Theoretical Basis, Experimental Design, and Computerized Simulation of Synergism and Antagonism in Drug Combination Studies

Adusumilli PS, Stiles BM, Chan MK, Chou TC, Rusch VW, and Fong Y (2004) TSDA Award paper: stress response conferred by ionizing radiation potentiates oncolytic viral therapy efficacy in the treatment of lung cancer. Ann Thoracic Surg ATS #039503.

1999, Cancer Res, 59, 3861

10.1093/jnci/90.5.370

10.1093/jnci/djj003

10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.09.065

10.1016/S0163-1047(87)90574-7

10.1002/(SICI)1520-6327(1998)37:3<225::AID-ARCH5>3.0.CO;2-R

1964, Molecular Pharmacology, 1, 287

1954, Br J Cancer, 8, 1, 10.1038/bjc.1954.1

10.2307/2530559

10.1038/72309

10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.06.080

1986, Mol Pharmacol, 30, 411

1988, J Neurochem, 50, 1044, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb10571.x

10.1016/S0040-4039(97)00931-3

2004, Oncol Res, 14, 325, 10.3727/0965040041292341

1992, Gen Pharmacol, 23, 1183, 10.1016/0306-3623(92)90309-8

10.1016/S0960-0760(96)00225-7

10.1016/0022-4731(89)90429-9

1984, Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 62, 1194, 10.1139/y84-199

10.1096/fj.03-0510hyp

1977, Clin Exp Immunol, 28, 1

10.1016/S0065-230X(08)60912-4

1989, Pharmacol Rev, 41, 93

10.1016/0166-6851(94)00215-9

10.1016/S0006-2952(97)00255-4

10.1093/infdis/174.3.659

1989, Blood, 74, 1281, 10.1182/blood.V74.4.1281.1281

10.2307/2280157

1997, Encyclopedia of Cancer, 1, 368

10.1111/j.1744-7348.1939.tb06990.x

1999, J Neurosci, 19, 4847, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-12-04847.1999

10.1124/mol.53.2.295

Bothamley J (2002) Dictionary of Theories. Barnes & Noble, New York.

10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-05-0108

1986, Int J Cancer, 37, 101, 10.1002/ijc.2910370117

1990, Cancer Res, 50, 6268

1993, J Urol, 149, 395, 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)36102-5

10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1671

10.1093/jnci/3.5.503

1989, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 251, 640

1988, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 245, 600

10.1097/00002030-199902040-00009

1997, Cardiovasc Eng, 2, 143

1988, J Am Coll Toxicol, 7, 963, 10.3109/10915818809014527

1995, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 35, 489, 10.1007/BF00686833

1987, Cancer Res, 47, 2247

10.1007/s00280-006-0214-9

10.1016/j.bmc.2003.09.001

2000, Acta Paediatr Taiwan, 41, 294

1985, Cancer Res, 45, 2434

1987, Cancer Res, 47, 119

10.1016/j.ccr.2005.10.013

1995, J Neurochem, 65, 170, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65010170.x

10.1016/0006-2952(73)90196-2

Chou JH (1991) Quantitation of synergism and antagonism of two or more drugs by computerized analysis, in Synergism and Antagonism in Chemotherapy (Chou TC and Rideout DC eds) pp 223-244, Academic Press, New York.

Chou JH, Chang TT, and Chou TC (2006) Models for drug development and drug resistance, in Cancer Handbook (Alison MR ed) John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, West Sussex, UK. In press.

Chou JH and Chou TC (1985) Dose-Effect Analysis with Microcomputers: Quantitation of ED50, ID50, Synergism, Antagonism, Low-Dose Risk, Receptor Ligand Binding and Enzyme Kinetics: Computer Software for Apple II Series. Elsevier-Biosoft, Cambridge, UK.

1988, Pharmacologist, 30, A231

Chou JH and Chou TC (1989) Dose-Effect Analysis with Microcomputers: Quantitation of ED50, ID50, Synergism, Antagonism, Low-Dose Risk, Receptor Ligand Binding and Enzyme Kinetics, Computer Software for the IBM PC Series. Elsevier-Biosoft, Cambridge, UK.

