CKR, Brigham RM (2005) Physiological and ecological aspects of roost selection by reproductive female hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus). J Mammal 86:85–94
Willis CKR, Brigham RM (2007) Social thermoregulation exerts more influence than microclimate on forest roost preferences by a cavity-dwelling bat. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 62:97–108
Willis CKR, Goldzieher A, Geiser F (2005) A non-invasive method for quantifying patterns of torpor and activity under semi-natural conditions. J Therm Biol 30:551–556
Willis CKR, Brigham RM, Geiser F (2006) Deep, prolonged torpor by pregnant free-ranging bats. Naturwissenschaften 93:80–83
Wilson DR, Hare JF (2004) Ground squirrel uses ultrasonic alarms. Nature 430:523
Withers PC (1992) Comparative animal physiology. Saunders, Fort Worth
Zar JH (1984) Biostatistical analysis. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs