Therapeutic Role of Ursolic Acid on Ameliorating Hepatic Steatosis and Improving Metabolic Disorders in High-Fat Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Rats

P Angulo, 2002, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 17, S186, 10.1046/j.1440-1746.17.s1.10.x

Choudhury J, Sanyal AJ (2004) Insulin resistance and the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 8: 575–594, ix.

OF James, 1998, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a disease of emerging identity and importance, J Hepatol, 29, 495, 10.1016/S0168-8278(98)80073-1

CP Day, 1998, Steatohepatitis: a tale of two “hits”?, Gastroenterology, 114, 842, 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70599-2

MS Rao, 2004, PPARalpha in the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease, Hepatology, 40, 783, 10.1002/hep.1840400405

Tailleux A, Wouters K, Staels B (2011) Roles of PPARs in NAFLD: Potential therapeutic targets. Biochim Biophys Acta.

P Lefebvre, 2006, Sorting out the roles of PPAR alpha in energy metabolism and vascular homeostasis, J Clin Invest, 116, 571, 10.1172/JCI27989

SQ Yang, 1997, Obesity increases sensitivity to endotoxin liver injury: implications for the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 94, 2557, 10.1073/pnas.94.6.2557

MR Teli, 1995, The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver: a follow-up study, Hepatology, 22, 1714, 10.1002/hep.1840220616

N Rafiq, 2008, Effects of weight loss on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Semin Liver Dis, 28, 427, 10.1055/s-0028-1091986

S Jager, 2009, Pentacyclic triterpene distribution in various plants - rich sources for a new group of multi-potent plant extracts, Molecules, 14, 2016, 10.3390/molecules14062016

J Liu, 1995, Pharmacology of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, J Ethnopharmacol, 49, 57, 10.1016/0378-8741(95)90032-2

Y Ikeda, 2008, Ursolic acid: an anti- and pro-inflammatory triterpenoid, Mol Nutr Food Res, 52, 26, 10.1002/mnfr.200700389

Y Li, 2010, Ursolic acid stimulates lipolysis in primary-cultured rat adipocytes, Mol Nutr Food Res, 54, 1609, 10.1002/mnfr.200900564

VS Rao, 2011, Ursolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene from Sambucus australis, prevents abdominal adiposity in mice fed a high-fat diet, J Med Food, 14, 1375, 10.1089/jmf.2010.0267

SD Kunkel, 2012, Ursolic acid increases skeletal muscle and brown fat and decreases diet-induced obesity, glucose intolerance and fatty liver disease, PLoS One, 7, e39332, 10.1371/journal.pone.0039332

A Sundaresan, 2012, Ursolic acid and rosiglitazone combination alleviates metabolic syndrome in high fat diet fed C57BL/6J mice, General physiology and biophysics, 31, 323, 10.4149/gpb_2012_037

B Jayaprakasam, 2006, Amelioration of obesity and glucose intolerance in high-fat-fed C57BL/6 mice by anthocyanins and ursolic acid in Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas), J Agric Food Chem, 54, 243, 10.1021/jf0520342

JF Silverman, 1990, Liver pathology in morbidly obese patients with and without diabetes, Am J Gastroenterol, 85, 1349

SK Erickson, 2009, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, J Lipid Res, 50, 10.1194/jlr.R800089-JLR200

Z Liu, 2012, A potent lead induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells, PLoS One, 7, e37841, 10.1371/journal.pone.0037841

R Hu, 2012, 6-Shogaol induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells and exhibits anti-tumor activity in vivo through endoplasmic reticulum stress, PLoS One, 7, e39664, 10.1371/journal.pone.0039664

S Li, 2013, Calcium supplementation increases circulating cholesterol by reducing its catabolism via GPER and TRPC1-dependent pathway in estrogen deficient women, Int J Cardiol, 168, 2548, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.03.057

N Lu, 2008, Gossypin up-regulates LDL receptor through activation of ERK pathway: a signaling mechanism for the hypocholesterolemic effect, J Agric Food Chem, 56, 11526, 10.1021/jf802607x

F Guo, 2011, Beneficial effects of mangiferin on hyperlipidemia in high-fat-fed hamsters, Mol Nutr Food Res, 55, 1809, 10.1002/mnfr.201100392

JK Reddy, 2006, Lipid metabolism and liver inflammation. II. Fatty liver disease and fatty acid oxidation, American journal of physiology Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 290, G852, 10.1152/ajpgi.00521.2005

