The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale

Zigmond, 1983, The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 67, 361, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x

Rust, 1999

Herrmann, 1997, International experiences with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale—a review of validation data and clinical results, J Psychosom Res, 42, 17, 10.1016/S0022-3999(96)00216-4

Murphy, 1987, Performance of screening and diagnostic tests. Application of receiver operating characteristic analysis, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 44, 550, 10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800180068011

Zweig, 1993, Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plots: a fundamental evaluation tool in clinical medicine, Clin Chem, 39, 561, 10.1093/clinchem/39.4.561

Hanley, 1982, The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, Radiology, 143, 29, 10.1148/radiology.143.1.7063747

Altman, 1991

Spinhoven, 1997, A validation study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in different groups of Dutch subjects, Psychol Med, 27, 363, 10.1017/S0033291796004382

Lisspers, 1997, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD): some psychometric data for a Swedish sample, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 96, 281, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb10164.x

Jimenez, 1989, Behavioural habits and affective disorders in old people, J Adv Nurs, 14, 356, 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1989.tb01541.x

Dunbar, 2000, A confirmatory factor analysis of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: comparing empirically and theoretically derived structures, Br J Clin Psychol, 39, 79, 10.1348/014466500163121

Clark, 1991, Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications, J Abnorm Psychol, 100, 316, 10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.316

Moorey, 1991, The factor structure and factor stability of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in patients with cancer, Br J Psychiatry, 158, 255, 10.1192/bjp.158.2.255

Savard, 1998, Evaluating anxiety and depression in HIV-infected patients, J Pers Assess, 71, 349, 10.1207/s15327752jpa7103_5

Dagnan, 2000, Psychometric properties of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale with a population of members of a depression self-help group, Br J Med Psychol, 73, 129, 10.1348/000711200160255

Bedford, 1997, The structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD): an appraisal with normal, psychiatric and medical patient subjects, Pers Individ Differ, 23, 473, 10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00058-5

Soriano, 1996, The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire in physical danger and evaluation situations, Couns Psychol Q, 9, 281, 10.1080/09515079608258708

Caplan, 1994, Stress, anxiety, and depression in hospital consultants, general practitioners, and senior health service managers, BMJ, 309, 1261, 10.1136/bmj.309.6964.1261

King, 1989, Relation of lung function and exercise capacity to mood and attitudes to health, Thorax, 44, 402, 10.1136/thx.44.5.402

Herrmann, 1991, Psychologisches Screening von Patienten einer kardiologischen Akutklinik mit einer deutschen Fassung der “Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD)-Skala”, Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol, 41, 83

Leung, 1993, Evaluation of the Chinese version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. A cross-cultural perspective, Int J Psychosom, 40, 29

Watson, 1995, Testing a tripartite model: II. Exploring the symptom structure of anxiety and depression in student, adult, and patient samples, J Abnorm Psychol, 104, 15, 10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.15

Bramley, 1988, The differentiation of anxiety and depression by rating scales, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 77, 133, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05089.x

Chandarana, 1987, The detection of psychiatric morbidity and associated factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Can J Psychiatry, 32, 356, 10.1177/070674378703200506

Channer, 1985, Anxiety and depression in patients with chest pain referred for exercise testing, Lancet, 820, 10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90805-0

Farooq, 1995, Somatization: a transcultural study, J Psychosom Res, 39, 883, 10.1016/0022-3999(94)00034-6

Jenkins, 1994, A prospective study of psychosocial morbidity in adult bone marrow transplant recipients, Psychosomatics, 35, 361, 10.1016/S0033-3182(94)71757-6

Kurer, 1995, Psychological mood of regular dental attenders in relation to oral hygiene behaviour and gingival health, J Clin Periodontol, 22, 52, 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1995.tb01770.x

Lewis, 1991, Observer bias in the assessment of anxiety and depression, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 26, 265, 10.1007/BF00789218

Martin, 2000, A psychometric evaluation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in coronary care patients following acute myocardial infarction, Psychol Health Med, 5, 193, 10.1080/713690189

Razavi, 1989, Validation de la version francaise du HADS dans une population de patients cancéreux hospitalés, Rev Psychol Appl, 39, 295

Salkovskis, 1990, Psychiatric morbidity in an accident and emergency department characteristics of patients at presentation and one month follow-up, Br J Psychiatry, 156, 483, 10.1192/bjp.156.4.483

