Theory construction in psychology: The interpretation and integration of psychological data

Amarel, S.: 1962, ‘An Approach to Automatic Theory Formation’, in von Foerster and Zopf (1962). Amarel, S.: 1962a, ‘On the Automatic Formation of a Computer Program which Represents a Theory’, in Yovits et al. (1962). Amarel, S.: 1968, ‘On Representations of Problems of Reasoning about Actions’, Machine Intelligence 3, 131–171. Anderson, J. and Bower, G.: 1973, Human Associative Memory, Winston. Arbib, M. A.: 1969, ‘Memory Limitations of Stimulus-Response Models’, Psychological Review 76, 507–510; reprinted in Scandura (1976). Banerji, R. B.: 1969, Theory of Problem Solving (American Elsevier). R. B. Banerji and M. D. Mesarović (eds.): 1970, Theoretical Approaches to Non-Numerical Problem-Solving (Springer-Verlag). Barstow, D.: 1979, Knowledge-Based Program Contruction (North-Holland). Becker, G. M. and McClintock, C. G.: 1967, ‘Value: Behavioral Decision Theory’, Annual Review of Psychology 18, 239–286. Bečvář, J. (ed.): 1975, Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (Springer-Verlag). Bellman, R.: 1971, Adaptive Control Processes (Princeton University Press). Bellman, R. and Dreyfus, S.: 1962, Applied Dynamic Programming (Princeton University Press). Bierman, A. W.: 1972, ‘On the Inference of Turing Machines from Sample Computations’, Artificial Intelligence 3, 181–198. Blum, M.: 1967, ‘A Machine-Independent Theory of the Complexity of Recursive Functions’, Journal of the Assoc. of Computing Machinery 14, 322–336. Bobrow, D. G. and Collins, A. (eds.): 1975, Representation and Understanding (Academic Press). Boring, E. G.: 1963, ‘Science Keeps on Becoming: A Review of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by T. S. Kuhn’, Contemporary Psychology 8, 180–182. Buchanan, B. G.: 1976, ‘Scientific Theory Formation by Computer’ in J. C. Simon (1976). Buchanan, B. G.: 1979, ‘Steps toward Mechanizing Discovery’ (Pittsburgh U. Conf. on the Logic of Diagnosis, Oct. 1978), Stanford Heuristic Programming Project Memo HPP-79-28. Buchanan, B. G., Feigenbaum, E. A., and Sridharan, N. S.: 1972, ‘Heuristic Theory Formation: Data Interpretation and Rule Formation’, Machine Intelligence 7. Buchanan, B. G. and Mitchell, T.: 1978, ‘Model-Directed Learning of Production Rules’, in Waterman and Hayes-Roth (1978). Buchanan, B. G., Mitchell, T., Smith, R. and Johnson, C. R. Jr.: 1978, ‘Models of Learning Systems’, Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology Vol. 11, (Marcel Dekker Inc.). Budin, M.: 1972, ‘A New Approach to System Identification and State Estimation’, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics 2, 396–402. Bundy, A. et al. 1979, ‘Solving Mechanical Problems Using Meta-Level Information’, International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence 6, 1017–1027. Burks, A. W. (ed.): 1970, Essays on Cellular Automata (University of Illinois Press). Carnap, R.: 1956, ‘The Methodological Character of Theoretical Concepts’, in H. Feigl and M. Scriven (eds.) Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science Vol. I, (University of Minn. Press). Chaitin, G.: 1966, ‘On the Length of Programs for Computing Finite Binary Sequences’, Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery 13, 547–569. Chaitin, C.: 1974, ‘Information-Theoretic Computational Complexity’, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory (IT) 20, 10–15. Chapanis, A.: 1963, ‘Engineering Psychology’, Annual Review of Psychology, 285–313. Chernoff, H. and Moses, L.: 1959, Elementary Decision Theory (Wiley). Chomsky, N.: 1959, ‘Review of B. F. Skinner: Verbal Behavior’, Language 35, 26–58. Church, A.: 1940, ‘On the Concept of a Random Sequence’, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 46, 130–135. Davis, R.: 1977, ‘Meta-Level Knowledge’ Overview and Applications’, Int. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence 5, 920–927. Davis, R. and Lenat, D.: 1980, Knowledge-Based Systems in Artificial Intelligence (McGraw-Hill). Davisson, L. D. and Gray, R. M.: 1976, Data Compression, (Dowden, Hutchison and Ross). Domotor, Z.: 1976, ‘Formulating Mathematical Models of Psychological Phenomena’, in Scandura (1976). Domotor, Z.: 1980, ‘Probability Kinematics and Belief Change’, Philosophy of Science 47, 384–403. Edwards, W., Lindman, H. and Savage, L. J.: 1963, ‘Bayesian Statistical Inference for Psychological Research’, Psych. Rev. 70, 193–242. Egan, D. E. and Greeno, J.: 1974, ‘Theory of Rule Induction’, in Gregg (1974). Elcock, E. and Michie, D. (eds.): 1977, Machine Intelligence 8: Machine Representations of Knowledge (University of Edinburgh Press). Elithorn, A. and Jones, D.: 1973, Artificial and Human Thinking, Jossey-Bass. Feigenbaum, E. A.: 1980, ‘Knowledge Engineering: The Applied Side of Artificial Intelligence’, Stanford Heuristic Programming Project Memo HPP-80-14. Feigenbaum, A. A. and Feldman, J. (eds.): 1963, Computers and Thought McGraw-Hill. Findler, N. V.: 1976, ‘Design of an Interactive Environment to Study the Behavior of Several Robots which Can Learn, Plan their Actions and Coexist’, in Simon, J. C. (1976). Findler, N. V. (ed.): 1979, Associative Networks—The Representation and Use of Knowledge in Computers (Academic Press). Fischer, R. A.: 1935, The Design of Experiments (Oliver & Boyd). Foerster, H.v. and Zopf, G. W. (eds.): 1962, Principles of Self-Organisation (Pergamon-Macmillan). Fu, K. S.: 1970, ‘Stochastic Automata as Models of Learning Systems’, in Mendel and Fu (1970), pp. 393–431. Fu, K. S.: 1976, ‘Learning with Stochastic Automata and Stochastic Languages’, in J. C. Simon (1976), pp. 69–103. Fu, K. S. and McLaren, R. W.: 1965, ‘An Application of Stochastic Automata to the Synthesis of Learning Systems’, Purdue Technical Report TR-EE-65-17. Gatlin, L. L.: 1972, Information Theory and the Living System (Columbia University Press). Greeno, J. G.: 1970, ‘Evaluation of Statistical Hypotheses Using Information Transmitted’, Philosophy of Science 37, 279–293. Greeno, J. G.: 1971, ‘Theoretical Entities in Statistical Explanation’, in Buck and Cohen, (eds.) PSA 1970 (D. Reidel, Dordrecht). Gregg, L. (ed.): 1974, Knowledge and Cognition (Wiley). Grigorenko, V. P., Neymark, Yu. I., Rapoport, A. N. and Ronin, Ye. I.: 1974, ‘Optimization by a Team of Independent Automata with Adaptation’, Journal of Cybernetics 3, 83–92. Guthrie, E. R.: 1964, ‘Psychological Facts and Psychological Theory’ Psychological Bulletin 43, 1–20. Hájek, P.: 1975, ‘On Logics of Discovery’, in Bečvář (1975), pp. 30–45. Hájek, P., Havel, I. and Chytil, M.: 1966, ‘The GUHA Method of Automatic Hypothesis Determination’, Computing 1, 