G Musso, 2009, Recent insights into hepatic lipid metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Progress in lipid research, 48, 1, 10.1016/j.plipres.2008.08.001

G Svegliati-Baroni, 2006, A model of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats: role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid treatment on liver injury, Am J Pathol, 169, 846, 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050953

S Ferreira Dda, 2010, Trypanocidal activity and acute toxicity assessment of triterpene acids, Parasitol Res, 106, 985, 10.1007/s00436-010-1740-2

JK Reddy, 2006, Lipid metabolism and liver inflammation. II. Fatty liver disease and fatty acid oxidation, Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 290, G852, 10.1152/ajpgi.00521.2005

Y Jia, 2011, Ursolic acid is a PPAR-alpha agonist that regulates hepatic lipid metabolism, Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 21, 5876, 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.095

I Pineda Torra, 2003, Bile acids induce the expression of the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha gene via activation of the farnesoid X receptor, Mol Endocrinol, 17, 259, 10.1210/me.2002-0120

S Fiorucci, 2005, Cross-talk between farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma contributes to the antifibrotic activity of FXR ligands in rodent models of liver cirrhosis, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 315, 58, 10.1124/jpet.105.085597

C Genet, 2010, Structure-activity relationship study of betulinic acid, a novel and selective TGR5 agonist, and its synthetic derivatives: potential impact in diabetes, J Med Chem, 53, 178, 10.1021/jm900872z

X Chen, 2011, TGR5: a novel target for weight maintenance and glucose metabolism, Exp Diabetes Res, 2011, 853501, 10.1155/2011/853501

RH McMahan, 2013, Bile acid receptor activation modulates hepatic monocyte activity and improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, J Biol Chem, 288, 11761, 10.1074/jbc.M112.446575

XX Yu, 2005, Antisense oligonucleotide reduction of DGAT2 expression improves hepatic steatosis and hyperlipidemia in obese mice, Hepatology, 42, 362, 10.1002/hep.20783

RA Srivastava, 2006, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha selective ligand reduces adiposity, improves insulin sensitivity and inhibits atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice, Mol Cell Biochem, 285, 35, 10.1007/s11010-005-9053-y

F Sun, 2010, Osthol regulates hepatic PPAR alpha-mediated lipogenic gene expression in alcoholic fatty liver murine, Phytomedicine, 17, 669, 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.10.021

G Musso, 2009, Recent insights into hepatic lipid metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Prog Lipid Res, 48, 1, 10.1016/j.plipres.2008.08.001

JD Browning, 2004, Molecular mediators of hepatic steatosis and liver injury, J Clin Invest, 114, 147, 10.1172/JCI200422422

C Le May, 2005, Fatty acids induce L-CPT I gene expression through a PPARalpha-independent mechanism in rat hepatoma cells, J Nutr, 135, 2313, 10.1093/jn/135.10.2313

T Fukao, 2004, Pathways and control of ketone body metabolism: on the fringe of lipid biochemistry, Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 70, 243, 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.11.001

JR Lewis, 2010, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a review and update, Dig Dis Sci, 55, 560, 10.1007/s10620-009-1081-0

JW Haukeland, 2006, Systemic inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by elevated levels of CCL2, J Hepatol, 44, 1167, 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.02.011

H Tilg, 2010, Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the multiple parallel hits hypothesis, Hepatology, 52, 1836, 10.1002/hep.24001

E Ip, 2004, Administration of the potent PPARalpha agonist, Wy-14,643, reverses nutritional fibrosis and steatohepatitis in mice, Hepatology, 39, 1286, 10.1002/hep.20170

LA Adams, 2005, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, CMAJ, 172, 899, 10.1503/cmaj.045232

SA Polyzos, 2009, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the pathogenetic roles of insulin resistance and adipocytokines, Curr Mol Med, 9, 299, 10.2174/156652409787847191

P Tessari, 2009, Hepatic lipid metabolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 19, 291, 10.1016/j.numecd.2008.12.015

A Lonardo, 2006, ‘Endocrine NAFLD’ a hormonocentric perspective of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis, J Hepatol, 44, 1196, 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.03.005

K Hensley, 2000, Dietary choline restriction causes complex I dysfunction and increased H(2)O(2) generation in liver mitochondria, Carcinogenesis, 21, 983, 10.1093/carcin/21.5.983

A Laurent, 2004, Pivotal role of superoxide anion and beneficial effect of antioxidant molecules in murine steatohepatitis, Hepatology, 39, 1277, 10.1002/hep.20177