Tauschke, 1991, Evidence that defence mechanisms are more related to personality than to symptoms, Br J Med Psychol, 64, 137, 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1991.tb01651.x

Botega, 1995, Transtornos do humor em enfermaria de clinica medica e validacao de escala de medida (HAD) de ansiedade e depressao, Rev Saude Publica, 29, 355, 10.1590/S0034-89101995000500004

el Rufaie, 1995, Retesting the validity of the Arabic version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale in primary health care, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 30, 26, 10.1007/BF00784431

Hammerlid, 1999, A prospective multicentre study in Sweden and Norway of mental distress and psychiatric morbidity in head and neck cancer patients, Br J Cancer, 80, 766, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690420

Wettergren, 1997, Physical and psychosocial functioning in patients undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation—a prospective study, Bone Marrow Transplant, 20, 497, 10.1038/sj.bmt.1700921

Costantini, 1999, Detecting psychological distress in cancer patients: validity of the Italian version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Supportive Care Cancer, 7, 121, 10.1007/s005200050241

Brandberg, 1992, Anxiety and depressive symptoms at different stages of malignant melanoma, Psychooncology, 1, 71, 10.1002/pon.2960010204

Martin, 1999, Utility of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in patients with end-stage renal disease on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, Psychol Health Med, 4, 369, 10.1080/135485099106117

Abiodun, 1994, A validity study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in general hospital units and a community sample in Nigeria, Br J Psychiatry, 165, 669, 10.1192/bjp.165.5.669

Wilkinson, 1988, Psychiatric screening in general practice: comparison of the General Health Questionnaire and the hospital anxiety depression scale, J R Coll Gen Pract, 38, 311

Lam, 1995, Can the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) Scale be used on Chinese elderly in general practice?, Fam Pract, 12, 149, 10.1093/fampra/12.2.149

Johnson, 1995, Screening instruments for depression and anxiety following stroke: experience in the Perth community stroke study, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 91, 252, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09778.x

Morriss, 1998, Screening instruments for psychiatric morbidity in chronic fatigue syndrome, J R Soc Med, 91, 365, 10.1177/014107689809100706

Hamer, 1991, Using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to screen for psychiatric disorders in people presenting with deliberate self-harm, Br J Psychiatry, 158, 782, 10.1192/bjp.158.6.782

Beck, 1997, Screening for major depression disorders in medical inpatients with the Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care, Behav Res Ther, 35, 785, 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00025-9

Suàrez-Mendoza, 1997, Measurement of depression in Mexican patients with rheumatoid arthritis: validity of the Beck Depression Inventory, Arthritis Care Res, 10, 194, 10.1002/art.1790100307

Tedman, 1997, Assessment of depression in patients with motor neuron disease and other neurologically disabling illness, J Neurol Sci, 152, 75, 10.1016/S0022-510X(97)00249-9

Watson, 1995, Testing a tripartite model: I. Evaluating the convergent and discriminant validity of anxiety and depression symptom scales, J Abnorm Psychol, 104, 3, 10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.3

Snaith, 1982, The Clinical Anxiety Scale: an instrument derived from the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Br J Psychiatry, 141, 518, 10.1192/bjp.141.5.518

Snaith, 1985, Rating scales for depression and anxiety: a current perspective, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 19, 17, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1985.tb02737.x

Upadhyaya, 1993, Hospital anxiety depression scale, Br J Gen Pract, 43, 349

Elliott, 1993, Comparison of three instruments for measuring patient anxiety in a coronary care unit, Intensive Crit Care Nurs, 9, 195, 10.1016/0964-3397(93)90027-U

Millar, 1995, Assessment of preoperative anxiety: comparison of measures in patients awaiting surgery for breast cancer, Br J Anaesth, 74, 180, 10.1093/bja/74.2.180

Spinhoven, 1997, Somatization and somatosensory amplification in psychiatric outpatients: an explorative study, Compr Psychiatry, 38, 93, 10.1016/S0010-440X(97)90087-0

Montgomery, 1979, A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change, Br J Psychiatry, 134, 382, 10.1192/bjp.134.4.382

Aylard, 1987, A validation study of three anxiety and depression self-assessment scales, J Psychosom Res, 31, 261, 10.1016/0022-3999(87)90083-3

Lepine, 1985, Evaluation del'anxiété et de la dépression chez de patients hospitalisés dans un service de médicine interne, Ann Med-Psychol, 143, 175