293–308. Hájek, P. and Havranek, T.: 1978, Mechanising Hypothesis Formation: Mathematical Foundations for a General Theory (Springer-Verlag). Hamming, R.: 1980, Coding and Information Theory (Prentice-Hall). Hanna, J.: 1966, ‘A New Approach to the Formulation and Testing of Learning Models’, Synthese 16, 344–380. Hartley, H. O.: 1961, ‘In Dr. Bayes' Consulting Room’, American Statistician 17, 22–24. Hartmanis, J. and Hopcroft, J.: 1971, ‘An Overview of Computational Complexity’, Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery 18, 444–475. Havránek, T.: 1975, ‘Statistical Quantifiers in Observational Functor Calculi: An Application in GUHA-Methods’, Theory and Decision 6, 213–230. Hayes, J. P.: 1978, Computer Architecture and Organization (McGraw-Hill). Helmstadter, G. C.: 1970, Research Concepts in Human Behavior, Appleton-Century- Crofts. Hendrix, G. G.: 1979, ‘Encoding Knowledge in Partitioned Networks’, in Findler (1979), pp. 51–92. Henkin, L., Suppes, P. and Tarski, A. (eds.): 1959, The Axiomatic Method (North-Holland). Hilpinen, R.: 1970, ‘On the Information Provided by Observations’, in Hintikka and Suppes (1970). Hintikka, J. and Tuomela, R.: 1970, ‘Towards a General Theory of Auxiliary Concepts and Definability in First-Order Theories’, in Hintikka and Suppes (1970). Hintikka, J. and Suppes, P. (eds.): 1970, Information and Inference, (D. Reidel, Dordrecht). Holland, J. H.: 1975, Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, (University of Michigan Press). Holland, J. H.: 1970, ‘Outline for a Logical Theory of Adaptive Systems’, in Burks (1970). Hull, C. L.: 1943, Principles of Behavior, Appleton-Century. Hull, C. L., Hovland, C. I, Ross, R. T., Hall, M., Perkins, P. T. and Fitch, F. B.: 1940, Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote-Learning (Yale University Press). Hunt, E. B.: 1962, Concept Learning: An Information Processing Problem (Wiley). Hunt, E. B.: 1965, ‘The Evaluation of Somewhat Parallel Models’, in Massarik and Ratoosh (1965). Hunt, E. B.: 1968, ‘Computer Simulation: Artificial Intelligence Studies and their Relation to Psychology’, Annual Review of Psychology 19, 135–168. Hunt, E. B.: 1975, Artificial Intelligence (Academic Press). Hunt, E. B. and Makous, W.: 1969, ‘Some Characteristics of Human Information Processing’, in Tou (1969). Iosifescu, M. and Theodorescu, R.: 1969, Random Processes and Learning Models (Springer-Verlag). Kieras, D. E.: 1976, ‘Finite Automata and S-R Models’, Journal of Mathematical Psychology 13, 127–147. Lasdon, L.: 1970, Optimization Theory for Large Systems, McMillan. Lawler, E. L.: 1971, ‘The Complexity of Combinatorial Computations: A Survey’ in J. Fox (ed.) Computers and Automata (Wiley). Lempel, A. and Ziv, J.: 1976, ‘On the Complexity of Finite Sequences’, IEEE Trans. on Information Theory (IT) 22, 75–81. Lenat, D.: 1977, ‘Automated Theory Formation in Mathematics’, Fifth Int. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence 2, 833–841. Levi, I.: 1980, The Enterprise of Knowledge: An Essay on Knowledge, Credal Probability, and Chance (MIT Press). Lindley, D. V.: 1956, ‘On a Measure of the Information Provided by an Experiment’, Annals of Mathematical Statistics 27, 986–1005. Lindsay, P. H. and Norman, D. A.: 1972, Human Information Processing: An Introduction to Psychology (Academic Press). Lobbia, D. and Saridis, M.: 1973, ‘Identification and Control of Multivariate Stochastic Feedback Systems’, Journal of Cybernetics 3, 40–59. Logan, F. A.: 1956, ‘A Micromolar Approach to Behavior Theory’, Psychological Review 63, 63–73. Manna, Z. and Waldinger, R. J. (eds.): 1977, Studies in Automatic Programming Logic (North-Holland). March, J. G. and Simon, H. A.: 1958, Organizations (Wiley). Marschak, J.: 1954, ‘Towards an Economic Theory of Organization and Information’, in Thrall, Coombs and Davis (1954), pp. 187–220; reprinted in Marschak (1974), pp. 29–62. Marschak, J.: 1971, ‘Economics of Information Systems’, Journal of the American Statistical Association 66, 192–219; reprinted in Marschak (1974), pp. 270–341. Marschak, J.: 1974, Economic Information, Decision, and Prediction II, Economics of Information and Organization (D. Reidel, Dordrecht). Marschak, J. and Miyasawa, K.: 1968, ‘Economic Comparability of Information Systems’, Int. Econ. Rev. 9, 137–174; reprinted in Marschak (1974), pp. 201–249. Marschak, J. and Radner, R.: 1972, Economic Theory of Teams (Yale Univ. Press). Martin-Löf, P.: 1966, ‘The Definition of Random Sequences’, Information and Control. Martin-Löf, P.: 1969, ‘Algorithms and Randomness’, International Statistics Institute Review. Massarik, F. and Ratoosh, P. (eds.): 1965, Mathematical Explorations in Behavioral Science (Dorsey Press). Marx, M. H. and Hillix, W. A.: 1963, Systems and Theories in Psychology (McGraw-Hill). McCarthy, J.: 1977, ‘Epistemological Problems of Artificial Intelligence’, Int. Joint Conf. on Artif. Intel. 5, 1038–1044. McCarthy, J. and Hayes, P.: 1969, ‘Some Philosophical Problems from the Point of View of Artificial Intelligence’, Machine Intelligence 4. Meisel, W. S and Collins, D. C.: 1973, ‘Repro-Modeling: An Approach to Efficient Model Utilization and Interpretation’, IEEE Trans. on Society, Man and Computers (SMC) 3, 349–358. Mendel, J. M. and Fu, K. S. (eds.): 1970, Adaptive, Learning, and Pattern Recognition Systems (Academic Press). Mesarović, M. D.: 1964, ‘Foundations for a General Systems Theory’, in M. D. Mesarović, (ed.), Views on General Systems Theory (Wiley). Mesarović, M.D.: 1967, Mathematical Theory of General Systems (Pensylvania State University Press). Mesarović, M. D.: 1968, ‘Auxiliary Functions and Constructive Specification of General Systems’, Mathematical Systems Theory Journal 2. Mesarović, M. D. and Macko, D.: 1969, ‘Foundations for a Scientific Theory of Hierarchical Systems’, in Whyte et al. (1969). Mesarović, M. D., Macko, D. and Takahara, Y.: 1970, Theory of Hierarchical, Multilevel Systems (Academic Press). Minsky, M. (ed.): 1968, Semantic Information Processing (MIT Press). Minsky, M.: 1961, ‘Steps toward Artificial Intelligence’, Proc. of the Institute of Radio Engineers 49, 8–30; reprinted in Feigenbaum and Feldman (1963). Minsky, M.: 1975, ‘A Framework for Representing Knowledge’, in Winston (1975). Morgan, C. G.: 1971, ‘Hypothesis Generation by Machine’, Artificial Intelligence 2, 179–187. Muchnik, S. S.: 1976, ‘Computational Complexity of Multiple-Recursive Schemata’, SIAM Journal of Computing 5, 427–451. Murphy, G.: 1963, ‘The Psychology of 1975: An Extrapolation‘, The American Psychologist 18, 689–695. Murphy, R. E.: 1961, ‘Relations between Self-Adaptive Control Theory and Artificially Intelligent