1983, Pharmacologist, 25, 175

1984, Fed Proc, 43, 576

Chou TC (1970) l-Asparagine Biosynthesis and Its Control. Ph.D. thesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT.

10.1016/0022-5193(72)90040-9

1974, Mol Pharmacol, 10, 235

1975, Fed Proc, 34, 228

10.1016/0022-5193(76)90169-7

10.1016/0022-5193(77)90329-0

1977, Pharmacologist, 19, 165

1978, Fed Proc, 37, 882

10.1093/carcin/1.3.203

1981, Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res, 22, 141

1987, Asia Pac J Pharmacol, 2, 93

Chou TC (1991) The median-effect principle and the combination index for quantitation of synergism and antagonism, in Synergism and Antagonism in Chemotherapy (Chou TC and Rideout DC eds) pp 61-102, Academic Press, San Diego.

1994, Chemosensitivity Testing in Gynecologic Malignancies and Breast Cancer, 19, 91, 10.1159/000423478

10.1016/S0022-2143(98)90018-X

1982, Cancer Res, 42, 3957

2002, Cancer Handbook, 2, 1041

1988, FASEB J, 2, A1778

10.1016/0014-2999(90)92757-A

1990, FASEB J, 6, A824

1992, FASEB J, 6, A1590

1998, FASEB J, 12, A832

10.1073/pnas.95.14.8369

2003, Angew Chem Int Ed, 42, 4761

2005, Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res, 46, 1167

10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1014

1988, Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation, 2, 660

10.1007/s00280-005-1019-y

Chou TC and Hayball MP (1997) CalcuSyn for Windows: Multiple-Drug Dose-Effect Analyzer and Manual. Biosoft, Cambridge, UK.

1986, Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res, 27, 376

Chou TC and Kahan BD (2001) A rigorous approach to the diagnosis of immunosuppressive synergy combination therapy, in Modern Immunosuppressives: Milestones in Drug Therapy (Schuurman HJ ed) pp 183-200, Birkhauser, Switzerland.

1987, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 31, 1355, 10.1128/AAC.31.9.1355

1984, Mol Pharmacol, 26, 587

Chou TC and Martin N (2005) CompuSyn for Drug Combinations: PC Software and User's Guide: A Computer Program for Quantitation of Synergism and Antagonism in Drug Combinations, and the Determination of IC50 and ED50 and LD50 Values. ComboSyn, Paramus, NJ.

Chou TC and Miller DG (1980) A two-parameter method for analyzing cancer incidence trends, in Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Society of Preventive Oncology, Mar 6-7, Chicago, IL. p. 10.

10.1093/jnci/86.20.1517

10.1073/pnas.131153098

10.1007/BF00688320

1991, Encyclopedia of Human Biology, 2, 371

1997, Encyclopedia of Human Biology, 2nd ed, 2, 675

1983, Cancer Res, 43, 3074

Chou TC, Stepkowski SM, and Kahan BD (1994) Computerized quantitation of immunosuppressive synergy for clinical protocol design, in Cyclosporine: The Ten-Year Experience (Kahan BD ed) pp 3043-3045, Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT.

1977, J Biol Chem, 252, 6438, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)39978-7

1981, Eur J Biochem, 115, 207

10.1016/0165-6147(83)90490-X

10.1016/0065-2571(84)90007-4

Chou TC and Talalay P (1987) Applications of the median-effect principle for the assessment of low-dose risk of carcinogens and for the quantitation of synergism and antagonism of chemotherapeutic agents, in New Avenues in Developmental Cancer Chemotherapy (Harrap KR and Connors TA eds) pp 37-64, Academic Press, New York.

10.1007/BF00685668

10.1073/pnas.95.16.9642

10.1073/pnas.95.26.15798

Chou TC and Zhu QY (1997) How to pick the best cocktail against HIV (Invited speech), in Proceedings of the 4th Sino-American Infectious Disease Symposium, 1997 Oct 23-24, Shanghai.