Lewis, 1990, Comparison of the General Health Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Br J Psychiatry, 157, 860, 10.1192/bjp.157.6.860

O'Rourke, 1998, Detecting psychiatric morbidity after stroke: comparison of the GHQ and the HAD Scale, Stroke, 29, 980, 10.1161/01.STR.29.5.980

Clarke, 1993, A comparative study of screening instruments for mental disorders in general hospital patients, Int J Psychiatry Med, 23, 323, 10.2190/J5HD-QPTQ-E47G-VJ0X

Kessler, 1996, Comorbidity of DSM-III-R major depressive disorder in the general population: results from the US National Comorbidity Survey, Br J Psychiatry, Suppl 30, 17, 10.1192/S0007125000298371

Sartorius, 1996, Depression comorbid with anxiety: results from the WHO study on psychological disorders in primary health care, Br J Psychiatry, 38, 10.1192/S0007125000298395

Mezzich, 1990, Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity in a large population presenting for care, 189

Burns, 1998, Why are depression and anxiety correlated? A test of the tripartite model, J Consult Clin Psychol, 66, 461, 10.1037/0022-006X.66.3.461

Campbell, 1959, Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait–multimethod matrix, Psychol Bull, 56, 81, 10.1037/h0046016

Nunnally, 1994

Chaturvedi, 1990, Asian patients and the HAD scale, Br J Psychiatry, 156, 133, 10.1192/bjp.156.1.133a

Sham, 1996, Patterns of somatisation: a cross-cultural study, Eur J Psychiatry, 10, 69

Johnston, 1999, Mood in chronic disease: questioning the answers, Curr Psychol, 18, 71, 10.1007/s12144-999-1017-z

Sigurdardottir, 1993, The impact of generalized malignant melanoma on quality of life evaluated by the EORTC questionnaire technique, Qual Life Res, 2, 193, 10.1007/BF00435223

Razavi, 1992, Screening for psychiatric disorders in a lymphoma out-patient population, Eur J Cancer, 28A, 1869, 10.1016/0959-8049(92)90025-W

Barczak, 1988, Patterns of psychiatric morbidity in a genitourinary clinic. A validation of the Hospital Anxiety Depression scale (HAD), Br J Psychiatry, 152, 698, 10.1192/bjp.152.5.698

Andersson, 1993, The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Homogeneity and the subscales, Soc Behav Pers, 21, 197, 10.2224/sbp.1993.21.3.197

Hall, 1999, Are we using appropriate self-report questionnaires for detecting anxiety and depression in women with early breast cancer?, Eur J Cancer, 35, 79, 10.1016/S0959-8049(98)00308-6

Hopwood, 1991, Screening for psychiatric morbidity in patients with advanced breast cancer: validation of two self-report questionnaires, Br J Cancer, 64, 353, 10.1038/bjc.1991.305

Ibbotson, 1994, Screening for anxiety and depression in cancer patients: the effects of disease and treatment, Eur J Cancer, 30A, 37, 10.1016/S0959-8049(05)80015-2

Razavi, 1990, Screening for adjustment disorders and major depressive disorders in cancer in-patients, Br J Psychiatry, 156, 79, 10.1192/bjp.156.1.79

Kugaya, 1998, Screening for psychological distress in Japanese cancer patients, Jpn J Clin Oncol, 28, 333, 10.1093/jjco/28.5.333

Silverstone, 1994, Poor efficacy of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in the diagnosis of major depressive disorder in both medical and psychiatric patients, J Psychosom Res, 38, 441, 10.1016/0022-3999(94)90105-8

Silverstone, 1996, Concise assessment for depression (CAD): a brief screening approach to depression in the medically ill, J Psychosom Res, 41, 161, 10.1016/0022-3999(96)00063-3

Berard, 1998, Depressive disorders in an out-patient oncology setting: prevalence, assessment, and management, Psychooncology, 7, 112, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1611(199803/04)7:2<112::AID-PON300>3.3.CO;2-N

Ramirez, 1995, Can mood disorder in women with breast cancer be identified preoperatively?, Br J Cancer, 72, 1509, 10.1038/bjc.1995.538

Hosaka, 1999, Screening for adjustment disorders and major depression in otolaryngology patients using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract, 3, 38, 10.3109/13651509909024758

Lepine, 1986, Utilité des échelles d'auto-évaluation de l'anxiété et de la dépression en médicine interne, Acta Psychiatr Belg, 86, 608