Behavior in a Stationary Stochastic Environment’, IEEE Publication S-142, Artificial Intelligence, 45–63. Murphy, R. E.: 1965, Adaptive Processes in Economic Systems (Academic Press). Nagel, E., Suppes, P. and Tarski, A. (eds.): 1962, Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science (Stanford University Press). Narendra, K. S. and Thathachar, M. A. L.: 1974, ‘Learning Automata—a Survey’, IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man and Cybernetics 4, 323–334. Nelson, R. J.: 1969, ‘Behaviorism is False’, Journal of Philosophy 66. Nelson, R. J.: 1975, ‘Behaviorism, Finite Automata and Stimulus-Response Theory’, Theory and Decision 6, 249–268. Newell, A., Shaw, J. and Simon, H. A.: 1957, ‘Empirical Explorations of the Logic Theory Machine’, reprinted in Feigenbaum and Feldman (1963), pp. 109–133. Newell, A. and Simon, H. A.: 1963, ‘GPS, a Program that Simulates Human Thought’, in Feigenbaum and Feldman (1963), pp. 279–293. Newell, A. and Simon, H. A.: 1972, Human Problem Solving (Prentice-Hall). Neyman, J.: 1962, ‘Two Breakthroughs in the History of Statistical Decision Making’, Rev. of the Intern. Stat. Inst. 30, 11–27. Niiniluota, I. and Tuomela, R.: 1973, Theoretical Concepts and Hypothetico-Inductive Inference (D. Reidel, Dordrecht). Nilsson, N. J.: 1965, Learning Machines (McGraw-Hill). Nilsson, N. J.: 1980, Principles of Artificial Intelligence (Tioga). Norman, M. F.: 1972, Markov Processes and Learning Models (Academic Press). Norman, D. A. and Rumelhart, P. E. (eds.): 1975, Explorations in Cognition (Freeman). Padulo, L. and Arbib, M.: 1974, System Theory: A Unified State-Space Approach to Continuous and Discrete Systems (Saunders). Pattee, H. H. (ed.): 1973, Hierarchy Theory (G. Braziller). Pearl, J.: 1976, ‘Theoretical Bounds on the Complexity of Inexact Computations’, IEEE Trans. on Information Theory (IT) 22, 580–586. Porter, W. A.: 1977, ‘Causal Realizations from Input-Output Pairs’, SIAM Journal on Control and Optimizing 15, 120–128. Raiffa, H. and Schlaifer, R.: 1961, Applied Statistical Decision Theory (Harvard University Press). Rantala, V.: 1978, ‘Aspects of Definability Theory’, Acta Philosophica Fennica, 30. Restle, F.: 1959, ‘A Survey and Classification of Learning Models’, in R. Bush and W. Estes, (eds.); Studies in Mathematical Learning Theory (Stanford University Press). Richardson, J. T. E.: 1977, ‘A Test of Finite-State Theories of Memory’, British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 30, 73–78. Rosenkrantz, R.: 1977, Inference, Method and Decision: Towards a Bayesian Philosophy of Science (D. Reidel, Dordrecht). Sacerdoti, E. D.: 1977, A Structure for Plans and Behavior, (American Elsevier). Sampson, J. R.: 1976, Adaptive Information Processing: An Introductory Survey (Springer-Verlag). Savage, L. J.: 1954, The Foundation of Statistics (Wiley). Savage, J. E.: 1976, The Complexity of Computing (Wiley). Scandura, J. M.: 1976, Structural Learning II: Issues and Approaches (Gordon and Breach). Scott, D.: 1964, ‘Measurement Structures and Linear Inequalities’, Journal of Mathematical Psychology 1, 233–247. Scott, D.: 1976, ‘Data Types as Lattices’, SIAM Journal on Computing 5, 522–587. Scott, D. and Strachey, J.: 1971, ‘Toward a Mathematical Semantics for Computer Languages’, in J. Fox (ed.), Computers and Atomata, (Wiley), pp. 