10.1089/aid.1991.7.943

1990, J Neurochem, 54, 1142, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01941.x

1989, Am J Physiol, 256, G220

1988, Mol Pharmacol, 34, 308

1989, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 251, 461

Clark WM (1928) The Determination of Hydrogen Ions, 3rd ed, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

1963, Biochim Biophys Acta, 67, 173, 10.1016/0926-6569(63)90226-8

1991, Cancer Res, 51, 4360

1989, Transplant Proc, 21, 840

10.1016/0006-2952(92)90392-V

1996, J Clin Oncol, 14, 709, 10.1200/JCO.1996.14.3.709

Copenhaver TW, Lin TL, and Goldberg KM (1987) Joint drug action: a review, in American Statistical Association, Proceedings of the Biopharmaceutical Section, pp 160-164.

10.1016/j.canlet.2004.10.002

1994, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 38, 1419, 10.1128/AAC.38.6.1419

1983, Scholastic Sci World, 40 (No 5), 8

10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1613

10.7326/0003-4819-124-12-199606150-00001

10.1182/blood-2005-06-2584

10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.08.032

1995, Pharmacology, 50, 74, 10.1159/000139269

2004, Anticancer Res, 24, 2985

1996, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 40, 1346, 10.1128/AAC.40.6.1346

1995, Mol Pharmacol, 48, 648

10.1016/0024-3205(89)90621-8

1989, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 250, 696

10.1073/pnas.0500815102

Dixon M and Webb EC (1964) Enzymes, pp 315-331, Academic Press, New York.

10.1161/01.STR.19.4.498

1999, J Neurosurg, 90, 533, 10.3171/jns.1999.90.3.0533

10.1016/S0959-8049(98)00045-8

1990, Br J Cancer, 62, 947, 10.1038/bjc.1990.415

1987, Cancer Treat Rep, 71, 673

1954, J Biol Chem, 208, 477, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)65573-5

10.1128/AAC.36.7.1559

10.1007/s00280-003-0611-2

2000, Blood, 96, 2262, 10.1182/blood.V96.6.2262

Finney DJ (1947) Probit Analysis. Cambridge University Press, London.

Finney DJ (1952) Probit Analysis, 2nd ed, pp 146-153, Cambridge University Press, London.

Finney DJ (1971) Probit Analysis, 3rd ed., pp 230-268, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.

1981, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 217, 784

10.1097/00001813-200503000-00010

10.1038/sj.bjc.6602428

10.1054/bjoc.2000.1600

1995, Ann Intern Med, 122, 24, 10.7326/0003-4819-122-1-199501010-00004

10.1016/j.ejca.2004.07.033

Fox JJ, Watanabe KA, Chou TC, Schinazi RF, Soike KF, Fourel I, Hantz O, and Trepo C (1988) Antiviral activities of certain 2′-fluorinated arabinsyl-pyrimidine nucleosides, in Fluorinated Carbohydrates: Chem and Biochemical Aspects (Taylor NF ed) pp 176-190, Washington, DC.

10.1136/bmj.2.618.485

10.1073/pnas.77.2.1172

10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb02546.x

10.1016/0065-2571(89)90060-5

10.1093/jac/32.6.837

10.1038/sj.bjc.6602646

1957, Cancer Res, 17, 635

1968, Cancer Res, 28, 950

Goldstein A, Aronow L, and Kalman SM (1968) Principles of Drug Action: The Basis of Pharmacology, pp 70-105, Harper & Row, New York.

1987, Mol Pharmacol, 31, 603

10.1016/j.antiviral.2004.05.006

1989, Mol Pharmacol, 35, 787

10.1016/0028-3908(91)90004-U

1994, Transplant Proc, 26, 745

1995, Pharmacol Rev, 47, 331

1990, Cancer Res, 50, 5318

10.1016/S0304-3835(96)04398-4

1975, Drug Design, 5, 170

10.1016/S0041-1345(96)00488-5

10.1182/blood-2004-10-3864

10.1016/0966-3274(95)80020-4

10.1038/sj.bjc.6602403

10.1097/01.cad.0000176499.17939.56

10.1128/AAC.30.1.189

10.1128/AAC.31.2.168

10.1006/jipa.1996.0074

10.1016/S0022-2828(95)91515-X

1989, Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther, 300, 281

1960, Blood, 15, 313, 10.1182/blood.V15.3.313.313

1910, J Physiol (Lond), 40, iv

10.1042/bj0070471

10.1034/j.1600-0684.2001.d01-52.x

10.1128/JVI.75.16.7470-7480.2001

10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0693

2004, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 54, 139

10.1016/j.exphem.2004.11.009

2000, Antivir Chem Chemother, 11, 213, 10.1177/095632020001100304

1992, J Biol Chem, 267, 2817, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45952-2

2004, Int J Oncol, 25, 1823

Jackson RC (1991) Synergism and antagonistic drug interactions resulting from multiple inhibition of metabolic pathways, in Synergism and Antagonism in Chemotherapy (Chou TC and Rideout DC eds) pp 363-408, Academic Press, New York.

10.1074/jbc.271.47.30190

1994, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 35, 2500

10.1093/infdis/161.6.1059

10.1093/infdis/166.5.1143

10.1093/infdis/164.4.646

10.1016/S0960-894X(97)10181-0

1992, Transplant Proc, 24, 1263

1991, Transplant Proc, 23, 1090

1991, Transplantation, 51, 232, 10.1097/00007890-199101000-00038

1993, Transplantation, 55, 894, 10.1097/00007890-199304000-00039

1994, Transplant Proc, 26, 869

10.1038/sj.cgt.7700874

10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.08.024

10.1016/0006-8993(94)90084-1

10.1093/carcin/19.3.419

10.1021/jm950881y

10.1089/088922203762688630

1994, Transplantation, 57, 1544, 10.1097/00007890-199457110-00002

10.1007/BF00666352

10.1021/jo00059a014

2001, Antivir Ther, 6, 143, 10.1177/135965350100600208

2004, Oncology (Williston Park), 18, 32

10.1016/0145-2126(87)90123-8

10.1016/0145-2126(88)90039-2

1992, Mol Pharmacol, 41, 237

1992, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 36, 1472, 10.1128/AAC.36.7.1472

10.1128/AAC.35.10.2003

1992, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 36, 808, 10.1128/AAC.36.4.808

1984, Int J Cancer, 34, 781, 10.1002/ijc.2910340608

1991, Can J Microbiol, 37, 933, 10.1139/m91-161

10.1021/jm00127a032

1980, J Biol Chem, 255, 2405, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)85906-9

1984, Cancer Res, 44, 69

2004, Clin Infect Dis, 39 (Suppl 4), S218

Lacey BW (1958) Mechanisms of chemotherapeutic synergy, in The Strategy of Chemotherapy (Cowan ST and Rowatt E eds) pp 247-287, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

10.1016/0091-3057(86)90405-3

Lam YM, Pym J, and Campling BG (1991) Statistical models for assessing drug interactions. Proc Am Stat Assoc Biopharm Sect 214-219.

1994, Cancer Res, 54, 1360

10.1021/jo000617z

10.1093/jnci/djh286

1996, Cancer Res, 56, 5198

10.1093/jee/29.4.791

10.1182/blood-2004-01-0388

10.1089/aid.1997.13.647

1998, J Virol, 72, 3235, 10.1128/JVI.72.4.3235-3240.1998

2004, Mol Cancer Ther, 3, 1385, 10.1158/1535-7163.1385.3.11

1997, Anticancer Res, 17, 2083

10.1093/infdis/159.2.248

10.1021/ja01318a036

10.1021/ja952907g

10.1007/BF02322290

1953, Arzneim-Forsch, 3, 285

1957, Pharmacol Rev, 9, 237

1989, Mol Pharmacol, 36, 256

1982, Mol Pharmacol, 22, 152

1998, Clin Cancer Res, 4, 469

10.1038/sj.leu.2403585

1996, J Heterocycl Chem, 33, 113, 10.1002/jhet.5570330120

1992, Am J Physiol, 263, C628, 10.1152/ajpcell.1992.263.3.C628

1987, Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med, 51, 1049, 10.1080/09553008714551341