19–46. Seidenfeld, T.: 1979, Philosophical Problems of Statistical Inference. Learning from R. A. Fisher (Reidel, Dordrecht). Sells, S. B. (ed.): 1963, Stimulus Determinants of Behavior (Ronald). Simon, H. A.: 1974, Administrative Behavior (Univ. of Chicago Press). Simon, H. A.: 1959, ‘Definable Terms and Primitives in Axiom Systems’, in Henkin, Suppes and Tarski (1959), pp. 443–453; reprinted in Simon (1977), pp. 376–386. Simon, H. A.: 1970, ‘The Axiomatization of Physical Theories’, Philosophy of Science 32, 16–26; reprinted in Simon (1977), pp. 376–386. Simon, H. A.: 1973, ‘The Organization of Complex Systems’, in Pattee (1973), pp. 3–27; reprinted in Simon (1977), pp. 245–261. Simon H. A.: 1977, Models of Discovery (D. Reidel, Dordrecht). Simon, H. A.: 1977a, ‘Identifiability and the Status of Theoretical Terms’, in R. E. Butts and J. Hintikka, (eds.) Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress for Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, II Basic Problems in Methodology and Linguistics, (D. Reidel, Dordrecht), pp. 43–61; reprinted in Simon (1977), pp. 422–440. Simon, H. A. (ed.): 1979, Models of Thought (Yale University Press). Simon, H. A. and Groen, G. J.: 1973, ‘Ramsey Eliminability and the Testability of Scientific Theories’, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 24, 357–408; reprinted in Simon (1977), pp. 403–421. Simon, H. A. and Lea, G.: 1974, ‘Problem Solving and Rule Induction: A Unified View’, in Gregg (1974). Simon H. A. and Siklóssy, L. (eds.): 1972, Representation and Meaning: Experiments with Information Processing Systems (Prentice-Hall). Simon, J. C. (ed.): 1976, Computer Oriented Learning Processes (Noordhoff). Skinner, B. F.: 1957, Verbal Behavior (Appleton-Century). Slepian, D. (ed.): 1974, (Key Papers in) The Development of Information Theory (IEEE Press). Sneed, J.: 1971, The Logical Structure of Mathematical Physics (D. Reidel, Dordrecht). Sober, E.: 1975, Simplicity (Oxford University Press). Solomonoff, R.: 1961, ‘Training Sequence for Mechanized Induction’, in Yovits et al. (1962). Solomonoff, R.: 1964, ‘A Formal Theory of Inductive Inference’, Information and Control 7, 1–22; 224–254. Solomonoff, R.: 1975, ‘Inductive Inference Theory-A Unified Approach to Problems in Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence’, Fourth Intern. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence 1, 274–280. Solomonoff, R.: 1959, ‘A New Method for Discovering the Grammars of Phrase-Structure Languages’, Information Processing (UNESCO Publishing House). Srinivasan, C. V.: 1977, ‘The Meta-Description System: A System to Generate Intelligent Information Systems. Part I: The Model Space’, Rutgers University Computer Science Report SOSAP-TR-20A. Stewart, D. J.: 1967, ‘Logical Nets and Organisms that Learn’, in Stewart, D. J.: Automaton Theory and Learning Systems (Thompson Book Co.). Suppes, P.: 1962, ‘Models of Data’, in Nagel, Suppes and Tarski (1962), pp. 252–261; reprinted in Suppes (1969a), pp. 24–35. Suppes, P.: 1961, ‘Behavioristic Foundations of Utility’, Econometrica 29, 186–202. Suppes, P.: 1965, ‘Behaviorism’, in Suppes (1969a), pp. 294–311. Suppes, P.: 1969, ‘Stimulus-Response Theory of Finite Automata’, Journal of Math. Psych. 