1996, Antivir Ther, 1, 237

2002, Oncol Rep, 9, 379

10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(19991201)34:3<181::AID-SYN2>3.0.CO;2-V

10.1254/jjp.78.1

1994, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 38, 656, 10.1128/AAC.38.4.656

10.1021/ja964275j

10.1086/517263

10.1093/infdis/173.2.355

1913, Biochem Z, 49, 333

1990, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 3, S111

10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.128

10.1097/01.ju.0000169616.36580.01

2003, Int J Oncol, 23, 151

1988, J Recept Res, 8, 533, 10.3109/10799898809049010

1982, Mol Pharmacol, 22, 250

1994, Anesthesiology, 81, 388, 10.1097/00000542-199408000-00017

10.1016/0024-3205(96)00356-6

10.1016/0090-6980(92)90024-N

1986, Acta Pharmacol Toxico, 58, 96

10.1038/bjc.1953.8

1954, Acta Genet Stat Med, 5, 94

10.1089/aid.1992.8.589

10.1097/00001813-200409000-00011

2004, Mol Cancer Ther, 3, 1513, 10.1158/1535-7163.1513.3.12

10.1038/387188a0

1994, Oncol Res, 6, 151

10.1007/BF00686223

1991, Cancer Res, 51, 2536

1974, Br J Cancer, 29, 101, 10.1038/bjc.1974.45

10.1038/bjc.1975.242

1948, Ann Appl Biol, 35, 347

1990, Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 68, 682, 10.1139/y90-103

2001, J Am Soc Nephrol, 12, 1059, 10.1681/ASN.V1251059

10.1093/carcin/18.9.1785

1986, Radiat Res, 105, 147, 10.2307/3576540

1989, Mol Pharmacol, 35, 67

10.1016/0166-3542(90)90001-N

10.1073/pnas.90.9.3953

1988, Anesthesiology, 68, 559, 10.1097/00000542-198804000-00014

10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0540

1989, Eur J Biochem, 181, 615, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14768.x

10.1124/mol.104.007831

10.1038/sj.cgt.7700355

10.1182/blood-2004-06-2281

1986, Mutat Res, 168, 327, 10.1016/0165-1110(86)90025-4

10.1021/jm0200714

10.1021/j150299a014

10.1007/s101030050064

10.1128/AAC.35.2.305

Rideout D and Chou TC (1991) Synergism, antagonism and potentiation in chemotherapy: an overview, in Synergism and Antagonism in Chemotherapy (Chou TC and Rideout DC eds) pp 3-60, Academic Press, San Diego.

10.1023/A:1026404812699

10.1002/anie.200461751

10.1021/ja029695p

10.1016/0065-2571(89)90079-4

1990, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 3, 591

1996, Neurochem Res, 21, 1309, 10.1007/BF02532372

1995, Int J Cancer, 61, 409, 10.1002/ijc.2910610322

10.1006/bioo.1996.0021

10.1111/j.1749-6632.1949.tb27297.x

Schabel FM (1975) Synergism and antagonism among antitumor agents, in Pharmacological Basis of Cancer Chemotherapy, pp 595-623, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

Schinazi RF (1991) Combined chemotherapeutic modalities for viral infections: rationale and clinical potential, in Synergism and Antagonism in Chemotherapy (Chou TC and Rideout DC eds) pp 109-181, Academic Press, New York.

10.1128/AAC.30.3.491

10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63020769.x

1989, J Neurochem, 53, 273, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07324.x

1989, J Neurochem, 53, 1865, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb09254.x

10.1016/0028-3908(93)90031-W

1992, J Neurochem, 58, 1184, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09381.x

10.1016/0028-3908(95)00061-A

10.1016/S0028-3908(96)00160-8

1990, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 255, 1301

10.1016/S0028-3908(96)00121-9

10.1021/bi9713409

1989, Pediatr Res, 25, 225, 10.1203/00006450-198903000-00001

10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-2766

1994, Angew Chem Ed Engl, 33, 2477

10.1021/ja960040w

10.1073/pnas.96.10.5686

10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2106

10.1016/0002-9149(88)90939-3

1998, Biochem J, 333 (Pt 3), 621

10.1101/gad.973602

1974, Cancer Chemother Rep 2, 4, 137

1989, J Biol Chem, 264, 8723, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)81853-1

10.1016/0166-3542(90)90035-6

10.1093/infdis/156.4.607

1989, J Urol, 141, 1230, 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)41227-4

1999, Cancer Res, 59, 6178

10.1021/ol005932m

10.1016/0006-2952(83)90613-5

1979, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 5, 85

10.1097/00007890-199610150-00018

10.1046/j.1365-2249.1997.d01-984.x

Stepkowski SM, Tu Y, Chou TC, and Kahan BD (1994) Synergistic interactions of cyclosporine, rapamycin, and brequinar on heart allograft survival in mice, in Cyclosporine: The Ten-Year Experience (Kahan BD ed) pp 2025-2027, Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT.

10.1002/anie.199720931

10.1002/anie.199707571

2005, Bioorg Med Chem, 13, 3993, 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.03.057

10.1021/jm9901226

1994, Chin Pharm J, 46, 371, 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03815.x

10.1021/jm00017a006

1992, Curr Opin Ther Patents, 2, 1121, 10.1517/13543776.2.8.1121

10.1021/jm00092a022

1993, J Heterocycl Chem, 30, 1437, 10.1002/jhet.5570300542

10.1016/0166-3542(90)90042-6

2002, Cancer Res, 62, 6909

1985, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 14, 206

10.1016/0304-3959(92)90193-F

2005, Oncol Rep, 14, 683

10.1007/s00280-004-0966-z

1947, Bacteriol Rev, 11, 115, 10.1128/br.11.2.115-145.1947

10.1089/aid.1992.8.461

1994, Pharmacol Toxicol, 75, 28, 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1994.tb00320.x

1999, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 22, 430, 10.1097/00042560-199912150-00002

10.1128/AAC.46.5.1336-1339.2002

10.1097/00042560-200010010-00001

10.1016/0145-2126(89)90163-X

10.1021/bi00030a003

10.1182/blood-2004-07-2967

1995, Transplantation, 59, 177, 10.1097/00007890-199501270-00004

1961, Cancer Res, 21, 717

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Welfare Act and Animal Welfare Regulations, May 13, 2002.

U.S. Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 2002.

10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0328

10.1080/096876899294643

1990, Transplantation, 49, 463, 10.1097/00007890-199002000-00044

1991, Transplantation, 52, 121, 10.1097/00007890-199107000-00025

1956, Pharmacol Rev, 8, 339

1964, Advances in Chemotherapy, 1, 397

10.1021/bc034007s

10.1007/s002449900286

10.1093/infdis/158.2.378

10.1126/science.2435003

10.1093/carcin/bgh232

10.1097/00007890-199602150-00025

1963, Enzyme and Metabolic Inhibitors, 1, 66

10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0063

10.1007/BF01869471

1991, J Neurochem, 57, 2059, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06422.x

1993, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 266, 563

10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01931.x

10.1016/0014-2999(92)90414-Y

2001, J Hum Virol, 4, 55

10.1016/j.antiviral.2004.09.001

10.1016/0166-3542(90)90006-S

10.1182/blood-2003-10-3381

10.1007/s10549-004-1426-5

10.1016/0003-9861(64)90184-5

10.1093/jac/41.2.293

10.1007/BF02118425

1983, Mol Pharmacol, 23, 303, 10.1146/annurev.pa.23.040183.001511

1989, Infect Immun, 57, 2947, 10.1128/IAI.57.10.2947-2952.1989

10.1016/j.imbio.2005.05.025

10.1056/NEJM199905273402101

10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-2506

10.1089/aid.1996.12.507

10.1016/S0966-3274(97)80042-1

10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01766-7