6, 327–355; reprinted in Suppes (1969a), pp. 411–444; excerpted in Scandura (1976), pp. 11–17. Suppes, P.: 1969a, Studies in the Methodology and Foundations of Science (D. Reidel, Dordrecht). Suppes, P.: 1975, ‘From Behaviorism to Neobehaviorism’, Theory and Decision 6, 269–285. Suppes, P.: 1977, ‘A Survey of Contemporary Learning Theories’, in R. E. Butts and J. Hintikka (eds.), Proc. of the 5th Intern. Congr. for Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, III Foundational Problems in the Special Sciences (D. Reidel, Dordrecht), pp. 217–239. Suppes, P.: 1974, ‘Automata’, in E. C. Carterette and M. P. Friedman, (eds.), Handbook of Perception, I, (Academic Press). Tanaka, K.: 1976, ‘Learning in Fuzzy Machines’, in J. C. Simon (1976). Thrall, R. M., Coombs, C. H. and Davis, R. L. (eds.): 1954, Decision Processes (Wiley). Toda, M. and Shuford, E. H. Jr.: 1964, ‘Logic of Systems: Introduction to the Formal Theory of Structure’, Decision Sciences Laboratory, Hanscom Field, Becfore MA, Technical Report ESD-TDR-64-193. Tou, J. (ed.): 1969, Advances in Information Science (Plenum). Tsypkin, Ya. Z.: 1971, Adaptation and Learning in Automatic Systems (Academic Press). Tuomela, R.: 1971, ‘The Role of Theoretical Concepts in Neobehavioristic Theories’, Reports from the Institute of Philosophy, University of Helsinki, No. 1. Tuomela, R.: 1973, Theoretical Concepts (Springer-Verlag). Tversky, A. and Kahneman, D.: 1971, ‘Belief in the Law of Small Numbers’, Psychological Bulletin 76, 105–110. Viswanathan, R. and Narendra, K. S.: 1972, ‘Comparison of Expedient and Optimal Reinforcement Schemes for Learning Systems’, Journal of Cybernetics 2, 21–37. Viswanathan, R. and Narendra, K. S.: 1973, ‘Stochastic Automata Models with Applications to Learning Systems’, IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC) 3, 107–111. Vorontsova, I. P.: 1965, ‘Algorithms for Changing Stochastic Automata Transition Probabilities’, Problemy Peredachny Informat. 1, 122–126. Waldinger, R. J. and Levitt, K. N.: 1974, ‘Reasoning about Programs’, Artificial In telligence 5, 235–316. Watanabe, S.: 1969, Knowing and Guessing: A Quantitative Study of Inference and Information (Wiley). Watanabe, S.: 1960, ‘Information and Theoretic Aspects of Inductive and Deductive Reasoning’, IBM Journal of Research and Development 4, 208–231. Waterman, D. and Newell, A.: 1971, ‘Protocol Analysis as a Task for AI’, Artificial Intelligence 2, 258–318. Waterman, D. and Hayes-Roth, F. (eds.): 1978, Pattern-Directed Inference System (Academic Press). Weyhrauch, R.: 1980, ‘Prolegomena to a Theory of Mechanized Formal Reasoning’, Artificial Intelligence, in press. Whyte, L. L., Wilson, A. G. and Wilson, D. (eds.): 1969, Hierarchical Structures (American Elsevier). Widrow, B., Gupta, N. K. and Maitra, S.: 1973, ‘Punish/Reward Learning with a Critic in Adaptive Threshold Systems’, IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC) 3, 455–465. Wilson, E. B.: 1963, Letter to the Editor, The American Statistician 17, 31–32. Winograd, T.: 1980, Language as a Cognitive Process (Addison-Wesley). Winston, P. H.: 1975, The Psychology of Computer Vision (McGraw-Hill). Winston, P. H.: 1977, Artificial Intelligence (Addison-Wesley). Yovits, M. C. and Cameron, S., (eds.): 1960, Self-Organizing Systems I, (Pergamon). Yovits, M. C., Jacobi, G. T. and Goldstein, G. D. (eds.): 1962, Self Organizing Systems II (Spartan Books).